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Public policy innovation is an important necessity for local governments in responding to the complexity of public issues. One relevant approach to encourage policy innovation is policy networks, which emphasize collaboration between government and non-government actors. This study aims to analyze the role of policy networks as a public policy innovation strategy in Bandung Regency. The study uses a qualitative approach with descriptive-analytical methods. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation studies of actors involved in the public policy innovation process. The results show that public policy innovation in Bandung Regency is not yet fully supported by an inclusive and sustainable policy network. The dominance of the local government, weak coordination between actors, limited capacity of non-governmental actors, and regulatory and bureaucratic barriers are the main obstacles. This study emphasizes that strengthening collaborative, participatory, and institutionalized policy networks is an important prerequisite for promoting adaptive and sustainable public policy innovation at the local level.

In the modern industrial world, robots like mechanical arms in automotive factories or packaging lines must move quickly and safely. For this, a real-time operating sistem (RTOS) is needed—think of it as a "super-fast brain" that ensures the robot reacts instantly to commands, without delays or errors. This paper analyzes popular RTOS like FreeRTOS and VxWorks for controlling industrial robots, focusing on evaluating performance (speed of operation) and stability (long-term reliability). We conducted tests in a lab using a simple robot that moves its arm to pick up objects. Performance was measured by response time (how quickly the robot stops when encountering an obstacle, ideally under 10 milliseconds) and throughput (how many tasks it can complete per second). Stability was checked through simulations of disruptions, like heavy loads or interfered sensor signals, using metrics such as error rate and time variation (jitter). Results show that FreeRTOS is more efficient for small, affordable robots, with high performance (average response time of 4 ms) but moderate stability (5-10% errors during overload). In contrast, VxWorks excels in stability (errors <2%, stable for up to 95% of tasks on time) for large factory robots, though it requires stronger hardware. Our analysis uses simple models like graphs and repeated tests, without complex formulas, to prove that the right RTOS can boost production efficiency by up to 25% and reduce accident risks.

Child exploitation is a serious issue that threatens the fulfillment of children's fundamental rights and impacts their physical, psychological, and social development. This study aims to analyze the role of law in preventing child exploitation through an examination of regulations and criminal law enforcement in Indonesia. The method used is normative juridical research with a descriptive qualitative approach, supported by empirical data from interviews with law enforcement officers and child protection agencies. The results of the study indicate that although Indonesia has a comprehensive regulatory framework, such as Law Number 35 of 2014 concerning Child Protection and Law Number 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, its implementation still faces various challenges. These obstacles include weak coordination among institutions, limited capacity of law enforcement officers, low public awareness, and the persistent social stigma against child victims. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening the capacity of officers, applying a restorative approach, fostering synergy among institutions, and public education to build an effective, integrative, and sustainable child protection system.

Private Islamic Religious Colleges (PTKIS) play a strategic role in developing superior human resources with Islamic character. However, in practice, many PTKIS face challenges in meeting higher education quality standards and achieving optimal accreditation. Accreditation assistance based on Outcome-Based Education (OBE) and quality digitization are innovative solutions to improve the effectiveness of education quality management. OBE emphasizes the importance of learning outcomes integrated into the curriculum, learning process, and assessments that are measurable and relevant to the needs of the workplace. Meanwhile, quality digitization supports the efficient, transparent, and real-time management of academic data, forms, and accreditation reporting. Through the integration of these two approaches, PTKIS can improve accountability, accelerate the accreditation process, and ensure the achievement of sustainable quality standards. This article discusses the strategy of OBE-based accreditation assistance and quality digitization at the Tanggamus Islamic Education College, Lampung Province, highlighting the implementation process, obstacles encountered, and solution steps that can be applied to strengthen the PTKIS's internal quality assurance system.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of mangrove rehabilitation policies after Cyclone Seroja in West Oesapa Village, Kupang City, using Merilee S. Grindle's policy implementation theory and the principles of good governance. Mangrove rehabilitation is a crucial step in the recovery of coastal ecosystems affected by disasters, but in practice it often faces various obstacles, both in terms of institutions, coordination between actors, and community participation. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach. Data collection techniques were carried out through in-depth interviews with nine informants consisting of representatives of government agencies (DLHK, BKSDA), field supervisors, NGO administrators, RT heads, and local communities. Data analysis was carried out by referring to two main variables of Grindle's theory, namely policy content and implementation context, which were then combined with governance principles such as coordination, participation, transparency, effectiveness, and accountability. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of the mangrove rehabilitation policy in West Oesapa does not fully reflect the principles of good governance. Coordination between actors is not optimal, community participation is still passive, and post-implementation monitoring mechanisms have not been implemented. The dominance of technical implementers and minimal community involvement in planning are major obstacles to achieving program sustainability. Therefore, strengthening collaborative governance and community empowerment is needed to ensure effective and sustainable mangrove rehabilitation.

