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Chronic liver disease is a significant health problem and places a significant burden on healthcare services. Deaths from complications of chronic liver disease (cirrhosis and cancer) account for approximately 3.5% of all deaths worldwide each year. Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is a primary liver tumor, accounting for 90% of all liver tumors. Due to limitations in liver transplantation, liver resection is considered the treatment of choice for HCC patients with a single tumor and sufficient liver function reserve. Liver resection and transplantation are the only curative treatment options available for HCC patients. Surgical procedures require anesthesia. General anesthesia is the preferred method for liver tumor resection. There are five main classes of anesthetic agents: intravenous (IV) anesthetics, inhalational anesthetics, IV sedatives, synthetic opioids, and neuromuscular blocking agents. Estimated health risks depend on the extent or severity of liver disease, the nature and timing of surgery, the type of anesthesia, and other comorbidities.

In this study, a device was designed and implemented to control the water pH and nutrient density (concentration) in a hydroponic system using the Mamdani method of fuzzy logic, thus maintaining nutrient solution parameters within an optimal range for plant growth. This system relies on three input values ​​obtained from a water pH sensor, a nutrient TDS sensor, and a flow meter. These three sensors are used to control four peristaltic motors, each of which functions to increase and decrease the pH and nutrient levels in the solution. The speed of the peristaltic pump motor, when the water pH is set at 6.5 and the nutrient concentration is set at 700 ppm, is influenced by the difference between the sensor reading and the set point. The greater the difference, the higher the peristaltic pump motor speed. Conversely, the smaller the difference between the sensor reading and the set point, the lower the peristaltic pump motor speed. Furthermore, the amount of water flowing through the pipe also influences the peristaltic pump motor speed.

This research has a crucial objective to facilitate primary school (SD) teachers so they are able to effectively and efficiently integrate and present Social Studies (IPS) material enriched with the content of local wisdom. Local wisdom is defined as a treasure inherited through generations, encompassing in-depth knowledge, real practices, and fundamental values that have developed and been firmly held within the local community. This foundation makes the learning process not only informative but also highly relevant and meaningful for students’ lives. This article specifically highlights that the integration of values, culture, and knowledge sourced from the local area can produce significant positive impacts. These impacts include improving students' conceptual understanding of Social Studies material, fostering their active participation in the classroom, and honing essential critical thinking skills. Teachers are encouraged to use a contextual approach or a real-life-based approach, so the material taught feels close to the students' experiences and is easier to grasp. The values embedded in local wisdom will function as a strong bridge in understanding every material concept. Thus, the knowledge acquired by students does not only stop at the cognitive level (merely theoretical knowledge), but can also be implemented concretely in the form of real actions and behavior outside the school environment. This local wisdom-based learning approach will ultimately become an important connection that guides students to act appropriately, ethically, and solution-oriented in responding to various problems they face in their daily lives.

Background: Zinc Oxide Eugenol (ZOE) is the most widely used root canal filling material in primary teeth. Its sedative effect on the pulp and its ability to effectively seal the root canal contribute to the success of pulpectomy procedures. One of the main advantages of ZOE is its slow resorption rate, which allows it to maintain its integrity over time while the primary tooth remains functional. Purpose: ZOE is used to treat reversible pulpitis. Case: An 8-year-old boy came to Soelastri Dental and Oral Hospital complaining of a cavity in his lower left molar that was sensitive to cold. Case Management: The results of clinical and radiographic examinations indicated that the treatment performed in this case was a pulpotomy using ZOE material and a final restoration with SSC. Conclusion: The pulpotomy treatment was evaluated successfully, and the tooth was restored with a stainless steel crown.

The film Habibie & Ainun not only presents a love story of two important national figures but also represents Indonesia’s historical journey through an emotional and inspiring personal narrative. The film combines elements of romance with social, political, and national development contexts, giving it significant potential as a popular medium for historical learning. This study aims to analyze how the film can be utilized as a medium for historical education, particularly in instilling values of nationalism, exemplary leadership, and the spirit of innovation among the wider public, especially the younger generation. This research employs a qualitative approach using narrative analysis to explore visual representations, character dialogues, and storylines that portray B.J. Habibie’s struggle to develop the national technology industry amid political and social dynamics and limited resources. The results indicate that Habibie & Ainun functions as an effective historical learning medium because it successfully connects historical facts with emotional elements that are easily understood and accepted by the public. Through the depiction of the main character’s exemplary qualities, values of dedication, and love for the nation, the film makes a significant contribution to strengthening national identity and enhancing public appreciation of contemporary Indonesian history.

