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This research is motivated by the escalating prevalence of illegal online lending practices in Indonesia, which generate a multitude of legal problems, particularly those concerning the validity of loan agreements and debt collection practices. The simplicity of access through smartphone applications, rapid processing times often approved within minutes and minimal administrative requirements have rendered these services immensely popular among the public. However, this accessibility also paves the way for unlicensed providers to operate unchecked, preying on desperate borrowers. The study aims to analyze the legal validity of illegal online loan agreements pursuant to the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata) and regulations issued by the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan, OJK). Additionally, it examines the legal position of debt collection from a civil law perspective. A normative juridical method is employed, utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches, with qualitative analysis of the data. The results demonstrate that illegal online loan agreements fail to fulfill the requirements for a valid contract, especially regarding the legal capacity of the parties and lawful cause, categorizing them as null and void by operation of law. Nevertheless, in practice, unlicensed providers continue debt collection efforts, frequently employing methods that violate the law, such as harassment and intimidation. This reveals a significant gap between legal norms and field implementation. The implications emphasize the critical need for robust law enforcement, enhanced consumer protection mechanisms, and stricter oversight of fintech lenders to establish legal certainty and justice for society.

Diarrhea is a condition characterized by increased frequency of bowel movements (BAB) of ≥3 times/day with a more liquid consistency. Diarrhea can be caused by infectious or non-infectious agents. Diarrhea can occur acutely, lasting less than 2 weeks, or chronically, lasting more than 2 weeks. The prevalence of diarrhea in toddlers is 12.3% and in infants is 10.6%.3 Based on data from the Medan City Health Office, the incidence of diarrhea in 2023 is estimated to be 66,802 cases across all ages and 32,324 cases in toddlers, with almost half of diarrhea sufferers being children. The Medan City Health Office reported the incidence of diarrhea in toddlers was 2,894 cases and adults 14,112 cases, or approximately 20.5%. Parents are one of the closest people and act as caregivers for children, so they have a crucial role in controlling diarrhea in children, including early management and prevention. Good parental knowledge, attitudes, and behavior regarding the management and prevention of diarrhea can reduce diarrhea morbidity and mortality in children.

Undernutrition among children under five remains a significant public health challenge in Indonesia, including in Ogan Ilir District. This condition can adversely affect growth, cognitive development, and immune function. This study aimed to determine the risk factors associated with undernutrition among children under five in the working area of Seri Tanjung Public Health Center, Ogan Ilir District, in 2025. This was an analytical study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 95 children under five were selected using cluster sampling. Data were collected through structured interviews using a questionnaire and anthropometric measurements of weight-for-age (W/A), then analyzed using the Chi-Square test with a significance level of 0.05. The results showed that economic status (p=0.012; OR=3.25; 95%CI=1.29–8.20), environmental sanitation (p=0.021; OR=2.98; 95%CI=1.18–7.53), infectious diseases (p=0.004; OR=3.85; 95%CI=1.55–9.58), and maternal health history (p=0.037; OR=2.67; 95%CI=1.06–6.74) were significantly associated with undernutrition. The strongest influencing factor was infectious diseases. This study recommends strengthening infection prevention efforts, improving environmental sanitation, providing nutrition education for families, and monitoring maternal health during pregnancy to reduce the prevalence of undernutrition among children under five.

The prevalence of non-communicable degenerative diseases in Indonesia continues to rise, particularly affecting adolescents and productive age populations due to unhealthy lifestyle patterns and free radical exposure. Purple sweet potato leaves (Ipomoea batatas L.), a locally abundant resource often regarded merely as agricultural by-product, contain significant bioactive compounds including polyphenols, flavonoids, anthocyanins, and terpenoids demonstrating potent antioxidant properties with IC50 values of 47.99 ppm. This study employs a qualitative descriptive literature review approach, analyzing 28 scientific publications spanning 2018-2025 sourced from Google Scholar and PubMed databases to examine the potential of purple sweet potato leaves as effervescent tablet raw material for degenerative disease prevention. Findings reveal that bioactive constituents effectively neutralize free radicals, prevent lipid peroxidation, and protect cellular structures from oxidative damage linked to diabetes, cancer, and cardiovascular disorders. The effervescent tablet formulation provides strategic advantages including enhanced solubility, accelerated absorption rates due to elimination of disintegration processes, pleasant carbonation sensation masking unpleasant active ingredient taste, and superior gastrointestinal tolerance. This innovation offers promising prospects for degenerative disease prevention through local food resource utilization, though experimental validation regarding optimal formulation, effective dosage determination, and clinical efficacy assessment remains necessary for practical implementation.

