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The use of drugs for hyperuricemia and gout arthritis is given for conditions that cause higher purine metabolism in the body. This study was conducted at RSU Royal Prima Marelan to determine the pattern of drug use for hyperuricemia and gout arthritis due to inflammation caused by uric acid deposits in the joints. Data collection in this study was carried out retrospectively by collecting medical records of patients with hyperuricemia and gout arthritis. The descriptive method used in this study was a cross-sectional plan. Qualitative descriptive analysis was applied to the data. Tables or narratives were used to present the data in this study. The results showed that 30 patients out of 50 were male and 20 were female. The results of the evaluation of the rationality of drug use for hyperuricemia and gout arthritis showed that patients who were given several versions of drugs with the xanthine oxidase inhibitor group 64% were allopurinol with patients with the most appropriate indications, the right patient, and the right dose of 96%.

Background: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) remains a critical global health issue, with 88.4 million infections and 42.3 million AIDS-related deaths to date. In 2024 alone, 39.9 million individuals are living with HIV, 630,000 deaths occurred, and 1.3 million new infections were recorded. Tenofovir Disoproxil Fumarate/Lamivudine/Dolutegravir (TLD) is a widely used antiretroviral therapy, but its reproductive and oxidative effects remain underexplored in female models, particularly in the South-South region of Nigeria.Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the reproductive toxicity and oxidative stress effects of TLD on the ovaries and uterus of adult female Wistar rats.Methods: Ten adult female Wistar rats (156–187g) were divided into control and treatment groups (n=5). The control group received standard diet and distilled water, while the treated group received daily doses of TLD (Tenofovir 5 mg, Lamivudine 5 mg, and Dolutegravir 0.8 mg/kg body weight) for 90 days. At the end of the treatment, animals in estrus phase were sacrificed for biochemical, histological, and hormonal analysis.Results: The treated group showed a significant reduction in body weight but no significant changes in ovarian or uterine weight. Oxidative stress analysis revealed decreased MDA and increased SOD, GPx, and CAT in the uterus. Hormonal levels were not significantly different. Histologically, the treated group displayed impaired follicular development, atretic follicles, cysts, enlarged endometrial cavities, and thicker endometria.Conclusion: TLD administration induced notable reproductive alterations in female Wistar rats, highlighting potential implications for its use in women of reproductive age.

Fever is a condition characterized by an increase in body temperature as a response to infection or inflammation, and it is one of the most common clinical symptoms in various diseases. The excessive use of synthetic antipyretics such as paracetamol can lead to side effects; therefore, safer and natural-based alternatives are needed. This study aims to determine the antipyretic activity of betel leaf and to compare its effectiveness with that of paracetamol.This research was conducted using an experimental laboratory method with a completely randomized design. The test subjects were male white rats (Rattus norvegicus) of the Wistar strain, induced with fever using a 20% yeast suspension. The rats were divided into five groups: negative control, positive control (paracetamol), and three treatment groups with low, medium, and high doses of the extract. Body temperature was measured every 30 minutes for 180 minutes after treatment. The data were statistically analyzed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test.The results showed that the [plant extract] exhibited significant antipyretic activity (p < 0.05) compared to the negative control, especially at medium and high doses. The effectiveness of the highest dose was comparable to that of paracetamol. This antipyretic effect is presumed to be associated with the presence of flavonoids and tannins that may inhibit the synthesis of prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), a key mediator in the fever response.In conclusion,betel leaf has potential as an effective natural antipyretic agent and may be developed as a safer herbal-based alternative for fever treatment.

Ginseng strengthens the body's resistance to disease through its effects on components of the immune system. This study aims to examine the immunomodulatory effects of ginseng (Panax sp.) in relation to its active ingredients and constituents that are beneficial to the immune system. This research is a systematic review conducted based on PRISMA items. Literature was searched through the PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar databases, covering publications from 2020 to 2025. A total of 523 articles were collected from the three databases. Based on screening and analysis using PRISMA items, 6 articles met the inclusion and exclusion criteria. Ginseng may act as an immunomodulatory agent in the immune system, with various benefits derived from its active compounds.    