This study aims to analyze rebranding strategies and marketing communication in building the brand equity of Kopi Bawang Dayak as a regional flagship product. Kopi Bawang Dayak is a local product innovation based on the indigenous wisdom of Kalimantan that has functional and economic potential; however, it still faces challenges such as weak brand identity, unclear positioning, and ineffective marketing communication. This research adopts a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data collection techniques include interviews with business actors and consumers, observations of visual identity and promotional media, documentation, and literature review. The results indicate that rebranding strategies implemented through logo updates, packaging redesign, and the reinforcement of local values are able to enhance brand awareness and brand associations among consumers of Kopi Bawang Dayak. Furthermore, marketing communication that emphasizes storytelling, health benefits, and local cultural values through social media contributes to increasing perceived quality and building consumer trust. The synergy between rebranding strategies and marketing communication is proven to play a significant role in strengthening the brand equity of Kopi Bawang Dayak. This study concludes that integrating local identity with modern marketing approaches is a key factor in enhancing the competitiveness of regional flagship products in broader markets.

This study examines the economic dynamics experienced by migrant women through the perspective of abstract painting as a medium for personal and social reflection. The study uses a qualitative method with an artistic research approach, which departs from the researcher's personal experience as a migrant woman facing increasingly complex economic realities. The rising cost of living, financial constraints, and intertwined academic demands create pressure not only on material aspects, but also on psychological, emotional, and mental conditions. This situation demands adaptation strategies, resilience, and the ability to survive in the face of uncertainty in migrant areas. The dynamics of these experiences are then translated into visual language through an abstract expressionist approach utilizing mixed media techniques. Dynamic line elements, contrasting colors, bubble textures, and layers of material are used as symbols of the tension, struggle, and economic instability experienced by the subjects. The research findings show that abstract painting functions not only as a means of personal expression, but also as a medium for social reflection that records and articulates the experiences of migrant women who are often marginalized. This research contributes to the enrichment of contemporary art discourse, particularly in presenting visual narratives that voice economic issues and women's life experiences in a critical and reflective manner.    

This community service program is entitled Improving Microcontroller Competence of Students of SMK Negeri 3 Pematangsiantar through Arduino Training Based on Industrial Practice and is implemented as a follow-up to the school's official request to invite university practitioners as guest teachers in order to strengthen industry-based vocational learning. The activity was carried out on November 27, 2025 at the Computer Laboratory of SMK Negeri 3 Pematangsiantar involving 50 grade XI students, and guided by Andi Setiadi Manalu, S.Kom., M.Ti as the main instructor of Arduino material which focuses on the introduction of microcontrollers, basic programming, sensor integration, and simple automation project design. The purpose of this activity is to improve students' technical competence in the field of embedded systems while fostering work readiness through real-world practice-based learning experiences. The implementation method uses an experiential learning and project-based learning approach, which combines brief conceptual explanations with direct practice, technical discussions, and problem-based project assignment completion. The evaluation results show an increase in students' understanding of microcontroller functions, programming logic structures, and the ability to connect hardware and software in one work system. In addition, students demonstrated increased motivation, confidence, and interest in industrial technology, as reflected in their active participation during the practicum and their successful independent completion of functional prototypes. Overall, this activity proved effective in strengthening the technical competencies of vocational high school students and supporting the implementation of the link and match policy between vocational education and the needs of the industrial world, while also emphasizing the strategic role of higher education institutions in supporting the improvement of human resource quality at the vocational high school level.