Anemia during pregnancy remains a major public health concern with significant implications for maternal and fetal health. One contributing factor to its high prevalence is the limited knowledge among pregnant women regarding early detection. Health education serves as a crucial promotive-preventive strategy to enhance awareness of anemia’s signs, symptoms, and risks. This study aimed to analyze the effectiveness of health education in improving knowledge of early detection of anemia among pregnant women in the Galala Community Health Center working area. A pre-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design with a quantitative approach was employed. The sample consisted of 30 pregnant women selected using total sampling. Respondents received structured health education on early detection of anemia, and their knowledge levels were assessed before and after the intervention using a questionnaire. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods, with the Wilcoxon signed-rank test applied due to non-normal distribution. Results indicated a significant improvement in knowledge after education (p = 0.000), with most respondents shifting from poor or moderate knowledge to good knowledge. The study concludes that health education effectively increases pregnant women’s knowledge of anemia detection and should be systematically integrated into antenatal care to prevent anemia and improve maternal health outcomes.

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Globally, DM continues to pose a growing health challenge, particularly type 2 DM, which is closely associated with insulin resistance. In this condition, body cells fail to respond effectively to insulin, so even though the pancreas initially produces sufficient or excessive amounts of insulin, its effectiveness gradually declines. Over time, pancreatic beta-cell function deteriorates, further exacerbating chronic hyperglycemia. This persistent condition may lead to long-term complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases, through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The prevalence of type 2 DM is expected to continue rising, including in Indonesia, highlighting the need for comprehensive management strategies. An important aspect of DM management is the assessment of health-related quality of life. Quality of life reflects an individual’s perception of their health status within social and cultural contexts. This can be evaluated using generic instruments such as the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. In this case report, the quality of life of a patient with type 2 DM was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease’s impact on the patient’s daily life.

Hypertension is a chronic health problem whose prevalence continues to increase and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular disease. In addition to pharmacological therapy, non-pharmacological interventions are needed to help control blood pressure safely and sustainably. One complementary therapy that has the potential to lower blood pressure is Slow Stroke Back Massage (SSBM), which works through relaxation mechanisms and modulation of the autonomic nervous system. This study aims to determine the effect of SSBM therapy on reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients in the Camar Room of RSKD Dadi, South Sulawesi Province. The study used a quantitative quasi-experimental design with a two-group pretest–posttest design. A sample of 32 respondents was selected using a purposive sampling technique, divided into an intervention group and a control group. Data collection was carried out by measuring systolic and diastolic blood pressure before and after the intervention using a standard sphygmomanometer. The results showed a significant decrease in systolic and diastolic blood pressure in the group receiving SSBM therapy compared to the control group. Thus, SSBM therapy has a significant effect on reducing blood pressure in hypertensive patients and can be recommended as a complementary therapy in nursing care.

This study examines the evolving landscape of racket sports and its implications for injury patterns among diverse athlete populations. Over the past decade, traditional sports such as tennis and badminton have remained popular, while emerging sports like padel, pickleball, and beach tennis have experienced rapid growth, attracting participants across a wide age spectrum. However, the high-speed, repetitive, and multidirectional demands of these sports increase the risk of musculoskeletal injuries, making it essential to understand their epidemiology for effective prevention. This systematic literature review followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, analyzing peer-reviewed studies published between January 2020 and early 2025 from databases including PubMed, ScienceDirect, Europe PMC, and Open Alex. A total of 22 studies met the inclusion criteria, comprising randomized controlled trials, cohort studies, and cross-sectional surveys. Methodological quality was assessed using the Cochrane Risk of Bias Tool (RoB 2) and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS). The findings reveal significant variation in injury prevalence across sports, ranging from 34.2% in recreational pickleball to 92% in competitive padel. Badminton injuries were predominantly acute and affected the lower limbs, while tennis showed a higher incidence of overuse injuries in the upper limbs and trunk. Padel players frequently experienced elbow overuse injuries, with higher rates reported among females. In contrast, pickleball injuries were largely associated with falls among older adults. Preventive interventions involving supervised, sport-specific functional training and structured warm-up programs were found to be most effective. In conclusion, injury burden in racket sports is substantial and influenced by both intrinsic and extrinsic factors, highlighting the need for targeted, sport-specific prevention strategies.

