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The physiological changes that occur during pregnancy, both physically and mentally, may be rather uncomfortable, particularly in the second and third trimesters. Pregnant women often report back discomfort, muscular aches, trouble sleeping, excessive exhaustion, and irregular sleep patterns. Mothers' physical and mental health as well as the health of their unborn children may be significantly impacted by inadequate sleep quality during pregnancy. To enhance comfort and the quality of sleep during pregnancy, one non-pharmacological technique is to use an aromatherapy maternity pillow. An ergonomic and ecologically sustainable invention to enhance mother comfort during pregnancy was the goal of this research, which intended to produce a Pregnancy Pillow Therapy product with pineapple leaf fiber and aromatherapy. A descriptive research design using a prototype creation technique was used in this study. The stages of the research included problem identification, literature review, product design, material selection, prototype manufacturing, and product evaluation. Data were collected through literature studies and observations related to sleep discomfort in pregnancy, maternity pillow utilization, aromatherapy therapy, and pineapple leaf fiber characteristics. The developed product was designed ergonomically to support the back, abdomen, waist, and legs of pregnant women. The addition of aromatherapy was intended to provide a relaxing effect and improve sleep quality. The use of pineapple leaf fiber also supports environmentally friendly product innovation through agricultural waste utilization. The results indicate that Pregnancy Pillow Therapy has the potential to become a supportive product for improving comfort and sleep quality among pregnant women. Further studies are recommended to evaluate product effectiveness directly among pregnant women.

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children aged 0–18 years worldwide. Appropriate treatment is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and preventing complications and antibiotic resistance. This literature review aims to analyze treatment options for pneumonia in pediatric patients based on articles published in PubMed from 2024 to 2025. The method used involved searching for articles with the keywords “(Case Reports) AND (pneumonia) AND (in children)” using filters for free full text, case reports, English language, human subjects, and the 0–18-year-old age group. Of the 71 articles identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria. The review results indicate that pneumonia treatment in children is dominated by the use of antibiotics and supportive care. In cases of severe pneumonia and necrotizing pneumonia, intensive antimicrobial therapy, close monitoring, and management of complications are required. Modern diagnostic tests such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), rapid syndromic arrays, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) help identify pathogens more quickly and accurately, thereby allowing for more targeted therapy. Additionally, corticosteroids and immunoglobulins are used as adjunctive therapies in cases of severe inflammation. Accurate diagnosis and individualized therapy selection play a crucial role in improving clinical outcomes for pediatric pneumonia patients. 

Pneumonia is one of the leading causes of morbidity and mortality among children aged 0–18 years worldwide. Appropriate treatment is crucial for improving treatment outcomes and preventing complications and antibiotic resistance. This literature review aims to analyze treatment options for pneumonia in pediatric patients based on articles published in PubMed from 2024 to 2025. The method used involved searching for articles with the keywords “(Case Reports) AND (pneumonia) AND (in children)” using filters for free full text, case reports, English language, human subjects, and the 0–18-year-old age group. Of the 71 articles identified, 10 met the inclusion criteria. The review results indicate that pneumonia treatment in children is dominated by the use of antibiotics and supportive care. In cases of severe pneumonia and necrotizing pneumonia, intensive antimicrobial therapy, close monitoring, and management of complications are required. Modern diagnostic tests such as bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF), rapid syndromic arrays, and metagenomic next-generation sequencing (mNGS) help identify pathogens more quickly and accurately, thereby allowing for more targeted therapy. Additionally, corticosteroids and immunoglobulins are used as adjunctive therapies in cases of severe inflammation. Accurate diagnosis and individualized therapy selection play a crucial role in improving clinical outcomes for pediatric pneumonia patients. 