Postoperative pain is a common clinical condition experienced by patients after surgical procedures and may hinder the recovery process if not properly managed. In addition to pharmacological therapy, safe and effective non-pharmacological interventions are needed, one of which is early mobilization. This study aimed to analyze the effect of early mobilization on pain reduction in postoperative surgical patients. A scoping review method was conducted based on the Arksey and O’Malley framework. Literature searches were performed using ScienceDirect, PubMed, and Google Scholar databases with a PICO strategy, including articles published within the last five years. From a total of 167,948 identified articles, 10 studies met the inclusion criteria and were included in the analysis. The results showed that early mobilization performed gradually and according to patients’ clinical conditions had a significant effect on reducing postoperative pain intensity. In addition, early mobilization was associated with improved comfort, enhanced functional recovery, and faster postoperative rehabilitation without increasing the risk of complications. Although variations were found in the timing and type of mobilization across studies, overall evidence supports that early mobilization is safe and effective. In conclusion, early mobilization can be recommended as an evidence-based nursing intervention for postoperative pain management.

Set theory is one of the fundamental concepts underlying the structure of discrete mathematics and computer science and plays a crucial role in understanding various advanced topics, such as relations, functions, mathematical logic, and other discrete structures. This concept serves as the foundation for developing a systematic and structured mathematical mindset. This paper aims to explain the fundamental concepts of set theory, review its significance in discrete mathematics, and outline how to present sets and basic operations on sets, such as union, intersection, complement, and difference. The method used in this paper is a literature study by reviewing, collecting, reading, and analyzing data from various relevant written sources, both textbooks and scientific articles. Through this study, students are expected to be able to understand set theory more comprehensively. Thus, it can be concluded that set theory is not merely an introductory topic, but rather a formal framework that defines the validity of logic and structure in modern discrete systems.  

The background of this research is based on the enormous potential of zakat, infaq, shadaqah, and waqf (ZISWAF) as Islamic social finance instruments which, if managed optimally and sustainably, can play a significant role in reducing poverty and promoting comprehensive economic independence among communities amid the ongoing challenges of social inequality. The purpose of this study is to explain the strategic function of ZISWAF in strengthening the community’s economy while emphasizing the urgency of professional, transparent, and targeted management for the improvement of public welfare at large. The research method used was library research, evaluating various literature sources such as books, scientific journals, and relevant previous research reports. The collected data was then analyzed using a qualitative descriptive approach to provide an in-depth understanding of the mechanism of economic empowerment through ZISWAF. Research findings show that ZISWAF plays a crucial role in improving economic welfare through a paradigm shift from consumptive assistance to productive assistance programs. Management oriented towards sustainability and transparency has proven effective in promoting economic ind ependence among low-income communities and significantly reducing poverty rates. The implication of this study confirm that strengthening regulations, digitizing management, and improving public literacy regarding ZISWAF are essential. Management institutions must continue to improve their accountability in order to increase public trust, so that ZISWAF can become a key development in the future.

The relationship between religious doctrine and national identity remains a critical discourse in the Muslim world. The object of this research is Wasathiyatul Islam (Islamic Moderation) in Indonesia, which serves as a theological framework for balancing religious observance with social justice. However, the emergence of rigid transnational ideologies poses a significant challenge to this harmony, creating a potential disconnect between religious doctrine and local culture. To address this issue, this research aims to analyze how the values of Wasathiyatul Islam are transformed and harmonized within the dialectics of Indonesian society. The study employs a descriptive qualitative method with a phenomenological approach. Data were collected through literature reviews and social observations, then analyzed using an interactive model to interpret the "lived experience" of moderation. The results reveal that the harmonization process is manifested through four key indicators: national commitment, tolerance, anti-violence, and accommodation of local culture. A synthesis of these findings demonstrates that moderation in Indonesia is not merely a top-down state policy but an organic, bottom-up cultural practice where local wisdom serves as a vessel for religious values. In conclusion, Wasathiyatul Islam successfully functions as a unifying instrument, creating a "State of Consensus" where Indonesian Muslims practice their faith devoutly while maintaining unwavering loyalty to the nation.

