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The term gender has been heard by many people, but there are nevertheless many people who do not really understand the term correctly. Gender Equality is one of the problems that is generally often discussed by people to accompany the development of contemporary thinking, both inside the pre-Islamic period and in the period after the arrival of Islam. This paper discusses how gender roles were in the pre-Islamic period which at that time was still very thick with patriarchal culture. And the technique used in this study is within the shape of a literature study, namely by using data sources through literature data such as journals, articles, and internet sites without having to conduct interviews and observations to the field. The result of this paper is that inside the pre-Islamic times of arab society the women were in a time of disgrace and were so demeaned that they became a symbol of the scum and filth of society in that era, but everything changed When the Messenger of Rasulullah SAW came to bring islam to this world, and in those days it positioned women in a noble place. Which means that among men and women there's no distinction when in social life.

Legal protection and human rights for workers are basic rights guaranteed by the constitution. The impact of the development of information technology through online buying and selling has created new jobs such as expedited couriers. However, the lack of protection, especially regarding Occupational Safety and Health (OHS), creates inequality of rights for expedition courier workers. This research aims to explore the legal protection arrangements, especially in the aspect of OHS, for expedition courier workers, with reference to the principles of Pancasila justice. The research method uses a statutory and conceptual approach, with the collection of legal materials through literature studies with legal material analysis techniques used in this legal research is deduction reasoning. The principles of Pancasila justice require regulation in accordance with the values of Pancasila. The lack of regulations covering OHS for couriers results in inequality of rights and frequent work accidents. Therefore, revision of the Occupational Safety regulation needs to be carried out by prioritizing the values of Pancasila justice to ensure the safety of workers, including expedition couriers. The government needs to review the Occupational Safety Law to cover new types of work, such as gojek and expedition services, in accordance with the justice values of Pancasila as the Ideology of the Indonesian nation

This study analyzes how socioeconomic inequality affects access to justice, focusing on the effectiveness of legal aid systems in various countries. By comparing government-funded and NGO-supported legal aid programs, the article examines the barriers faced by marginalized communities in obtaining legal representation and fair trials. Results suggest that improving access to legal aid is crucial for reducing disparities in the legal system and promoting equitable justice.

This study explores the influence of cultural traditions on the formation and adaptation of legal norms in multicultural societies. By analyzing cases from countries with diverse ethnic groups, the article evaluates how traditional practices sometimes conflict with formal legal standards, particularly in family and property law. Findings indicate the importance of incorporating cultural considerations into legal frameworks to enhance social cohesion while ensuring justice and equality.

The relationship between traditional Islamic jurisprudence (fiqh) and modern international human rights norms has long been characterized by debate and tension. Islamic law is commonly perceived as divinely grounded and normatively authoritative, whereas human rights frameworks are often viewed as secular, universal, and rooted in modern legal philosophy. This perceived dichotomy has contributed to the widespread assumption that Sharī‘a and human rights are inherently incompatible, particularly in sensitive areas such as gender equality, freedom of religion, and minority rights. Reassessing this tension is especially important for Muslim-majority societies that must reconcile religious legitimacy with global human rights obligations. This study explores the potential for harmonizing classical Islamic jurisprudence with contemporary human rights norms by identifying shared values, points of divergence, and feasible pathways for integration. Using a qualitative normative legal approach, the research employs doctrinal analysis of primary Islamic legal sources alongside international human rights instruments, supported by comparative analysis of key rights, including the protection of life, religious freedom, and gender equality. Interpretative analysis is applied to examine how classical and contemporary Islamic scholars conceptualize human rights within the Sharī‘a framework. The findings reveal substantial convergence between Islamic law and human rights norms, particularly in their shared emphasis on human dignity, justice, equality, and social welfare. While interpretative tensions persist, they are largely shaped by contextual and institutional factors rather than by the core ethical objectives of Islamic law. Integrative approaches grounded in ijtihad, maṣlaḥa, and maqāṣid al-sharī‘a offer constructive pathways for harmonization.