Fever is the body's response to infection or inflammation, which often indicates a certain medical condition. One common treatment for fever is the use of antipyretic drugs. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of antipyretic drugs in lowering body temperature in adult patients with fever. The method used was a clinical trial with a randomized controlled trial (RCT) design, involving 100 adult patients with fever ≥38°C. Patients were divided into two groups: the group receiving antipyretic drugs (paracetamol) and the placebo group. Body temperature measurements were taken every 2 hours for 24 hours after drug administration. The results showed that the group receiving antipyretic drugs experienced a significant decrease in body temperature compared to the placebo group (p <0.05). The side effects that appeared were relatively mild and not dangerous..

Polycystic Ovary Syndrome (PCOS) is a complex endocrine disorder affecting reproductive-age women and is closely associated with metabolic disturbances such as overweight and insulin resistance. More than 50% of women with PCOS are overweight, which exacerbates ovulatory dysfunction and increases androgen levels. Insulin resistance, found in approximately 50% of PCOS patients—even those with normal body weight—triggers hyperinsulinemia that stimulates androgen production and suppresses ovulation. This study aims to analyze the contribution of overweight and insulin resistance to the development of PCOS through a literature review approach. Scientific articles were retrieved from databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar, focusing on publications from the last five years. The findings indicate that overweight and insulin resistance mutually reinforce hormonal and ovulatory dysfunction typical in PCOS patients. Recent studies show that higher body mass index (BMI) and elevated HOMA-IR levels are strongly associated with menstrual irregularities, hyperandrogenism, and reduced quality of life. In conclusion, overweight and insulin resistance are two major contributing factors to PCOS pathogenesis and influence reproductive success. Clinical management should consider a comprehensive approach targeting both factors through lifestyle interventions and pharmacological therapy.

Diabetes Mellitus is a disease characterized by hyperglycemia and metabolic disorders in the body which are associated with a lack of insulin secretion. Generally, DM therapy can be carried out using pharmacology and non-pharmacology. Non-pharmacological therapy that can be carried out is AAROM therapy and a low carbohydrate diet. The aim of this study was to determine the effect of AAROM therapy and a low carbohydrate diet on reducing blood glucose levels in elderly people suffering from type 2 DM in Ngepoh Village. This type of research isPre-experimentalby designTwo groups pre-post test. The total population was 90 respondents and the sample size was 33 elderly respondents suffering from type 2 DM in Ngepoh Village which were taken by purposive sampling. Data collection in this research used questionnaires and observation sheets. Analyzed with SPSS 20 using testsMan Whitney. The results of this study showed that the average blood glucose value in the control group was 282 mg/dl pre glucose and 177 mg/dl post glucose. Meanwhile, the mean blood glucose value in the treatment group with pre glucose was 295 mg/dl and post glucose was 144 mg/dl and there was an effect of AAROM therapy and a low carbohydrate diet on reducing blood glucose levels in elderly people suffering from type 2 DM in Ngepoh Village (ρ = 0.000 < α= 0.005) So type 2 DM sufferers are expected to be able to control blood glucose, one of them is by doing AAROM Therapy and a low carbohydrate diet. AAROM therapy can reduce insulin resistance, making it easier for glucose to enter cells, preventing obesity, and improving venous blood flow.

Minimally invasive surgery offers several advantages, including reduced blood loss, smaller incisions, less pain, and a lower risk of complications than open surgery. This approach enhances patient comfort and supports faster recovery. When guided by optimal path planning, surgical robots can accurately navigate the body to remove malignant tumors with high precision. This study proposes a Modified Particle Swarm Optimization (MPSO) algorithm to determine the optimal path for robotic-assisted minimally invasive surgery targeting brain tumors. The algorithm improves upon standard PSO by modifying the velocity update equation and incorporating an adaptive inertia weight, enhancing convergence speed, global search ability, and solution accuracy. Experimental results show that the proposed MPSO achieves a maximum fitness value of 19.10 in a sparse obstacle environment, outperforming standard PSO and IPSO in quality and in the required number of iterations. The approach effectively balances path efficiency and obstacle avoidance, making it well-suited for complex surgical scenarios. In conclusion, the MPSO-based method provides a reliable and precise solution for robotic surgical navigation, improving outcomes and safety in minimally invasive procedures.

