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Premenstrual Syndrome (PMS) is a collection of physical and emotional symptoms occurring prior to menstruation that can disrupt daily activities. Dietary patterns and nutritional status are known to influence PMS symptoms. This study aims to analyze the relationship between dietary intake (energy, carbohydrates, protein, fat, magnesium, and vitamin B6) and nutritional status (based on Body Mass Index/BMI) with the incidence of PMS among female students from both health and non-health study programs at Universitas Airlangga. This research employed an analytical observational study with a cross-sectional design. A total of 103 female students from the 4th semester of the Nutrition and Islamic Economics study programs were selected through proportional random sampling. Data were collected using questionnaires on respondent characteristics, a Semi-Quantitative Food Frequency Questionnaire (SQ-FFQ), anthropometric measurements, and the Shortened Premenstrual Assessment Form (SPAF). Data analysis was performed descriptively and inferentially using Spearman's rank correlation test. The results showed a significant relationship between energy intake (p = 0.002) and fat intake (p = 0.001) with PMS. No significant relationship was found for carbohydrate, protein, magnesium, and vitamin B6 intake (p > 0.05). Additionally, nutritional status based on BMI was significantly associated with PMS (p = 0.001), indicating that both underweight and overweight students were more likely to experience PMS. These findings highlight that imbalanced energy and fat intake, as well as abnormal nutritional status, may be contributing factors to PMS. Therefore, increasing awareness of proper nutrition and reproductive health is essential to reduce PMS symptoms among female students.

This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to investigate how social media use impacts students’ understanding of social and cultural concept at SDN Sumingkir 02. The research subject are students in grades V and VI who actively use social media. To collect data, observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation were used. According to the research findings, various aspects of students lives are influenced by social media including learning behavior, social interactions, and communication patterns. Student interact more digitally than face to face, which can recude the quality of social relationships and increase risks such as anxiety, stress, and cyberbullying. Social media has positive benevits, such as increasing creativity and cultural knowledge, but excessive use without supervision can interfere with the development of students character and mental health. Therefore, parents and teachers must play an active role in guiding their students and improving their digital literacy.

This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach to investigate how social media use impacts students’ understanding of social and cultural concept at SDN Sumingkir 02. The research subject are students in grades V and VI who actively use social media. To collect data, observation, semi-structured interviews, and documentation were used. According to the research findings, various aspects of students lives are influenced by social media including learning behavior, social interactions, and communication patterns. Student interact more digitally than face to face, which can recude the quality of social relationships and increase risks such as anxiety, stress, and cyberbullying. Social media has positive benevits, such as increasing creativity and cultural knowledge, but excessive use without supervision can interfere with the development of students character and mental health. Therefore, parents and teachers must play an active role in guiding their students and improving their digital literacy.

The development of the era has influenced children's play patterns, who are now more familiar with digital games than traditional games. In fact, traditional games have educational and cultural values ​​that are important for the development of children's gross motor skills and psychomotor skills. This study uses a literature study method by analyzing 15 relevant articles to examine the contribution of traditional games to early childhood development. The results of the study show that traditional games such as catapults, jump rope, and gobak sodor can improve children's coordination, balance, and social skills through interaction and cooperation. This game not only strengthens large muscles, but also shapes children's character holistically, including empathy, responsibility, and decision making. Therefore, it is important for parents and educators to preserve and integrate traditional games in learning activities as a means of stimulating children's overall development.  

This study conducts an in-depth examination of the structural gaps in mental health policies within conflict-affected countries in the Middle East region, employing a systematic meta-synthesis approach to analyze 87 primary studies published between 2015 and 2024. Findings reveal that only 23.4% of these countries possess mental health policies that can be classified as comprehensive. In comparison, the average budget allocation for this sector accounts for merely 2.1% of total national health expenditures. In terms of affected populations, the prevalence of mental disorders is alarmingly high, recorded at 41.3% among refugees and 37.8% among residents living amidst protracted conflict. Through logistic regression analysis, a highly significant correlational relationship was identified between conflict intensity and the severity of mental disorders (r = 0.78; p < 0.001), underscoring the systemic link between structural violence and collective psychosocial vulnerability. Furthermore, meta-regression successfully identified the five most dominant policy gaps: deficits in service infrastructure (76.5%), shortages of the professional workforce (68.2%), dysfunctions in referral systems (64.7%), limitations in funding (59.3%), and lack of intersectoral service integration (52.8%). This research not only extends the conceptual framework and empirical findings previously advanced by Sihombing et al. (2025) and Akhtar et al. (2021) concerning the mental health impacts of conflict but also innovatively articulates region-specific patterns and identifies contextual moderator variables that influence policy implementation effectiveness. Thus, this study's methodological and conceptual novelty lies in formulating an evaluative framework grounded in empirical evidence, which integratively combines socio-political indicators with clinical mental health parameters, offering a comprehensive approach to assess and reform public policy in conflict-affected areas of the Middle East.