his research aims to discuss the problems in fulfilling the quota for women's political participation in the legislature and the efforts of state institutions to increase women's participation in general elections. This research uses a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. That is an approach based on the main legal material by examining theories, concepts, legal principles, and laws and regulations related to this research. The results of the study show an increase in women's representation in the legislature, but the representation rate is still far away because the last legislative election practice system in 2019 used an open proportional system, and there is still a low level of public understanding of women's representation in the legislature which is a form of gender equality. The efforts made by the relevant institutions, namely the KPU and Bawaslu, in improving these problems are to ensure the fulfillment of the 30% quota of women's representation in the nomination of legislative members and to provide strict sanctions for those who do not fulfill it. This effort reflects the need for strict supervision to ensure the implementation of rules in achieving the goal of women's representation. Thus, improving the electoral system, increasing public knowledge, and applying strict sanctions are necessary to achieve the affirmative targer of women in politics in Indonesia.

This article examines the differential treatment of so-called exiles, people who were sent abroad either to study or to work. During the events of 1965-1966, their passports were revoked. They lived by moving from one country to another in search of a "home" that would accommodate them. The exiles traveled to various countries, including the Netherlands, France, Germany, Sweden and the United States. During this time, they experienced various difficulties, economically, socially and psychologically. Economically, they struggled to find work, socially, they experienced discrimination and psychologically, they were deeply traumatized and haunted by fear. The story of the suffering they experience contradicts the rights they should get as Indonesian citizens when they are abroad. The theoretical framework used is John Locke's liberalism, which clearly supports the equal rights of every citizen to ultimately create harmony between them. It is this equality of rights that this study aims to investigate. This research uses a qualitative approach that draws on literature, internet pages and interview narratives. As a result of the research, one of the exiles interviewed admitted that he was still proud to be an Indonesian citizen even though he did not get the same treatment as an Indonesian citizen.

Gender inequality in education persists in Indonesia, as reflected in the differences in the Literacy Rate (AMH) between males and females. Therefore, this study aims to determine the influence of poverty and income distribution inequality on gender inequality in education in Indonesia, both partially and simultaneously. The study was conducted in 34 provinces in Indonesia. The data used were secondary data, including the poverty rate, the Gini ratio, and the Average Years of Schooling (RLS) in 2022. This research data was accessed online from the website of the Central Statistics Agency (BPS) at https://www.bps.go.id/id. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression analysis. The results indicate that income distribution inequality has a positive and significant impact on gender inequality in education in Indonesia. Meanwhile, poverty has a positive but not significant impact on gender inequality in education in Indonesia. Education and income distribution inequality simultaneously have a significant impact on gender inequality in education in Indonesia. The findings of this study have implications for policy formulation to achieve fair and equal human development.

In spite of the progress made toward gender equality, women are still subject to harassment on the basis of the traditional gender roles in today's society. This research is intended to analyze the depiction or representation of women in literary work in order to reveal misogyny lurking in the text. The novel used in this research is A Dance with Dragons novel (2011) by George R.R Martin. The issue of representation and misogyny tendencies are found in the novel. Qualitative research with a feminist approach was applied for the purpose to find the research objective which is to know the way Daenerys, Arya, and Melisandre are presented in the novel and to identify the misogyny lurking behind Daenerys, Arya, and Melisandre’s efforts to maintain their position. This analysis employs de Beauvoir’s Second Sex theory of women as “The Other”. The research reveals that behind the three powerful female characters, there is misogyny lurking behind Daenerys, Arya, and Melisandre's efforts in maintaining their powerful representation in George R.R. Martin’s A Dance with Dragons novel. The novel contains several examples of misogynist depictions, some of which include the objectification of women and an underestimation or undervaluation of female characters.