Hypertension is a condition marked by elevated blood pressure, increasing risks of morbidity and mortality. Non-pharmacological treatments such as Tera exercise and acupressure therapy at the Taichong point offer alternative interventions. Tera exercise combines breathing techniques and body movements to reduce anxiety and promote vasodilation, thereby lowering blood pressure. Acupressure at the Taichong point facilitates energy flow, also contributing to blood pressure reduction. This study aims to compare the effectiveness of Tera exercise and Taichong point acupressure in lowering blood pressure among hypertensive patients. A two-group pre-post design was employed with a sample of 44 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Blood pressure data were collected using observation sheets. In the Tera exercise group (n=22), the average systolic pressure decreased from 148.77 mmHg to 143.77 mmHg, and diastolic pressure from 88.00 mmHg to 83.00 mmHg. In the acupressure group (n=22), systolic pressure reduced from 153.36 mmHg to 147.50 mmHg, and diastolic from 92.86 mmHg to 84.00 mmHg. Paired t-test analysis showed a significant difference (p-value = 0.000 < α = 0.05), indicating that acupressure therapy at the Taichong point is more effective in reducing blood pressure. This study concludes that while both therapies are effective, acupressure yields greater reductions and is recommended as a non-pharmacological treatment for hypertension in Trading Village, Tiris District, Probolinggo Regency.

Art cannot be separated from human life, including in the stages of childhood development. In addition to having aesthetic values, art also plays an important role in inspiring children's creativity and imagination. Early Childhood Education (PAUD), as a pioneer in the national education process, has a role in developing children's potential from various aspects, such as cognitive, language, art, morals, religion, movement, and socio-emotional. One important aspect in children's physical development is motor development, both gross and fine motor skills. One form of effective stimulus in developing children's motor skills is through learning dance. Dance provides space for children to practice body movement coordination, balance, and muscle strength, while stimulating self-expression. The basic elements in dance, such as movement, energy, space, and time, play an important role in supporting children's creativity in expressing themselves through body movements. Therefore, dance is one of the effective media in supporting children's motor development and creativity as a whole.

Indonesia, considered the country with the second-highest level of biodiversity in the world after Brazil, possesses extraordinary biological wealth that remains underutilized. The field of traditional medicine utilizes natural resources to prevent and treat physical and mental disorders. Periwinkle, or Catharanthus roseus, is one of the most widely used plants due to its abundance of bioactive phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The ethanol extract from Periwinkle leaves has the potential to act as a natural antipyretic agent that can reduce body temperature during fever. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze previous research findings on the antipyretic effects of ethanol extract from Periwinkle leaves on mice (Mus musculus). According to a literature review from various sources, the ethanol extract of Periwinkle leaves demonstrates a comparable level of effectiveness to synthetic antipyretic drugs in lowering the body temperature of fever-induced mice. Furthermore, the content of active compounds and the antipyretic performance of this plant are influenced by its variety and environmental factors. Body temperature begins to decrease one hour after extract administration and reaches its peak reduction at the third hour. Therefore, Periwinkle may serve as an alternative natural antipyretic remedy. However, further research is necessary to standardize its usage and conduct clinical trials on humans.

Volleyball athletes need an ideal BMI because they must be able to master the basic techniques of the game of volleyball. In addition, some positions also require ideal BMI such as spikers and blockers to support the success of basic techniques. Volleyball is a sport that requires continuous movement over a long period of time, so in this case the maximum oxygen volume (VO₂Max) is very necessary. Based on the description presented, it is very important to know cardiovascular endurance and body mass index profile to be evaluation material and to support achievements. This study aims to examine the body mass index and cardiovascular endurance profile of volleyball extracurricular participants of SMA Negeri 1 Sungai Loban. The method used in this study is a quantitative descriptive type survey. The population in this study is 21 participants taken as a sample. Based on the measurement results, the body mass index of volleyball extracurricular participants was obtained from 14 participants (66.67%) in the ideal weight category. Meanwhile, the cardiovascular endurance of 11 male participants (69%) was included in the very poor category, 5 male participants (31%) in the poor category, and 2 female participants (40%) in the very poor category, 3 female participants (60%) in the poor category. From the data that has been obtained, it can be concluded that the body mass index is classified as the ideal weight category while cardiovascular endurance is classified as very lacking.