Papaya fruit (Carica papaya L.) is a tropical plant widely consumed as food and known to contain various bioactive metabolites with potential health benefits. The increasing interest in natural products as functional resources highlights the importance of reviewing the chemical characterization and health applications of papaya bioactive compounds. This article aims to systematically review the types of bioactive metabolites found in papaya fruit, the chemical characterization methods applied, and their potential applications in the health sector. This review was conducted through a literature study of relevant scientific articles, focusing on metabolite identification and biological activity evaluation. The results indicate that papaya fruit contains diverse bioactive metabolites, including flavonoids, phenolic compounds, alkaloids, saponins, terpenoids, and proteolytic enzymes. These compounds are commonly characterized using chromatographic and spectroscopic techniques. Several studies have reported that papaya bioactive metabolites exhibit biological activities such as antioxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory, and antidiabetic effects. This review suggests that papaya fruit has promising potential as a functional natural resource for health and pharmaceutical applications.

Islamic character education has become a central focus of madrasah education; however, its planning is often implemented normatively without adequate managerial and evaluative mechanisms. This study aims to analyz ethe planning of Islamic character educationatMTs Persis 23 by examining the alignment betweent he madrasah’s strategic direction, curriculum, instructional practices, habituation programs, and character evaluation. Using a qualitative case study approach, data were collected through document analysis, classroom and school observations, and in-depth interviews with the head of the madrasah, the vice principal for curriculum, and home room teachers. Data were analyzed thematically to identify patterns of planning, implementation, and evaluation. The findings reveal that the madrasah has established a strong strategic foundation for character education through its vision, mission, and religious school culture, positioning character development as a core educational objective. Character values are integrated in to the Madrasah Operational Curriculum, lessonplans, and daily habituation activities functioning as a hidden curriculum. Nevertheless, the planning of character education remains weak at the operational level, particularly due to the absence of m easurable behavioral indicators, standar dizede valuation instruments, and systematic documentation of students’ character development. This study highlightsthe gap between normativ estrategic intentions and managerial implementation. It recommends the development of simple behavioral indicators, baselineand longitudinal character assessments, ands trengthenedpe dagogical supervision to ensure that character education planning is implemented systematically and sustainably.    

This study aims to design, implement, and test a prototype that automates three functions, namely watering, fertilizing, and pest control based on Arduino Uno with the ability to directly monitor soil moisture and pH. This system is equipped with four main types of sensors. Soil condition monitoring involves an FC-28 soil moisture sensor and a soil pH sensor, water level measurement involves an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, and pest detection in the plant area involves a RIP sensor. All data obtained from these sensors is then processed by the Arduino Uno microcontroller to automatically activate actuators such as water pumps, liquid fertilizer pumps, buzzers, and DC motors according to soil conditions and plant needs. Prototype testing was conducted on simulated land with various scenarios of moisture, soil pH, and pest activity. The test results revealed that the system was proven to be able to significantly optimize water and fertilizer utilization, as well as reduce pest disturbances that could potentially damage plants.  In addition, this system also displays the operational status directly through an LCD screen, making it easy for users to monitor. The advantage of this system is its multi-function integration in a single device that is cost-effective and easy to operate. In the future, the functionality of this system can be improved through integration with Internet of Things (IoT) technology, enabling remote monitoring and control with greater efficiency. More broadly, this study is expected to support increased production and sustainable agricultural practices in Indonesia.

Curriculum management is a strategic component of Islamic education because it plays an important role in achieving educational objectives and internalizing Islamic values within the learning process. Nevertheless, in practice, many schools continue to face managerial challenges in implementing the curriculum effectively. This study aims to evaluate curriculum management at MTs Persis 23 Cirengit based on the core functions of Islamic Educational Management, namely Planning, Organizing, Actuating, and Controlling (POAC). The research employed a qualitative approach using a case study design. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, direct observation, and document analysis, and were analyzed using an interactive analysis model. The findings reveal that the POAC functions have been formally applied but have not yet operated as an integrated managerial cycle oriented toward continuous quality improvement. Curriculum planning remains largely procedural, organizing is not sufficiently participatory, implementation depends heavily on individual teacher capacity, and supervision is mostly administrative with limited follow-up actions.