Natural resource management in Indonesia brings complex conflicts involving stakeholders and the use of natural resources. In particular, the natural resource management paradigm needs to be changed to deal with oil palm-related conflicts in border areas, which have the potential to increase tensions between countries. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of natural resource management policies in Indonesia's border regions, with a focus on conflicts related to palm oil. The research method used is qualitative with a literature study approach, involving in-depth analysis of various sources of information such as scientific journals, government reports and other related literature. The research results show that conflicts related to natural resources tend to be triggered by social and economic inequality, as well as neglect of environmental problems. The importance of managing conflict efficiently using models such as negotiation and facilitation is apparent. Involving local actors, including the community, in making policies has a crucial role in ensuring the suitability of policies with community aspirations. Indonesia has adopted sustainable policies, but barriers such as perception and lack of coordination between levels of government still need to be overcome. Therefore, this research suggests creative and forward-thinking solutions, including civil service reform, increasing ecotourism, and developing active community participation as prospects towards natural resource management.

Character education is a central issue in Indonesian society, addressing concerns about educational inequality and the behavior of graduates. This article explores these issues and the diverse interpretations of the concept of "character education." Character, in linguistic and cultural contexts, is defined as fundamental traits, personality, and habits shaping behavioral patterns. Character education, involving religious, social, and cultural dimensions, aims to form virtues in thoughts, attitudes, and daily behavior. Schools, as formal educational institutions, play a crucial role in shaping students' characters. With a focus on cleanliness, discipline, and politeness, character-based schools are seen as creating a conducive educational environment. The research method employed is a literature review, gathering information from various sources. The findings emphasize the importance of a clear understanding of character education to address educational issues and build a solid moral foundation for future generations

This study examines the progress made and the ongoing barriers to achieving gender equality in secondary school enrollment worldwide, with a focus on countries with high gender disparities. By analyzing policies, cultural factors, and economic barriers that hinder girls' access to secondary education, the research highlights the complex challenges that persist despite improvements in global enrollment rates for girls. Findings suggest that while progress has been made, there are still significant obstacles, such as child marriage, cultural expectations, and lack of educational resources, which prevent many girls from completing secondary education.

In our life, to choose what is good and to act rightly always required human freedom. Human freedom must be created peace and justice in order to open mind and heard for the common good for all.  All people of God are witness for social justice teaching support for beautiful and meaningful life such as appreciation for the human person dignity’s, awareness of equality, equal participation, and human solidarity. This research use a qualitative method through a literature study in order to acquire data and discover the problem more profoundly. Researchers believe that the successful process of internalizing ethics aims to make life, not just a life that lasts from time to time, but a life that is organized regularly and ultimately reaches the aim of life. This research will answer the “question” is virtue ethics necessary or only an accessory for human beings’ life.  Then, researchers will go further to describe the important values or practices of virtue ethics in daily life. Finally, this research proposes the practical implication based on the critical reflection and suggestion. This implication is an indication for every person to believe that the process of internalizing Ethics is an important way of life.

Environmental degradation and poverty remain pressing challenges in Indonesia, exacerbated by rapid economic growth and resource exploitation. The increasing demand for sustainable development has highlighted the need for alternative financial models that integrate both economic growth and environmental protection. Sharia-based green investments have emerged as a promising solution, offering a framework that aligns ethical considerations with sustainability goals. This study examines the impact of Sharia-based green investments on social welfare and environmental sustainability in Indonesia, with a focus on reducing income inequality and fostering community development. Using a mixed-method approach, including quantitative analysis of secondary data on green investment performance and qualitative interviews with key stakeholders, the research evaluates how these investments contribute to enhancing income equality, providing access to renewable energy, and promoting sustainable economic activities. Findings show that Sharia-based green investments not only improve income distribution, especially in rural areas and small businesses, but also contribute to environmental sustainability through renewable energy projects and eco-friendly infrastructure. The study also compares the environmental benefits of Sharia-based investments with conventional models, emphasizing their superior alignment with long-term sustainability goals. The research underscores the potential of Sharia-based green investments as a model for inclusive economic growth and environmental protection, supporting Indonesia’s progress toward achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

Gender inequality, sexual violence, domestic violence, trafficking in women, and wartime exploitation are some of the many human rights violations that occur. With the advancement of information technology and globalization, the use of violence has changed and evolved. Revenge pornography, also known as "revenge porn", is combined with direct acts of violence.    The purpose of this research is to find out what causes revenge pornography and how legal protection can be given to its victims. This research uses normative research that uses legislation to examine a study by examining theories, concepts. Some of the causes of revenge pornography crimes are as follows: Ineffective laws, the patriarchal culture that still exists in Indonesian society, lack of sexual education, law enforcement that has not run properly, and handling victims who often backfire. The state is responsible for protecting victims of sexual harassment. Several existing laws protect victims of pornographic abuse.