The development of artificial intelligence technology has given birth to deepfake technology which has the potential to be misused to damage a person's digital identity. This research aims to analyze the mode of misuse of deepfake technology in Indonesia, examine its legal implications based on applicable laws and regulations, and examine the urgency of special regulation of deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. Applicable, as well as examining the urgency of special arrangements against deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. The research method used is normative juridical legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, and data collection is carried out through literature study of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials tertiary. The results show that deepfake abuse can take the form of spreading fake videos, face forgery and digital identity-based fraud that harms victims socially, legally and psychologically. Although several articles in the ITE Law, Personal Data Protection Law, and Criminal Code can be used to charge perpetrators, these regulations have not specifically and explicitly regulated the characteristics and technical aspects of deepfake-based crimes. This creates obstacles in law enforcement and victim protection. Therefore, it is necessary to establish special regulations or amend existing laws so that the legal system in Indonesia is able to answer the challenges of deepfake technology appropriately, fairly, and effectively.

This research aims to analyze the forms of legal protection for consumers in the case of illegal cosmetic circulation in the Traditional Market of Moluo Village, Kwandang District, North Gorontalo Regency, and to examine the roles of the Health Department and the Gorontalo Food and Drug Supervisory Agency (BBPOM) in supervising and guiding business actors. The research method used is empirical legal research with a non-doctrinal qualitative approach, thru interviews with sellers, consumers, and supervisory authorities, as well as field observations and document studies. The research results show that the majority of vendors in the market already understand the importance of a distribution permit from BPOM and choose to sell legal products, although in practice illegal cosmetics are still found due to high consumer demand for instant results. The main obstacle lies in consumers who are often aware of the dangers of illegal cosmetics but still purchase them. BPOM Gorontalo implements legal protection thru two channels: preventive measures such as socialization, education, and routine inspections, and repressive measures such as legal action in accordance with Article 435 of Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health. The implications of this research confirm the need for more comprehensive legal protection strategies with cross-agency collaboration, increased public legal literacy, and consumer empowerment to make them more critical in product selection.

The background of this research is based on Cervical cancer, a disease that poses a serious threat to women's health in Indonesia. Early detection through prevention programs such as IVA (Visual Inspection with Acetic Acid) is a crucial step in reducing the number of cervical cancer cases. In this effort, an effective communication strategy from the Pasar Minggu District Health Center plays a very important role. This study focuses on the prevention program and communication strategies implemented at the Pasar Minggu District Health Center. This study uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive study method. Data collection techniques were carried out through in-depth interviews with Health Center officers, observations of socialization activities, and documentation. The results show that the communication strategies implemented by the Pasar Minggu District Health Center include informative, educational, and persuasive communication strategies. The Health Center utilizes various communication channels such as social media and direct counseling. Obstacles faced include low levels of public health literacy, stigma against IVA examinations, and limited human resources.