Female inmates are vulnerable to various psychological challenges that may affect their psychological well-being, particularly their autonomy. This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of mindfulness therapy in improving the autonomy of female inmates at the Class IIA Women’s Correctional Institution in Tangerang. A pre-experimental method with a one-group pretest–double posttest design was employed. The participants consisted of nine female inmates selected based on low to moderate levels of mindfulness and psychological well-being. Data were collected using the autonomy dimension of the Psychological well-being Scale and the Five Facet Mindfulness Questionnaire (FFMQ). The results showed a significant increase in autonomy scores from pretest to posttest t(8) = -5.933, p < .001). The average N-Gain score was 0.50, indicating a moderate level of effectiveness. These findings suggest that mindfulness therapy was effective in enhancing the autonomy of female inmates. The results were further supported by participants’ worksheets, which indicated improvements in their ability to consider the consequences of their actions, regulate their emotions, and make decisions more independently.

Hyperemesis gravidarum is excessive nausea and vomiting in pregnant women to the point of interfering with daily activities. Hyperemesis gravidarum affects the mother's physiological condition. Continuous nausea and vomiting can cause carbohydrate and fat reserves to be used up for hormonal needs, resulting in activity intolerance, and imperfect fat oxidation, resulting in ketosis. This case study aims to explain Nursing Care for Patient Mrs. B with Hyperemesis Gravidarum Case in Providing Ginger Water Decoction to Reduce Nausea and Vomiting in Pregnant Women in Arafah Room 3 RSUDZA Banda Aceh. This design is a case study with a nursing process approach, the results of the case study found three nursing diagnoses, namely nausea related to pregnancy, the risk of nutritional deficits related to psychological factors (reluctance to eat) and anxiety related to lack of exposure to information. The nursing actions given are providing non-pharmacological therapy: ginger decoction, encouraging patients to eat little but often and providing information about physiological symptoms in pregnant women in the first trimester, including nausea and vomiting. The results of the evaluation after 5 visits for the nursing diagnosis of Nausea related to pregnancy were obtained at the fifth visit. The subjective data evaluation of the client said that nausea was still felt occasionally, the client said that vomiting was no longer present, the client said that appetite had started to improve

Gestational hypertension is one of the leading causes of maternal mortality in Indonesia. Non-pharmacological interventions such as lavender aromatherapy have gained attention as complementary therapies due to their natural properties and minimal side effects. This study aims to evaluate the effect of lavender aromatherapy on blood pressure among pregnant women with gestational hypertension. The research employed a quasi-experimental design using a one-group pretest-posttest approach. A total of 15 participants meeting the inclusion criteria received an intervention consisting of lavender aromatherapy inhalation for 10–15 minutes. The results showed a decrease in mean systolic blood pressure from 141.53 mmHg before the intervention to 139.27 mmHg after the intervention. However, the mean diastolic blood pressure slightly increased from 90.20 mmHg to 90.27 mmHg. The reduction in systolic pressure indicates a potential relaxation effect of lavender, likely mediated through parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. Although the change in diastolic pressure was minimal and not clinically significant, these findings support the use of lavender aromatherapy as a supportive approach in managing blood pressure in pregnant women with gestational hypertension. This complementary therapy is expected to enhance maternal healthcare, particularly in improving comfort and reducing stress during pregnancy.

This study aims to analyze the education of children with special physical needs, particularly children with speech impairment, at TK Harsya Ceria Banda Aceh. The study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach to describe the learning process, fulfillment of physical needs, teacher assistance, family support, and obstacles faced in inclusive education. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation involving school principals, teachers, parents, and children with speech impairment. The results showed that TK Harsya Ceria has implemented inclusive education by providing equal learning opportunities for children with special needs alongside regular students. Teachers use visual media, body language, educational games, and individual assistance to support children’s communication and learning processes. Family support also plays an important role in developing children’s independence, communication skills, and social interaction. However, several obstacles were found, including communication barriers, limited facilities, lack of special assistants, and high therapy costs. Therefore, collaboration between schools, families, health workers, and the government is needed to support the optimal development of children with speech impairment in inclusive education environments.