This study examines the translation techniques in Indonesian subtitles of Interstellar (2014), applying Vinay and Darbelnet's framework. Through a qualitative descriptive analysis of 1,903 English-Indonesian subtitle pairs from Google TV, the research identifies the distribution patterns of seven translation procedures: borrowing, calque, literal translation, transposition, modulation, equivalence, and adaptation. Results indicate literal translation dominates with 636 instances (33.42%), followed by modulation (489 cases, 25.70%) and transposition (362 cases, 19.02%). Borrowing accounts for 247 cases (12.98%), while equivalence, adaptation, and calque represent 3.57%, 2.84%, and 2.47%, respectively. The nearly balanced use of direct techniques (48.87%) and oblique techniques (51.13%) demonstrates strategic approaches in professional translation. The predominance of literal translation suggests structural compatibility between English and Indonesian, while significant modulation and transposition usage reveal necessary adaptations for cultural and linguistic differences. Technical terminology often favors borrowing, and cultural references require adaptation. This research provides empirical evidence for professional audiovisual translation practices.

Stunting is a growth disorder in children characterized by height-for-age below the standard due to prolonged nutritional deficiency. This condition affects physical development, learning ability, and metabolic health, and it tends to be persistent. In Indonesia, the prevalence of stunting remains high. This study was conducted to identify the causes of stunting during the first 1,000 days of life. The method used was a literature review with a narrative review approach. The results show that risk factors for stunting include prenatal conditions such as low birth weight, maternal nutritional status during pregnancy, and maternal height. In addition, low maternal education, limited access to healthcare services, lack of exclusive breastfeeding, infections, and poor dietary patterns also contribute. Strategies proven effective according to the literature include early nutrition education, nutritional supplementation, and technology-based growth monitoring. The most consistently identified determinant is low birth weight (LBW).

Considering the current data-driven policies, economic disparities across metropolitan areas are an important factor to consider. This study focuses on a comparative analysis between the K-MEANS and DBSCAN algorithms in the process of clustering residents in Pulo Brayan Darat 1 Village, taking into account the economic conditions of each individual. Through this study, it is hoped that the more optimal algorithm for categorizing the community based on their economic well-being can be identified. A survey was used to collect data, including questions about income, number of children, and type of employment. The timing of implementation, interpretation of clustering findings, and the Silhouette Index were all used in the evaluation process. It is clear from the findings that DBSCAN can identify outliers and adapt better to irregular data patterns, while K-MEANS is faster and creates more organized clusters. This research offers lessons for policymakers in developing focused community welfare development programmers, which also aids in selecting an appropriate clustering system for socio-economic data.

The development of digital technology has revolutionized consumption patterns among consumers, including Muslim consumers. Digitalization has not only brought convenience and efficiency, but also created new challenges in the application of Islamic consumption values. Consumption, which is viewed as part of worship in Islamic economics, requires adherence to the principles of halal, thayyib, justice, prohibition of israf and gharar, and social responsibility. This study aims to conceptually examine how consumers play a role in strengthening the Islamic economy in the digital age, as well as how Sharia consumption principles can be ethically implemented in a dynamic digital environment. The method used is a literature review, examining various academic literature, scientific journals, and documents related to Islamic economics and the digitalization of consumption. The findings indicate that Muslim consumers hold a strategic position in shaping value-based markets, driving the growth of the halal sector, and supporting the sharia-compliant SME ecosystem. On the other hand, low sharia-based digital literacy and the dominance of digital consumerist culture pose challenges that must be anticipated. Strengthening literacy, adaptive regulations, and collective awareness transformation are needed to create a digital consumption pattern that is blessed, fair, and sustainable in accordance with the objectives of Islamic law.

Sound is a longitudinal wave that propagates through a medium (solid, liquid, or gaseous substance). The height and frequency of the sound is affected by the length of the air column that the waves pass through. This study aims to analyze the relationship between the length of the air column and the frequency of sound through a simple experiment using straws and a glass filled with water. The research method used is descriptive and qualitative experimental methods. Descriptive analysis of experimental data can be used to describe the pattern of relationship between air column length and low noise height. By involving variations in the length of the air column by cutting the straw into several sizes (5 cm, 10 cm, 15 cm, and 20 cm), and other tools in the form of glasses, scissors, rulers, markers and water. Next, observe changes in sound frequency when blown without water and in water.  The results show that the shorter the air column, the higher the frequency of sound (higher pitch) produced, and vice versa. that the length of the air column affects the low altitude of the sound directly.