The study of classical Islamic texts (kitab kuning) in Islamic boarding schools (pesantren) plays a crucial role in strengthening students’ religious understanding as well as enhancing their mastery of the Arabic language. One of the foundational texts taught is Mubadi’ Fiqih, which contains basic principles of Islamic jurisprudence and serves as an introductory bridge for students to comprehend Arabic religious texts. This research aims to analyze the implementation of Mubadi’ Fiqih learning as an effort to strengthen students’ understanding of fiqh and enrich their Arabic vocabulary (mufrodat) at Ma’had Walisongo 1 Maron, Probolinggo. The study employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through classroom observations, in-depth interviews with the headmaster, teachers, and students, as well as documentation of the learning process. The findings reveal that the learning process applies bandongan and sorogan methods, supported by vocabulary translation exercises and contextual explanations of fiqh terminology. These strategies effectively enhance students’ comprehension of basic Islamic legal concepts while simultaneously expanding their Arabic vocabulary in religious contexts. Moreover, the teachers’ consistency in explaining Arabic sentence structures and assigning vocabulary memorization tasks significantly supports the learning outcomes. However, challenges such as students’ varying initial language proficiency and limited class time remain obstacles to achieving optimal results. Overall, the Mubadi’ Fiqih learning approach proves to be an effective integrative medium for strengthening both fiqh knowledge and Arabic linguistic competence among pesantren students.  

The implementation of risk management is an important method that is carried out in order to identify risk factors that may arise during the implementation of the project. However, the implementation of risk management still faces some obstacles in its implementation. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the barriers to the implementation of risk management in construction projects in Surabaya. A total of 80 respondents filled out questionnaires from construction service providers including contractors and consultants. Respondents involved include professional experts such as Project Managers, Site engineers, Site managers, implementers, estimators, General Managers and Company Directors. Data processing using fuzzy AHP method as a data processing tool and decision making. The results of the study revealed that the main factors that can hinder the implementation of cost risk management are inaccurate cost estimates (Y4) with the highest weight of 0.433, lack of quality Control (Qc) supervision criteria (Y5) is ranked second with a weight of 0.288, poor coordination between stakeholders (owner,contractor and consultant) (Y1) is ranked third with a weight of 0.274, lack of risk management training (Y3) is ranked fourth with a weight of 0.005, and some, old age) (Y2), the work can not be done according to the work drawings (Y6), limited skilled human resources (Y7), materials not according to specifications (Y8), improper initial cost estimation (Y9), late progressive payment from the owner (Y10) ranked fifth jointly because it has an equivalent weight value of 0.These findings conclude that accurate cost estimation (Y4) is very important in construction projects because it becomes the main basis in budget planning, decision making, and risk management.

This article examines the management of incoming letters and files at the Regional Civil Service Agency (BKD) of Central Kalimantan Province, focusing on the strategic role of information services as instruments of transparency and bureaucratic reform. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, the research was conducted through in-depth interviews with five employees and participatory observation during an internship, revealing a systematic workflow: receipt, recording, disposition by the Agency Secretary, distribution to relevant fields, and filing. The results show the effectiveness of this mechanism in handling 20-30 documents daily, despite challenges such as dependence on physical archives, risk of data loss, and limitations in digitization that could potentially cause delays. Key recommendations include training in file digitization, developing integrated SOPs, action research simulations, and an internal database platform to increase efficiency by up to 50% and strengthen public access to information. The conclusion emphasizes that incoming mail management is not merely a routine task, but a strategic foundation for accountable ASN governance, with a recommendation for further research to integrate information technology to overcome structural obstacles.

This study aims to analyze the political marketing strategies employed by the candidate pair Lis Darmansyah and Raja Ariza in the 2024 Tanjungpinang Mayor Election. The research focuses on the implementation of the political marketing mix, which includes political products, promotion, pricing, and distribution strategies. The study uses a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through interviews, field observations, and documentation involving campaign teams, volunteers, and voters. The findings demonstrate that Lis Darmansyah and Raja Ariza's political marketing strategy primarily depends on social interaction and personal image creation through the use of social media platforms, in- person campaigns, and local volunteer networks. The secret to winning over voters is their attempt to present an image of inclusive and seasoned leadership. However, the public's opinion of previous political performance and fierce electoral competition present obstacles for the campaign. In conclusion, the capacity of candidates to gain the public's trust and modify their political messaging to fit the social and cultural dynamics of Tanjungpinang community is a major factor in the efficacy of political marketing techniques.