In the digital era, the ability to utilize social networks and digital platforms to gain financial education and make financial decisions in accordance with sharia principles is increasingly essential. This study aims to analyze the influence of social capital and digital literacy on Islamic financial literacy among Generation Z. A quantitative approach was employed, with primary data collected from 209 respondents through purposive sampling, consisting of Generation Z individuals residing in Yogyakarta. Data analysis was conducted using path analysis with the Structural Equation Modeling approach based on Partial Least Squares (SEM-PLS), utilizing the SmartPLS 3.0 software. Construct reliability testing, discriminant validity, and hypothesis testing were carried out to evaluate the relationships between variables. The results indicate that social capital and digital literacy have a positive and significant effect on Islamic financial literacy. Digital literacy enhances individuals’ access to Islamic financial information through digital media, while social capital strengthens knowledge sharing and trust within communities. These findings highlight the importance of leveraging digital technology and reinforcing community-based approaches to improve Islamic financial literacy. This study contributes to the growing body of literature on the interaction between social capital, digital literacy, and Islamic financial literacy in the digital age and offers strategic insights for educational institutions and financial service providers to promote sharia-based financial literacy.

Anemia is a condition of reduced red blood cells in the body lower than the normal amount, or what is commonly referred to as erythrocytes in the blood circulation or hemoglobin so that it is unable to fulfill its function as an oxygen carrier to all body tissues. An expert system is a system designed to mimic the experience of an expert in answering questions and solving problems. By using an expert system, a non-expert can solve problems and make decisions that would normally be made by an expert. Expert systems are now being developed in various fields, expert systems in the health sector are widely developed to detect various diseases with various methods. The fuzzy mamdani method is a method that is also often known as the MAX-MIN or MAX-PRODUCT method. The fuzzy mamdani method can help users in terms of detecting diseases based on symptoms that arise and lifestyle and provide diagnostic results for further action. Based on the description above, it can be seen that the fuzzy method is one method that has been widely used in software development for the diagnosis of a disease. Modeling this expert system to determine anemia based on the symptoms felt by patients.

Sexual violence is an act that is degrading, humiliating, harassing, and/or attacking a person’s body or reproductive function, typically caused by an imbalance of power relations or gender discrimination, which results in psychological and physical suffering. Sexual violence against children is a social problem that requires special attention because this crime involves children in its commission. The Institute for Criminal Justice Reform (ICJR) also emphasizes that intercourse with a child constitutes a criminal offense, even if it is framed as consensual, in order to protect the child’s rights and future. Based on this issue, the author aims to examine efforts to combat sexual violence against children under the guise of sexual consent to find the most effective strategies to reduce this increasingly widespread crime. The research method used is a normative and empirical juridical approach. The data used includes both primary and secondary data. Data collection procedures involve literature study and field research. The data analysis was conducted using qualitative analysis. The results of the study show that efforts to combat sexual crimes include both penal and non-penal measures. Penal efforts involve the government enacting more specific regulations on sexual crimes involving adults and children under the pretense of sexual consent, as well as taking repressive measures as a last resort. Non-penal efforts conducted by relevant institutions include public outreach and education that provides information about such criminal behaviors. The suggestions in this study are: (1) To prevent sexual crimes committed under the guise of sexual consent, it is necessary to involve the community and a supportive environment that is aware of unlawful acts occurring around them, and to collectively protect family and community members from engaging in harmful behavior. (2) The government is expected to establish more specific policies regarding sexual crimes involving adults and children under the pretext of sexual consent.

This study explores the application of English education focused on the topic of body parts, utilising musical resources as a supplementary tool for students in class IV-D at SDN 060871 Medan Timur. The research method used is quantitative with an experimental design through pre-test and post-test to determine the effectiveness of song media in improving English vocabulary mastery. The research results showed that before the application of song media, student learning outcomes were in the poor category with a completeness level of 54.54%. After implementing song media, there was an increase in student learning outcomes until they reached a completion level of 90.90%. This demonstrates that utilising music can aid learners in grasping and retaining English vocabulary with greater efficiency. Apart from that, the results of the confirmation questionnaire also showed that the majority of students gave positive responses to the application of song media in learning English. Therefore, song media can be used as an alternative learning method that is interesting and effective in improving student learning outcomes in mastering English vocabulary.