This study investigates the relationship between design patterns, modular architecture, and the maintainability of distributed real time systems developed using agile practices. Distributed real time systems are critical in various sectors, including telecommunications, healthcare, and automotive, where strict timing constraints and reliability are essential. Agile methodologies, known for their flexibility and iterative development, have been widely applied to software engineering, but their impact on long-term system maintainability, especially in complex real time environments, has been insufficiently explored. This research employs an empirical analysis, combining both quantitative and qualitative data from multiple real time system projects using agile methods. The analysis focuses on the application of design patterns, such as Singleton, Observer, and Factory, and evaluates the effectiveness of modular architectures in enhancing system scalability, flexibility, and long-term sustainability. The study also explores how agile practices contribute to system performance and maintainability, despite challenges related to frequent updates and coordination among distributed teams. Key findings show a positive correlation between the consistent use of design patterns and modularity, which significantly improves the maintainability and adaptability of distributed real time systems. This research also highlights the challenges faced by agile methods in maintaining architectural consistency and managing non-functional requirements, particularly in distributed environments. The results contribute valuable insights into adapting agile practices to meet the specific demands of distributed real time systems, offering recommendations for developers and project managers to incorporate modular architecture and design patterns to enhance long-term system sustainability. Further research is suggested to explore new design patterns and investigate the broader impact of agile methodologies on system quality beyond maintainability.

Early Childhood Education (ECE) plays a crucial role in providing safe, comfortable, and child-friendly educational services for young children. However, as the second environment after the family, the potential for violence against children may still occur in ECE institutions if they are not managed optimally. Therefore, efforts to prevent violence against young children need to be implemented comprehensively through a holistic approach that integrates education, caregiving, and early prevention strategies. This study aims to analyze how ECE institutions, such as kindergartens and daycare centers, can function as the first line of defense in detecting, preventing, and addressing various forms of violence, including physical, emotional, and sexual abuse, among children aged 0–6 years. The research method employed is a literature review and policy analysis related to child protection and the implementation of Early Childhood Education. The findings indicate that capacity building through teacher training, the implementation of child protection–sensitive curricula, and strengthened collaboration among schools, families, and communities have proven effective in reducing the risk of violence by up to 40%, based on case studies in Indonesia. The conclusion emphasizes the importance of strengthening regulations, ensuring continuous supervision, and investing in human resource development to reinforce the role of ECE as a key agent in violence prevention and in creating a safe, healthy, and supportive environment for optimal early childhood development.

This study compares the scalability and maintainability of three prominent programming paradigms-functional programming (FP), object-oriented programming (OOP), and declarative programming (DP)-in the context of distributed data processing systems. The research aims to evaluate how each paradigm performs under increased data volume and its ability to handle complex operations, while also assessing the ease of maintenance through code readability, modularity, and the flexibility of updating and debugging. The study employs a comparative experimental design, implementing identical data processing tasks, such as data aggregation, filtering, and transformation, across each paradigm. Key findings indicate that FP and DP outperform OOP in terms of scalability, with their stateless nature and high-level abstractions enabling efficient parallel processing and task distribution. FP, with its emphasis on immutability and concurrency, and DP, with its focus on describing desired outcomes rather than implementation specifics, both demonstrate superior performance in handling large datasets. However, while OOP excels in modularity and flexibility, its reliance on mutable state and shared resources hampers its scalability in distributed environments. In terms of maintainability, both FP and DP offer clearer, more maintainable code due to their abstraction levels, making them easier to update and extend. OOP, while modular, presents challenges in managing mutable state, complicating maintenance. This paper concludes with practical recommendations for developers on when to use each paradigm based on system requirements and suggests areas for future research, such as hybrid paradigms and long-term maintainability studies in real-world applications.

Honesty (ṣidq) is a fundamental moral value in Islam that serves as the foundation for personal integrity and social ethics. In the current era of globalization and growing materialistic culture, this value faces serious challenges as societal orientation shifts from moral virtue to economic achievement and social image. This study employs a narrative review method, analyzing recent literature on moral education, Islamic ethics, and contemporary social dynamics. The findings reveal that honesty functions not only as a personal virtue but also as a social force that strengthens public trust and national stability. However, the global wave of materialism has weakened the internalization of ṣidq, especially among younger generations. Restoring honesty as the moral identity of the nation requires synergy among character-based education, spiritual reinforcement, and public policies that promote transparency and integrity. The recontextualization of honesty through Islamic spiritual principles and Rokeach’s value theory offers a path toward moral recovery for Indonesian society amid the global challenges of the 21st century.