This study aims to examine in depth the level of effectiveness and obstacles faced in the use of RME. This study uses a qualitative descriptive approach that aims to describe in depth the effectiveness and obstacles in the use of RME at the Baleendah Health Center. Data collection techniques were carried out through triangulation, namely, observation, interviews, and documentation. The informants in this study consisted of three people, namely the Head of the Puskesmas, medical records officer, and a doctor. Overall, the results showed that the implementation of RME at the Puskesmas received full support from the management, including aspects of funding, training, technology, and regular evaluation of the problems faced. RME has become the main focus because it is considered more effective and efficient than manual systems, especially in accelerating and improving the accuracy of services. However, the implementation still encountered a number of obstacles, such as internet network disruptions in the early stages, which have now been resolved by adding devices at certain points. The limited number of IT experts is also an obstacle because it slows down the handling of technical problems. In addition, server disruptions still occur because data storage is centralized at Diskominfo along with 62 other Puskesmas in Bandung Regency, which causes delays in data access.

This research aims to provide an in-depth explanation of the extension procedure for the Equipment Safety Certificate of the Tug Boat TB. Mitra Jaya XVI. This process is conducted at the Class I Port Authority and Harbormaster's Office (KSOP) Dumai and managed by PT. Berlian Ocean Shipping Dumai as the shipping agent. The equipment safety certificate is a vital document ensuring the seaworthiness of the vessel's equipment and compliance with maritime regulations. The research methodology utilized is a combination of Field Research—involving direct observation at the site—and Library Research—for gathering relevant regulatory and theoretical data. The findings indicate that the process for managing the certificate extension has generally complied with the established Standard Operating Procedures (SOP). Nevertheless, applicants still face significant obstacles during the application process. These constraints include delays in document inspection by related parties and technical issues within the online SIMKAPEL system (Information Management System for Harbormaster and Ship Services), which frequently experiences disruption. These system outages repeatedly lead to the postponement of certificate issuance. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that while formal procedures are followed, there is a necessity for optimizing the ship agency services and internal supervision. It is crucial to implement improvements to the technical system of SIMKAPEL and enhance internal coordination between surveyors and administrative staff at the KSOP to reduce waiting times, ensuring that certificates are issued promptly for the smooth operation of the vessel.

Islamic Financial Institutions play a vital role in strengthening the Islamic economy in Aceh, particularly through financing micro businesses. Article 14 of Qanun Aceh Number 11 of 2018 sets a target of 40% profit-sharing-based financing for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) by 2024. However, the realization of financing with profit-sharing contracts is still low. This study aims to examine the implementation of Qanun Number 11 of 2018 in facilitating micro business financing in Aceh, identify obstacles in its implementation, and analyze the roles of the government, society, and the private sector in supporting this process. The study uses an empirical juridical method, collecting data through literature studies, interviews, and observations. Data analysis is conducted qualitatively with a prescriptive analytical approach. Challenges to financing distribution include business actors not meeting credit quality assessments and prudential banking standards, causing banks to implement risk management strategies to prevent non-performing loans. Additionally, low financial literacy among business actors remains a significant barrier. The local government supports micro business financing by establishing the Technical Implementation Unit of the Integrated Business Service Office, providing financial assistance, and introducing the draft Qanun of Aceh Sharia Financing Guarantee. Bank Aceh Syariah offers training and coaching for MSMEs, while Bank Syariah Indonesia aids MSMEs through the MSME Center and the Muslim Entrepreneur program. Improving financial literacy is essential for business development. The study recommends that the Aceh Government strengthen the implementation of Qanun Sharia Financial Institutions, increase profit-sharing-based MSME financing, and promote financial literacy.

This study examines the strategic role of the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) of the Republic of Indonesia in ensuring transparent, accountable, and aligned state financial management in line with national goals. As an independent state institution, the BPK has a constitutional mandate to audit state financial management and accountability objectively and free from intervention by any party. This study uses a legal method with a normative juridical approach, accompanied by descriptive analysis and systematic interpretation of data from literature studies. The results show that the BPK has broad authority in auditing state finances, both for the central government, regional governments, and other public institutions. However, its implementation still faces obstacles such as a lack of internal transparency, overlap with internal government oversight, and limited resources for comprehensive oversight. To address these issues, the BPK needs to strengthen its internal systems, increase auditor capacity, develop more systematic audit result reporting guidelines, and build cross-agency coordination to make its external oversight function more effective, transparent, and capable of supporting clean and integrated governance.