This study aims to provide an overview of the consumption patterns of Generation Z and how they relate to inflation from an Islamic economics perspective. A library research strategy is used in this investigation. Information was gathered from a number of sources, such as books, journals, and other problem-related scientific resources. The results indicate that Gen Z's consumption habits could lead to demand-pull inflation, or an increase in inflation. Prices rise when the supply cannot keep up with the substantial increase in demand for products and services brought on by consumer behavior. When Gen Z consumes technology, fashion, entertainment, and food items all of which are frequently popular and seasonal this issue becomes more noticeable. Consumption is controlled in Islamic economics to avoid becoming wasteful (tabzir) or excessive (israf). Needs (maslahah), not only wants or carnal emotions, must be the basis for consumption. The primary remedy, according to Islamic economics, is to emphasize beneficial consumption, Islamic-based money management, and bolstering social and spiritual values in order to curb consumption and prevent detrimental effects on people or the economy.  

This study examines the concept of compound words, focusing on their types, structures, and functions in enriching linguistic expressions. Compound words are formed by combining two or more words into a single unit, creating a new meaning distinct from their individual components. This research categorizes compound words into compound verbs, compound adjectives, and compound nouns, analyzing their structures and roles in communication. Examples include verb-verb combinations like "stir-fry," noun-verb structures such as "hand-wash," and noun-noun formations like "toothpaste."By simplifying complex ideas, compound words enhance linguistic precision and efficiency, especially in academic and technical contexts. The study identifies common patterns in forming compound words and explores their role in reflecting cultural and linguistic nuances. For instance, compound adjectives like "coal-black" and compound nouns like "brother-in-law" illustrate the dynamic interplay of grammar and meaning.Findings suggest that compound words not only streamline communication but also adapt to cultural and contextual needs, enriching vocabulary through creative linguistic processes. Future research could investigate how compound word usage varies across languages and disciplines, highlighting their significance in global communication.

Law constitutes a set of rules that must be obeyed and implemented by every individual. The concept of law-making forms part of the broader meaning of legal politics, serving as a guideline for the governance of the state and the life of society. Law is a necessity for all components of the nation and the state to create security and order, thereby providing a sense of justice. General elections (Pemilu) conducted directly by the people, from the people, and for the people serve as a means of manifesting sovereignty for the state to produce a democratic government based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution. The administration of general elections direct, free, universal, and secret must be carried out honestly and fairly, capable of realizing national integration, professionalism, and accountability in order to position the people as the primary holder of sovereignty. This study employs a normative juridical legal research method with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. The results of this research indicate that the legal concept concerning general elections depends on legal politics, which acts as a determining activity in the pattern and formation of election legislation designed to oversee and renew that law as a determination of politics related to democracy in the country. This study aims to ascertain the impact of the implementation of legal politics in the post-reform general election system and represents an existence of legal politics within Indonesia’s legal enforcement system.

This study aims to examine the relationship between healthy food consumption and character development in students. The research is based on the premise that healthy eating plays a vital role not only in physical well-being but also in shaping students' behavior and moral values from an early age. A quantitative descriptive approach was used, employing a theoretical and conceptual analysis design. The findings indicate a strong relationship between healthy eating habits and the development of positive character traits such as discipline, responsibility, and honesty. Based on a regression analysis simulation, healthy food consumption was found to contribute approximately 46% to character formation. These results highlight the importance of integrating healthy eating patterns into character education programs both in schools and at home. The study recommends collaboration among schools, parents, and government bodies to promote healthy eating as a foundation for building strong and positive character in young generations.

Eating problems in children refer to various behaviors or conditions that interfere with a child's ability to consume food properly. This can include refusal of certain foods, difficulty chewing or swallowing, and unhealthy eating habits. Eating problems in children are not a focus in everyday life, so they become an ignored problem. The presence of eating problems in children has an impact on nutritional status and health in the future. Even eating behaviors that have been patterned since childhood can continue into adolescence and even adulthood. Parental eating habits and strategies used in feeding are dominant determinants of children's eating behavior and food choices. Therefore, examining eating problems in children is important to do because this problem can affect the growth and development of children if not handled properly so that fast and appropriate treatment is needed.