The development project through transmigration in 1984 to several islands in Indonesia, including Papua, was a neoliberal program supported directly by the World Bank. The transmigration project has opened up new consumption spaces, as well as starting the economic marginalization of the local population in Papua. The increase in the Papuan population along with the transmigration program during the New Order era was apparently unable to improve the welfare of indigenous Papuans. Transmigration in Papua succeeded in introducing new cultures or modes of economic production that replaced the old modes of production practiced by Papuans. The transmigration program in Papua has been the beginning of the economic marginalization of indigenous Papuans. The economic inequality generated by the transmigration project results in discrimination against indigenous Papuans in the field of economic endeavors. This is what happens to Papuan mothers who have to be willing to walk on sacks in front of large kiosks for immigrants in Papua. The aim of writing this article is to provide an overview of the economic marginalization created by the neoliberal development project in Papua.  

Prosperity is something that is hoped for by all levels of society because community or household inequality can be interpreted as a poor community or household. One important factor of welfare is income. The aim to be achieved in this research is to determine whether income has a positive effect on the level of welfare of salt farmer households in Arungkeke village, Arungkeke subdistrict, Jeneponto regency. This research design method is a survey method using a qualitative and quantitative approach where the unit studied is salt farmers. The influence of income on the level of welfare has a positive effect. To achieve prosperity, one of the factors is income.  

This study aims to analyze the double burden (double burden) of women. The development of the times has transformed the thoughts and movements of women so that they do not only function in the domestic sphere but also in the public sphere. Even though this is a form of gender inequality in one sex. This is very interesting to study using socialist feminist theory and the position of women in Islam in terms of gender analysis of the position of women in the household. The purpose of this research is to look further at the views of feminists and Islam in the double burden experienced by women in various regions. Data analysis techniques in this study used the analytical techniques proposed by Miles and Huberman, namely: data codification, data presentation and drawing conclusions. The result of this study is that the dual role of women in various areas carried out by previous research occurs because there is no knowledge and awareness that there is oppression that they experience, so that its continuity is considered normal. Islam views women and men as having an equal position even in matters of household which must be based on equal principles and an agreement between the two parties. The significance of this study is to offer a micro snapshot of the problem of multiple roles at certain loci and can provide a glimpse into the potential for similar research in other areas.

In a residential neighborhood, there are often significant differences in the level of welfare between one neighbor and another. Several factors such as income, employment, access to public services, and available facilities can contribute to social disparities between them. Planning a housing complex with various types of houses. In a complex there are several families who have very good economic conditions and are able to meet their living needs quite comfortably. However, on the other hand, there are also other families who experience financial difficulties and are unable to meet their basic needs.    

This study aims to determine the phenomenon of the Madonna Whore Complex in the beautiful book Luka. The Madonna Whore Complex is a psychological theory proposed by the father of psychology, Sigmund Freud. In this theory, humanitas are separated into two kinds, namely, madonna, which means holy, love, and asexual. While whore, which means sexual, lust, and broken, People with this complex compartmentalize their partners into two camps: those who are considered to be lustful and life partners. This is due to the split between the flow of affection and the sexual flow in male desire. This phenomenon makes a person unable to see his partner sexually. The issues raised in the beautiful book Luka are about prostitution, feminism, and gender inequality. The method used in this study is to use qualitative methods that are expected to be able to determine the values contained in the beautiful book based on The Theory of Madonna Whore Complex by Sigmund Freud. This study shows the results of the analysis of intrinsic elements through sexual behavior contained in the beautiful book Luka related to the Madonna Whore Complex theory proposed by Sigmund Freud.