The growing elderly population in nursing homes is often accompanied by physical and psychosocial declines that negatively impact their quality of life. This study aims to analyze the effect of occupational therapy implementation on the quality of life among the elderly at the Jambi Nursing Home. Utilizing a quantitative pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach, this study involved 30 elderly respondents selected through sampling mehtods. Data were collected using the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire and analyzed using the Paired Sample T-Test. The results revealed that prior to the intervention, the majority of respondents (53,4%) had a poor quality of life. However, after receiving a two-week occupational therapy program, their quality of life significantly improved, with 60% of respondents shifting into the good category. Bivariant analysis demonstrated a p-value of 0,000 (p <0,05). Indicating a significant influence of occupational therapy, Occupational therapy is proven effective as a non-pharmacological intervention to enhance independence and well-being among the elderly in in institutional care.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the types of stroke with the highest rates of mortality and morbidity. This condition is often accompanied by decreased levels of consciousness and hemodynamic instability, particularly in patients undergoing intensive care in the ICU. The application of murottal (Qur’anic recitation) therapy is expected to contribute to the stabilization of patients’ hemodynamic, physical, and physiological conditions. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Qur’anic murottal therapy on the hemodynamic stability of ICU patients at RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto. This study used a case study design in the form of a nursing care report involving one patient diagnosed with ICH and a nursing problem of decreased intracranial adaptive capacity. The intervention consisted of listening to the recitation of Surah Ar-Rahman for 20 minutes once per shift over three consecutive days. The observed hemodynamic parameters included blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation, and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The results showed that after the administration of the murottal therapy of Surah Ar-Rahman, the patient experienced improvement and stabilization in hemodynamic parameters, including blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, and oxygen saturation. Qur’anic murottal therapy of Surah Ar-Rahman has a positive effect on the hemodynamic stability of ICH patients in the ICU at RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto. This intervention has the potential to serve as a non-pharmacological approach to support holistic recovery and improvement in critically patients.

Hypertension is a chronic condition characterized by systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg and diastolic >80 mmHg, which can lead to serious complications such as stroke and heart failure if left unmanaged. This study aims to describe the application of warm water foot soak intervention in reducing blood pressure among hypertensive patients in the Dongkelan Kauman area. This was a descriptive study with a case study approach involving three elderlies with hypertension. The intervention was conducted for 20 minutes daily using warm water at a temperature of 38-40°C for three consecutive days. Data were collected through interviews and blood pressure measurements using a tensimeter before and after the intervention. The results showed a decrease in blood pressure in all three subjects after routinely implementing the intervention. The highest systolic reduction reached 15 mmHg, while the average diastolic reduction was 5 mmHg. Physiologically, warm water stimulates blood vessel vasodilation, which facilitates blood flow and reduces muscle tension. The study concludes that warm water foot soak therapy potentially effective as a non-pharmacological complementary intervention for controlling blood pressure in elderly patients with hypertension.

Hypertension is a chronic condition characterized by systolic blood pressure >130 mmHg and diastolic >80 mmHg, which can lead to serious complications such as stroke and heart failure if left unmanaged. This study aims to describe the application of warm water foot soak intervention in reducing blood pressure among hypertensive patients in the Dongkelan Kauman area. This was a descriptive study with a case study approach involving three elderlies with hypertension. The intervention was conducted for 20 minutes daily using warm water at a temperature of 38-40°C for three consecutive days. Data were collected through interviews and blood pressure measurements using a tensimeter before and after the intervention. The results showed a decrease in blood pressure in all three subjects after routinely implementing the intervention. The highest systolic reduction reached 15 mmHg, while the average diastolic reduction was 5 mmHg. Physiologically, warm water stimulates blood vessel vasodilation, which facilitates blood flow and reduces muscle tension. The study concludes that warm water foot soak therapy potentially effective as a non-pharmacological complementary intervention for controlling blood pressure in elderly patients with hypertension.

Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) are common in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) who receive combination therapy involving oral antidiabetic agents and insulin. This literature review aims to identify the main types of DRPs and the factors contributing to their occurrence based on recent studies from PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. The most frequently reported DRP is drug interaction, followed by underdosing, overdosing, therapy without indication, untreated indications, adverse drug reactions, and patient-related problems such as non-adherence. Several factors contribute to the occurrence of DRPs, including polypharmacy, inappropriate dosing, the presence of comorbidities, limited patient knowledge regarding therapy, and inadequate clinical monitoring. These conditions may increase the risk of poor glycemic control and treatment failure. Therefore, effective management of DRPs is essential to improve therapeutic outcomes. The findings of this review emphasize the important role of pharmacists in conducting medication reviews, identifying DRPs early, and implementing appropriate interventions to enhance patient safety and optimize treatment in T2DM patients.