Gout arthritis, or often called gout, is a type of arthritis caused by the accumulation of uric acid crystals in the joints and surrounding tissues. Arthritis itself is a term used to describe inflammation of the joints. The process of gout begins with an increase in uric acid levels in the blood, called hyperuricemia. Gout arthritis sufferers in the world affect approximately 10% to 25% of the world's population, the WHO prevalence of gout arthritis in the world is 34.2%. The type of research used in this study is quantitative research using a quasi-experimental research method, namely the pre-posttest control one group design method. This study is a study conducted on 1 group using an intervention without a comparison. This study has been conducted with a total of 20 elderly people who meet the inclusion and exclusion criteria. It is known that the Sig. (2-tailed) value of 0.00 is greater than 0.05. then there is a significant difference between the results before and after the warm cinnamon water compress. So it can be concluded that there is an effect of warm cinnamon compresses (Cinnamomun Burmannii) on gout arthritis in the elderly at the Sei Pancur Community Health Center.

This study aims to analyze the prevalence of illegal parking attendants and their impact on public service delivery and the Regional Gross Domestic Product (GDP) in Sorong City. The method used is a mixed-method approach. The study employed quantitative methods, including a questionnaire survey and descriptive statistical analysis, as well as correlation analyses, and qualitative methods, including in-depth interviews and source triangulation. The results indicate that local government oversight, compliance with parking regulations, and the quality of public services are positively and significantly related to increases in local revenue (PAD). Qualitative findings revealed that illegal parking practices lead to revenue leakage, degraded service quality, and public order issues. Consequently, local governments need to strengthen oversight, digitize parking payments, and provide officers with training to increase transparency and optimize local revenue (PAD). The study's limitations lie in its small sample size and its focus on a single location. Future research is recommended to expand the sample, compare several regions, and employ a more comprehensive policy analysis. These results contribute to the development of informal-economy and social-order theory in the context of urban parking management. In practice, the research findings can serve as the basis for formulating more effective and sustainable parking management policies. Implementation of the recommendations is expected to improve the quality of public services and public trust in local governments effectively and sustainably in the future.

Introduction: Tooth loss is a common oral health problem in the elderly population and can significantly impact quality of life. The use of dentures is an important solution to restore chewing function, aesthetics, and speaking comfort. This literature review aims to analyze the effect of gender on denture use in the elderly population. Method: The research method uses a narrative review approach by searching various scientific databases such as PubMed, Google Scholar, and Science Direct. Result: Consistent pattern exists that older women have a higher prevalence of denture use than men across countries and research settings. Factors influencing this difference include socioeconomic factors, care-seeking behavior, perceived need, aesthetic considerations, and a higher burden of tooth loss in women. Furthermore, denture use is correlated with improved quality of life and overall health. Women tend to have higher aesthetic expectations and satisfaction, while men are more functionally oriented. Conclusion: Shows that gender is an important factor that needs to be considered in planning dental health services for the elderly population.  

Hypertension contributes to numerous complications such as heart disease, stroke, kidney failure, and is a risk factor of disability and death. Hypertension Prevalence in Jatinangor is 37.8%, that is higher than national rate. The control of hypertension is low and the education at the primary health facility is short. Therefore, another buffer system for education such as posbindu is needed. Activities that educate people with hypertension become very important, but need to be adjusted as needs. Aim of this study is to determine form and intensity of education preferred by hypertension patients Method: Qualitative descriptive with case study approach using focused group discussion (FGD) method, led by main moderator and assisted by a second moderator. Participants consisted of 15 people with hypertension chosen purposively with the inclusion criterias female and parallel to the research objective. The discussion used semi-structured questions. This study is conducted in two villages in Jatinangor, Desa Cipacing and Desa Cilayung from February to May 2017. Results: Participants wanted education in the form of traditional learning, game simulation, written notes, and video recording. The intensity of education preferred until patients understand, it tends to be performed more than once, and preferred place are performed within Posyandu (Integrated Health and Nutrition Post) with education frequency varies from once a week to once a month. Conclusion: Hypertension patients have variable preference of education forms and its intensity. Innovations in the development of methods in accordance with hypertension patients’ needs must be continued, so that interventions can become more effective for hypertension patients.