This study aimed to analyze teacher conversations in the “Descriptive Text” learning video from MAS Ponpes Darul Qur'an using Sinclair and Coulthard's discourse model. With a qualitative descriptive design, data were collected through video observation and transcribed to identify exchanges, movements, and actions in classroom interactions. The results show that the Initiation–Response–Follow-up (IRF) structure dominates classroom discourse, with teachers taking most of the initiative through questions, explanations, and directions, while students generally provide brief and limited responses. Teacher follow-ups are mostly evaluative, using praise and confirmation, which helps maintain motivation but does not expand student cooperation. The discussion highlights that while this teacher-centered approach ensures clarity, structure, and regularity, it also limits opportunities for students to provide longer and more creative responses. The study concludes that teacher talk has a dual role: as a facilitator of learning and as an obstacle when it is too dominant. More varied strategies, such as open-ended questions and in-depth feedback, are recommended to create a more interactive and student-centered classroom environment.

This study aims to analyze students' understanding and difficulties in probability in grade XII of SMA Negeri 1 Tanjung Morawa and identify the contributing factors. The research method used is descriptive with quantitative and qualitative approaches. Quantitative data were obtained from the results of the problems given to students, then analyzed to determine the level of understanding, types of errors, and the percentage of difficulties experienced. Meanwhile, qualitative data were obtained through interviews with subject teachers to deepen information regarding the obstacles faced by students and the learning strategies implemented. The results showed that most students experienced difficulties in determining the sample space, applying probability formulas, and interpreting calculation results. Contributing factors include limited understanding of basic concepts, a lack of variety in practice questions, and learning that still focuses on procedures. Based on these findings, the researcher offers solutions in the form of contextual learning, conceptual reinforcement through class discussions, and the provision of step-by-step practice questions with teacher guidance. This research is expected to contribute to teachers in improving the effectiveness of probability learning in schools.

The research titled “Legal Implications of Mixed Marriages between Indonesian Citizens and Foreign Nationals on the Citizenship Status of Minors” discusses the legal consequences arising from marriages between Indonesian citizens (WNI) and foreign nationals (WNA), particularly regarding the determination of the citizenship status of minors. Mixed marriages often create legal complexities due to differences in citizenship systems between countries, which affect the rights and legal standing of children. The research problems focus on two main issues: how Indonesian positive law regulates the citizenship status of children born from mixed marriages, and how the state provides legal protection for such children. This study employs a normative legal research method with a statutory approach, analyzing relevant laws, doctrines, and court decisions. The results show that although Law Number 12 of 2006 on Indonesian Citizenship has improved the previous system by recognizing limited dual citizenship for children, its implementation still faces several obstacles. Complicated bureaucracy, a lack of understanding among officials, and persistent discriminatory practices remain major challenges. Therefore, it is necessary to reform the legal framework and administrative system of citizenship management to ensure that the principles of non-discrimination and the best interests of the child are effectively and fairly realized.

This study aims to explore collaborative management between local governments, educational institutions, and communities in improving the quality of basic education in Sidoarjo Regency. The background of this research stems from the increasing need for an adaptive, participatory, and sustainable education system in the era of decentralization, where intersectoral collaboration is key to realizing quality and equitable education. Sidoarjo Regency, as a region with rapid economic and social growth, faces obstacles in the distribution of quality basic education, particularly related to community participation, policy collaboration, and human resource capacity building at the school level. This study applies a qualitative approach through a case study method, involving resource persons from the Sidoarjo Regency Education Office, principals, teachers, school committees, and the education community. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and analysis of regional education policy documents. Research findings indicate that collaboration between various actors has successfully improved education quality through community-based learning mentoring programs, teacher training, and innovative policies in school management. However, the implementation of collaboration continues to face obstacles such as lack of coordination between agencies, budget constraints, and ineffective joint program evaluation. The study concludes that successful collaborative management requires shared commitment, transparent communication, and ongoing policy support. Research recommendations emphasize the importance of enhancing intersectoral collaboration capacity, local education dialogue forums, and performance-based evaluation systems to maintain the sustainability of basic education quality in Sidoarjo Regency.