The impact of social media on Generation Z has resulted in the development of self-perception standards based on influencers' appearance. Body dysmorphic disorder (BDD) is characterized by individuals' negative thoughts about their physical appearance. Individuals with positive self-esteem and body image are less likely to experience body-related disorders. This study aims to examine the impact of body image and self-esteem on the tendency of BDD among young adults. The study utilized a quantitative approach, employing a multiple linear regression analysis on data collected from young adults. The findings of the study revealed a significant negative relationship between self-esteem and BDD, indicating that higher self-esteem is associated with lower BDD tendencies. Furthermore, body image was also found to have a significant impact on BDD. The study concludes that both self-esteem and body image play crucial roles in influencing the likelihood of BDD development, with self-esteem having a greater impact. These findings highlight the importance of promoting positive body image and self-esteem in order to mitigate the prevalence of BDD among young adults.    

Stunting remains a significant nutritional issue in Indonesia, primarily caused by inadequate dietary intake. Nutritional deficiencies in toddlers often result from insufficient breastfeeding and a lack of proper nutrition from complementary foods. This study aims to evaluate the impact of supplementary feeding (PMT) made from snakehead fish on the nutritional status of stunted toddlers aged 24–47 months. The research employed a total sampling method, involving 15 toddlers within the specified age range. Prior to the intervention, the respondents had an average body weight of 10.77 kg, categorized as severely underweight. Following the administration of snakehead fish-based PMT, their average weight increased to 12.33 kg, falling into the underweight category. Statistical analysis revealed a p-value of 0.000, indicating a significant effect of the snakehead fish-based PMT in improving the nutritional status of stunted toddlers. These findings highlight the potential of local food sources, such as snakehead fish, to enhance maternal and child health efforts—particularly in addressing malnutrition through optimized use of locally sourced PMT in various preparations.

The development of preschool children is crucial to monitor, as they are vulnerable to developmental deviations if not provided with proper stimulation. One essential aspect of development is gross motor skills, which involve movements of the whole body, particularly core muscle activities such as the arms and legs. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of penguin exercise and kids yoga on the development of children's gross motor skills. The research design used was a pre-experimental design with a two-group pre-post test model. The population consisted of 66 students from RA Masyithoh V in Probolinggo City, with 40 respondents selected using purposive sampling. Data collection included editing, coding, scoring, and tabulating. The instruments used were KPSP Observation Sheets, Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), and activity modules. The data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test. The results showed significant differences in children's gross motor development before and after the implementation of penguin exercise and kids yoga, with a p-value = 0.000 (ρ < α = 0.005). The Z-value for pre-post penguin exercise was -4.379, while for pre-post kids yoga it was -4.134. These results indicate that penguin exercise is more effective in improving gross motor development in children. Movements in penguin exercise, such as opening wings, turning heads, flapping arms, and stomping, help stimulate various muscle groups. Meanwhile, kids yoga, when practiced regularly and with discipline from an early age, also positively contributes to the enhancement of gross motor skills in young children.

This study analyzes the effectiveness of using Word Wall as a learning medium to enhance student’s understanding in English language learning, particularly on the topic of parts of the body. A Word Wall is a visual medium consisting of a collection of specific words displayed on a large wall or board in the classroom, helping students recognize, memorize, and understand vocabulary interactively. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a literature review approach, collecting and analyzing various relevant sources. The results indicate that Word Walls are effective in improving student’s vocabulary mastery, which is a crucial component of English language learning. Students using this medium showed increased activity, enthusiasm, and confidence in practicing speaking. Additionally, post-test scores were consistently higher than  pre-test scores, indicating significant improvement in understanding. This medium also enhanced students' learning outcomes, with the percentage of learning completeness increasing from the first to the final cycle in several classroom action research studies. Thus, Word Walls prove to be an effective and engaging learning medium for improving students' understanding and learning outcomes in English language education.