Family health is a fundamental component of public health development, as the family represents the smallest social unit shaping individual health behaviors. This study aimed to analyze the family health conditions of the community in Pulau Jambu Village, Kampar District, based on demographic, behavioral, socioeconomic, and environmental factors. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed with a total sample of 153 respondents selected using random sampling, ensuring equal probability for each population member to be included.The results indicated that most respondents were in the productive age group of 19–60 years (68.8%), with farming as the dominant occupation (47.1%). The majority relied on borehole wells as their water source (61.4%); however, 47.1% had septic tank distances ≤10 meters, posing potential risks of water contamination. Regular physical activity was reported by 60.8% of respondents, yet the prevalence of smoking was very high (78.4%). Most respondents had a junior high school education (45.1%), influencing health literacy levels, although 58.2% demonstrated good knowledge of clean and healthy living behavior (PHBS). Health service utilization was relatively high (86.3%), though some residents still practiced traditional treatment.In conclusion, family health conditions are influenced by a combination of behavioral, environmental sanitation, and socioeconomic factors. Strengthening family-based health interventions through PHBS education, smoking control, and environmental sanitation improvement is essential to enhance sustainable community health status.

Hypertension is a chronic disease with a high prevalence worldwide and is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases. The management of hypertension not only relies on pharmacological therapy but also requires non-pharmacological interventions as effective complementary therapy. This study aims to analyze the implementation of health education and acupressure therapy in lowering blood pressure in hypertensive patients. This descriptive study involved three hypertensive patients from RT 35 Lebung Jaya, Talang Betutu Village, Palembang. The intervention included structured health education and acupressure therapy given over three consecutive days, with a duration of 15-20 minutes per session. The results of this study showed a reduction in systolic blood pressure between 10-20 mmHg and diastolic blood pressure between 2-7 mmHg. Additionally, there was an increase in knowledge and medication adherence among the patients. From these results, it can be concluded that the integration of health education and acupressure therapy can be an effective nursing intervention for hypertension management, particularly in a community setting. The implementation of this method is expected to become an alternative approach in managing hypertension within the community with a more holistic approach.

Introduction:. Dental caries is one of the most common oral health problems experienced by school-age children. A high prevalence of caries can affect growth and development, nutritional intake, and academic performance. One effective measure to prevent caries is the application of fissure sealants on posterior teeth.Objective:To implement fissure sealants for the prevention of dental caries and to improve students’ knowledge about oral health.Methods:The activities included initial dental examination, oral health education, application of fissure sealants, and evaluation of knowledge through pre-test and post-test among 35 fifth-grade students at UPT SPF SD Negeri Pampang II.Results:The findings showed that 30 students (85.7%) had deep pits and fissures, while 5 students (14.3%) had early caries. After the education session, students with good knowledge increased from 8 students (22.9%) to 27 students (77.1%). All students who met the indications successfully received fissure sealant treatment without complications.Conclusion: The implementation of fissure sealants is effective as a simple preventive measure in preventing dental caries among school-age children and enhances students’ awareness and knowledge of oral health. This program is recommended to be conducted regularly to reduce the risk of caries

Hypertension is a non-communicable disease with a high prevalence and is a major risk factor for serious complications such as stroke and heart disease. Low public awareness and limited capacity of health workers to provide education and early detection pose challenges in hypertension prevention efforts at the community level. The program “Capacity Building for Health Workers as an Effort to Prevent and Control Hypertension in Mandiangin Timur Village” was implemented by Field Learning Experience (PBL) Group 20 students in August 2025 in Mandiangin Timur Village, Karang Intan District, Banjar Regency. The intervention was carried out through interactive lectures, discussions, and the use of educational media in the form of posters, leaflets, and videos. The targets of the activity consisted of 17 cadres and 30 villagers. Knowledge evaluation using pre-tests and post-tests showed an increase in the average score of cadres from 95.28 to 96.46, while the community increased from 76 to 92.33. Blood pressure checks also showed that most participants were in stage 1–2 hypertension, emphasizing the need for ongoing education. This program proved effective in increasing the capacity of cadres and community knowledge about risk factors, prevention, and management of hypertension. In addition, this activity strengthened the role of cadres as agents of change in ongoing efforts to control hypertension at the village level.