The development of the education curriculum in Indonesia reflects a paradigm shift in strengthening scientific literacy, which plays an important role in shaping critical thinking patterns and student analysis to face the challenges of the 21st century. This study aims to examine the development of the concept of scientific literacy in the Indonesian national curriculum policy from the era of the School Level Curriculum (KTSP), the 2013 Curriculum, to the Merdeka Curriculum. The study was conducted through a literature study method on 20 relevant scientific articles published in the period 2013 to 2025. The results of the study show that scientific literacy in the KTSP is still implicit, limited to contextual learning approaches and direct experience. In the 2013 Curriculum, strengthening scientific literacy began to be realized through a scientific approach that encouraged students to develop critical thinking skills, understand scientific concepts, and carry out scientific processes systematically. Further transformation is seen in the Merdeka Curriculum, where scientific literacy is not only focused on cognitive aspects, but is also linked to character values ​​and contextual problem solving through strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile and project-based learning. In general, this study concludes that there is a paradigm shift from knowledge-oriented science literacy to holistic and applied science literacy. This finding emphasizes the importance of continuity between policy curriculum, teacher professional development, and implementation of strategies in the field to optimize students' achievement of science literacy.

The advancement of digital technology has made cyberspace a new arena for international conflict. The Lazarus Group, a hacking group allegedly affiliated with the North Korean government, has come to global attention for its involvement in numerous large-scale cyberattacks targeting financial institutions, global corporations, and public infrastructure. This study aims to analyze the group's operational patterns, strategic motives, and its implications for global cybersecurity. Using a qualitative approach and document analysis, the study investigates how Lazarus represents North Korea's strategy to counter international isolation and gain economic advantage. The results show that the international community's response to state actor threats in cyberspace is fragmented and ineffective. Therefore, a stronger and more coordinated multilateral framework is needed to respond to cyber threats from state actors.

The phenomenon of religious hijrah (spiritual migration) among Generation Z (Gen Z) has emerged as a noteworthy social trend in recent years. This study aims to explore the religious tendencies of Gen Z through a phenomenological approach, focusing on two prominent currents of Islamic preaching: Sufism and Salafism. Employing a qualitative method, in-depth interviews were conducted with selected Gen Z individuals actively engaged in Sufi- and Salafi-oriented preaching communities. The findings reveal that their choice of religious orientation is not solely influenced by theological aspects, but also shaped by social, psychological, and personal spiritual factors. Sufism tends to appeal to those seeking inner peace and spiritual experience, while Salafism attracts individuals who yearn for religious certainty and a firm Islamic identity. These results reflect the complex and diverse nature of Gen Z’s religiosity, emphasizing the need for contextual and humanistic preaching strategies. This study hopes to contribute to a deeper understanding of young Muslims' religious patterns and the development of more relevant da'wah approaches in the digital age.

This study investigates doctor–patient communication strategies in overcoming verbal and non-verbal language barriers within the Pain Clinic of RSUD Genteng Banyuwangi, a public hospital in East Java, Indonesia. Pain clinics pose unique communicative challenges, as patients often struggle to express their discomfort clearly due to limited health literacy, cultural norms, or emotional inhibitions. This research aims to identify and analyze the communicative methods employed by doctors to facilitate accurate information exchange and build therapeutic rapport with patients experiencing chronic pain. Utilizing a qualitative approach, this study applies Conversation Analysis (CA) to naturally occurring doctor–patient consultations recorded through non-intrusive video methods. Verbal and non-verbal interactions were transcribed and analyzed to uncover recurring communicative patterns. The data were interpreted through sociolinguistic and pragmatic lenses to account for the local language diversity and cultural context of Banyuwangi. Findings reveal that doctors employ multiple strategies to clarify meaning and adapt communication: repetition, strategic questioning, utterance correction, and linguistic adaptation. Additionally, doctors interpret and respond to patients' non-verbal cues, including vocal tone, facial expressions, and body gestures, to supplement incomplete verbal communication. These strategies not only enhance diagnostic accuracy but also promote empathy, trust, and patient-centered care. The study concludes that effective communication in pain clinics must account for linguistic diversity, cultural sensitivities, and emotional dynamics. Adaptive and empathetic communication fosters better understanding, reduces the risk of diagnostic error, and improves treatment outcomes. The findings offer practical implications for clinical training and healthcare policy, particularly in multicultural and linguistically diverse settings.

This study aims to analyze the effect of the apparent movement of the sun on community activity patterns, The method used is qualitative descriptive research with a literature study approach and secondary data analysis from various scientific studies. The results of the study indicate that the apparent movement of the sun significantly affects the division of community activity time, both daily, economic and social activities. Adjusting activities to the position of the sun also has an impact on energy efficiency, environmental comfort and community productivity. This finding is important because understanding the apparent movement of the sun in planning daily activities and managing community time. This study contributes to the development of science int the field of social science education, especially in understanding the relationship astronomic.