Drug-Related Problems (DRPs) are common in patients with type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) who receive combination therapy involving oral antidiabetic agents and insulin. This literature review aims to identify the main types of DRPs and the factors contributing to their occurrence based on recent studies from PubMed, ScienceDirect, ResearchGate, and Google Scholar. The most frequently reported DRP is drug interaction, followed by underdosing, overdosing, therapy without indication, untreated indications, adverse drug reactions, and patient-related problems such as non-adherence. Several factors contribute to the occurrence of DRPs, including polypharmacy, inappropriate dosing, the presence of comorbidities, limited patient knowledge regarding therapy, and inadequate clinical monitoring. These conditions may increase the risk of poor glycemic control and treatment failure. Therefore, effective management of DRPs is essential to improve therapeutic outcomes. The findings of this review emphasize the important role of pharmacists in conducting medication reviews, identifying DRPs early, and implementing appropriate interventions to enhance patient safety and optimize treatment in T2DM patients.

Intracerebral Hemorrhage (ICH) is one of the types of stroke with the highest rates of mortality and morbidity. This condition is often accompanied by decreased levels of consciousness and hemodynamic instability, particularly in patients undergoing intensive care in the ICU. The application of murottal (Qur’anic recitation) therapy is expected to contribute to the stabilization of patients’ hemodynamic, physical, and physiological conditions. The purpose of this study was to explore the effect of Qur’anic murottal therapy on the hemodynamic stability of ICU patients at RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto. This study used a case study design in the form of a nursing care report involving one patient diagnosed with ICH and a nursing problem of decreased intracranial adaptive capacity. The intervention consisted of listening to the recitation of Surah Ar-Rahman for 20 minutes once per shift over three consecutive days. The observed hemodynamic parameters included blood pressure, heart rate, respiratory rate, body temperature, oxygen saturation, and the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS). The results showed that after the administration of the murottal therapy of Surah Ar-Rahman, the patient experienced improvement and stabilization in hemodynamic parameters, including blood pressure, pulse rate, respiration, and oxygen saturation. Qur’anic murottal therapy of Surah Ar-Rahman has a positive effect on the hemodynamic stability of ICH patients in the ICU at RSUD Prof. Dr. Margono Soekarjo Purwokerto. This intervention has the potential to serve as a non-pharmacological approach to support holistic recovery and improvement in critically patients.

Old age is the final phase in the human life cycle, characterised by a decline in physiological function. Global data shows that the prevalence of old age will increase from 33.69 million to 48.19 million by 2035. One of the effects of this decline in physiological function is a disruption in the quality of sleep among the elderly. As many as 50-60% of elderly people in Indonesia experience sleep disorders. One way to overcome sleep disorders is through relaxation therapy. Progressive Muscle Relaxation is a technique performed by stretching and relaxing certain muscles to relax the body. The purpose of this study was to determine the effectiveness of progressive muscle relaxation on the quality of sleep in elderly people. This research method involved a nursing care process from assessment to evaluation using a case study design. The research sample consisted of one elderly person with moderate sleep quality. The intervention was given for 10-15 minutes using eight movements with a frequency of twice a week for one month. The data were analysed using pre-test and post-test PSQI questionnaires to determine sleep quality. The results of this study indicate that progressive muscle relaxation training has an effect on improving sleep quality in the elderly.

Chronic kidney disease is a progressive disease requiring long-term hemodialysis therapy that may cause physical, psychological, social, and spiritual problems. Patients undergoing hemodialysis often experience spiritual distress due to changes in health conditions and dependence on therapy. This study aimed to determine the relationship between the duration of hemodialysis and the level of spiritual distress in chronic kidney disease patients at the Hemodialysis Unit of Baiturrahim Hospital Jambi. This study used a quantitative design with a cross sectional approach. The sample consisted of 57 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. The research instrument used a spiritual distress questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability with a Cronbach’s Alpha value of 0.955. Data were analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that most respondents underwent hemodialysis for ≥12 months, totaling 39 respondents (68.4%), and the majority experienced moderate spiritual distress, totaling 20 respondents (35.1%). Statistical analysis showed a p-value of 0.030 (p<0.05), indicating a significant relationship between the duration of hemodialysis and the level of spiritual distress in chronic kidney disease patients. The longer patients undergo hemodialysis, the lighter the spiritual distress tends to be because patients gradually adapt to their disease condition and therapy.

Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the main factors associated with the occurrence of active gastritis and duodenal ulcers. This bacterium can survive in the acidic environment of the stomach by producing the urease enzyme, allowing it to colonize the gastric mucosa and trigger an inflammatory response. This study aims to analyze the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and the incidence of active gastritis and duodenal ulcers. The method used was a literature review with a narrative approach of scientific articles published between 2021–2025 from the Google Scholar, OpenAlex, and Crossref databases. The results of the review indicate that Helicobacter pylori infection is significantly associated with increased gastric mucosal inflammation and a higher risk of duodenal ulcers. Early detection and eradication therapy using a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are effective in preventing disease progression and complications. Additional findings highlight the importance of hygiene, sanitation, and public awareness in reducing transmission rates and improving gastrointestinal health outcomes globally..

Helicobacter pylori infection is one of the main factors associated with the occurrence of active gastritis and duodenal ulcers. This bacterium can survive in the acidic environment of the stomach by producing the urease enzyme, allowing it to colonize the gastric mucosa and trigger an inflammatory response. This study aims to analyze the relationship between Helicobacter pylori infection and the incidence of active gastritis and duodenal ulcers. The method used was a literature review with a narrative approach of scientific articles published between 2021–2025 from the Google Scholar, OpenAlex, and Crossref databases. The results of the review indicate that Helicobacter pylori infection is significantly associated with increased gastric mucosal inflammation and a higher risk of duodenal ulcers. Early detection and eradication therapy using a combination of antibiotics and proton pump inhibitors (PPI) are effective in preventing disease progression and complications. Additional findings highlight the importance of hygiene, sanitation, and public awareness in reducing transmission rates and improving gastrointestinal health outcomes globally..

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a degenerative disease commonly experienced by the elderly and requires proper treatment to prevent complications. One traditional treatment alternative used to lower blood sugar levels is bay leaf decoction. This study aimed to determine the effect of bay leaf decoction on reducing blood sugar levels among the elderly in Peuniti Village, Baiturrahman District, Banda Aceh City. The study employed a quasi-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest approach. The sample consisted of 15 elderly participants selected from a population of 87 elderly individuals. Data collection was conducted by measuring blood sugar levels before and after administering bay leaf decoction once daily for 7 days. Blood sugar levels were checked using a blood glucose meter 20 minutes after consumption. Data were analyzed using a dependent t-test. The results showed that before treatment, all respondents (100%) were categorized as having DM, with an average blood sugar level of 211.0 mg/dL. After treatment, all respondents (100%) were categorized as non-DM, with an average blood sugar level of 160.4 mg/dL. Statistical analysis showed a significance value of 0.004 (p < 0.05), indicating that bay leaf decoction significantly reduced blood sugar levels in the elderly.

Children with intellectual disabilities experience limitations in intellectual functioning and adaptive abilities, which impact their independence in daily activities, including buttoning clothes. This skill requires fine motor coordination, concentration, and a proper understanding of task sequences. This case study aims to determine the effectiveness of button board play therapy in improving fine motor skills in children with intellectual disabilities. The method used was descriptive with a case study approach involving two children with moderate intellectual disabilities aged 8 and 9 years at SLB Bhakti Luhur Maumere. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The intervention consisted of button board play therapy conducted for 6 days, with a duration of 15–30 minutes per day, implemented gradually and repeatedly. The results showed that before the intervention, both children were unable to button their clothes independently. After the intervention, there was an improvement in their ability, as the children began to button some buttons (2–3 buttons) with better motor coordination, although they still required assistance and supervision. In conclusion, button board play therapy is effective in gradually improving fine motor skills and independence in children with intellectual disabilities. It is recommended that the intervention be carried out consistently and involve parents to achieve optimal results.