This study comprehensively analyzes the impact of sectarian conflict on mental health in Kirkuk through an ethnoreligious meta-analysis of 42 studies with a total of N=15,427 participants published between 2003 and 2023. The quantitative synthesis indicates a PTSD prevalence of 47.3% (95% CI: 44.2–50.4) among victims of sectarian conflict, with an uneven distribution across groups, where the Turkmen minority records the highest prevalence at 56.8%, exceeding Arab Sunni at 43.2% and Kurdish at 41.5%. Logistic regression analysis demonstrates that direct exposure to sectarian violence increases the risk of major depression by 3.4 times (OR=3.42, p<.001), anxiety by 2.8 times (OR=2.83, p<.001), and psychosomatic disorders by 2.5 times (OR=2.54, p<.001). Further meta-regression identifies duration of conflict exposure (β=.426, p<.001) and intensity of sectarian violence (β=.389, p<.001) as significant predictors of symptom severity. In contrast to the findings of Cummings et al. (2013) and Eltally (2019), which emphasize the general impact of conflict, this study reveals specific intergenerational trauma patterns within distinct ethnoreligious communities, with the highest transmission observed among families of sectarian massacre victims (d=0.82), while simultaneously highlighting variations in communal resilience across groups as a differential determinant of post-conflict psychosocial dynamics.

Hypertension is a major modifiable risk factor contributing to the development of Acute Coronary Syndrome (ACS), which includes STEMI, NSTEMI, and unstable angina. The increasing prevalence of hypertension worldwide raises concern regarding its impact on cardiovascular outcomes. This study aimed to describe the profile of ACS patients with hypertension receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (ACEIs) or angiotensin receptor blockers (ARBs) therapy in the Intensive Coronary Care Unit (ICCU) of RSUD Dr. Soetomo Surabaya. Using a descriptive cross-sectional method, data from 91 patients treated between July 2021 and October 2024 were analyzed. Variables included demographic characteristics, clinical classification of ACS, hypertension degree, comorbidities, types and doses of ACEI/ARB administered. The results showed that most patients were male (73%) and aged over 65 years (40%). Chi-square analysis revealed no significant relationship between hypertension degree, ACS classification, or most comorbidities with drug selection or dosage (p>0.05), except for a significant association between coronary heart disease comorbidity and ARB selection. These findings suggest that in hypertensive ACS patients, the choice between ACEI and ARB therapy is predominantly based on individual comorbidity profiles rather than blood pressure severity or ACS type. The study highlights the importance of personalized treatment approaches considering patient comorbidities to optimize cardiovascular outcomes.

Helminth infections caused by Soil Transmitted Helminths (STH) and Taenia sp. remain a major public health concern in tropical regions, including Indonesia, particularly among elementary school children. This study aimed to identify the presence of eggs and larvae of intestinal nematodes and cestodes in fecal samples collected from elementary school children in Bekoso Village, East Kalimantan. The research employed a descriptive survey method with a cross-sectional approach, and laboratory examinations were conducted using the Kato-Katz technique. A total of 16 fecal samples were examined to detect Ascaris lumbricoides, hookworm, and Taenia sp. eggs. The results showed that 12.5% of samples were positive for hookworm eggs, 12.5% for Taenia sp. eggs, and 6.25% for Ascaris lumbricoides eggs. These findings indicate that poor personal hygiene and inadequate environmental sanitation contribute to an increased risk of intestinal helminth transmission. The study highlights the importance of preventive efforts through the promotion of clean and healthy living behaviors, consistent use of footwear, handwashing with soap, and community participation in mass deworming programs to reduce the prevalence of intestinal helminth infections among elementary school children.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease with an increasing prevalence and requires long-term therapy, resulting in a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. This study aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of antidiabetic drug use among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in the inpatient unit of Dr. R. Hardjanto Hospital, Balikpapan. This research employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach and retrospective data collection from medical records and administrative data for the period January–December 2023. A total of 54 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included as study samples. Therapeutic effectiveness was assessed based on the achievement of random blood glucose levels ≤200 mg/dL, while the analysis focused on direct medical costs. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated using the Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) and Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). The results showed that Metformin–Apidra therapy achieved higher clinical effectiveness (92%) with an average cost of IDR 3,636,721 and an ACER value of IDR 39,529. Meanwhile, Glimepiride–Sansulin therapy demonstrated 81% effectiveness with a lower average cost of IDR 2,519,259 and an ACER value of IDR 31,101. The ICER value of IDR 10,158 indicates the additional cost required to achieve a 1% increase in effectiveness. In conclusion, Metformin–Apidra therapy is more clinically effective, whereas Glimepiride–Sansulin therapy is more cost-effective economically.