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The Free Nutritious Meal Program (MBG) is a national priority policy under the Prabowo–Gibran administration aimed at improving students’ well-being and learning quality through school-based nutrition interventions. However, its effectiveness largely depends on the collaborative strength between teacher groups as field implementers and the government as policy makers. This study aims to analyze the collaborative synergy between teachers and the government in implementing MBG and to develop a conceptual model of school-based partnership. The study employs a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, reviewing national and international articles published between 2018 and 2024 using keywords “free nutritious meals”, “school feeding program”, “government collaboration”, and “primary school teachers”. Thematic analysis was conducted by categorizing findings into four main themes: the role of government, the role of teachers, collaborative implementation, and impact on students. The results show that the success of MBG depends on policy transparency, teacher training, and cross-sector coordination responsive to local conditions. This article contributes to constructing a conceptual collaborative model that positions teachers as policy mediators and social change agents in schools. The findings strengthen the concepts of collaborative governance and empowerment education within the context of educational nutrition policy in Indonesia.

Hypertension is a chronic condition that requires long-term management due to its strong association with an increased risk of serious complications when blood pressure is not adequately controlled. One of the key factors influencing the success of hypertension management is patient adherence to antihypertensive medication. However, suboptimal adherence remains a common problem and may lead to poor therapeutic outcomes. This literature review aimed to examine the relationship between adherence to antihypertensive medication and blood pressure control among patients with hypertension. A systematic search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases with relevant keywords combined through Boolean operators. The selected articles were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including original research articles published within the last ten years, accessible in full text, and addressing the association between medication adherence and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. The findings of the reviewed studies indicate that most articles reported a significant relationship between medication adherence and blood pressure levels. Patients with higher adherence to antihypertensive therapy tended to achieve better blood pressure control compared to those with lower adherence. Although variations in the strength of the reported associations were observed across studies, the overall direction of the relationship was consistent. These results suggest that adherence to antihypertensive medication plays an essential role in achieving optimal blood pressure control. Therefore, this review highlights the importance of continuous efforts to improve patient adherence as part of effective hypertension management strategies aimed at reducing the risk of long-term complications.

This study is grounded in the issue of low student discipline and learning motivation in elementary schools, which requires teachers to apply more effective and context-based instructional strategies. The purpose of this research is to describe how teachers utilize social learning theory to enhance students’ discipline and motivation, as well as to analyze the impact of these strategies on classroom behavior and student engagement. This research employed a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observations, interviews, and documentation involving teachers and students. The findings show that teacher strategies integrating modeling, positive reinforcement, and collaborative learning successfully create a more conducive learning environment. The use of teacher and peer role models was found to increase compliance with classroom rules, while the provision of positive feedback encouraged students to participate more enthusiastically in learning activities. Moreover, socially interactive learning helped students develop confidence and active engagement. The implications of this study affirm that social learning theory can serve as a strong foundation for teachers to design strategies that promote positive behavior and intrinsic motivation, making it highly relevant for integration into daily classroom practice.

This article examines the theological thought of Saint Cyprian of Carthage, one of the third-century Church Fathers, within the context of the Church’s situation in his time, which was marked by profound struggles of faith, particularly the experience of persecution. The focus of the discussion is directed toward the historical and pastoral conditions that shaped Cyprian’s views on the unity of the Church, episcopal authority, and the validity of the sacrament of baptism. Accordingly, this article raises several key questions: What historical background formed Cyprian’s thinking on these three concepts? What were the central ideas he developed regarding ecclesial unity, episcopal authority, and baptism? And how are his ideas relevant to the Church’s teaching, especially in light of the Second Vatican Council? Using a historical and hermeneutical approach, this article traces Cyprian’s life background as well as his pastoral-theological responses to the concrete situations faced by Christians in his time. In the context of the post-persecution crisis, Cyprian played a significant role in addressing internal divisions within the Church, particularly debates concerning the readmission of the lapsi (those who had apostatized). From these struggles, it becomes evident how Cyprian firmly articulated the role of bishops as successors of the apostles and emphasized the sacrament of baptism as the legitimate gateway into ecclesial communion. Based on the historical background of Cyprian’s thought and these three central themes, the article then examines the contribution of Cyprian’s theology to the teachings of the Church as formulated in the Second Vatican Council. Thus, Cyprian’s thought is understood not only as a foundation of early ecclesiology, but also as a living source of faith reflection that remains relevant for the contemporary Church in responding to the dynamics and challenges of the modern age Keywords: Cyprian of Carthage, ecclesiology, unity of the Church, episcopal authority, sacrament of baptism, Second Vatican Council.

Converting used cooking oil into aromatherapy candles represents an environmentally sustainable solution for household waste management while supporting community-based economic development. This research examines the process and results of a participatory empowerment initiative conducted in Buddagan Village, aimed at producing value-added aromatherapy candles from used cooking oil. Employing a qualitative descriptive methodology with a participatory approach, the study involved 60 housewives as active contributors. Program activities were implemented through direct, in-person sessions encompassing education on health and environmental hazards of improper oil disposal, hands-on candle-making training, and basic instruction on product marketing. The production process consisted of oil purification using activated charcoal, mixing with stearic acid, heating, adding colorants and fragrances, and molding. Data were collected through direct observation of participant involvement, skill development, and product quality, and analyzed inductively. The results demonstrate increased environmental awareness, enhanced technical competence, and the successful production of aromatherapy candles with satisfactory shape, fragrance, and burning consistency.

The success of education delivery depends heavily on the quality of supporting elements, particularly educational facilities, which play a strategic role in supporting learning activities and achieving human resource development goals. This research is motivated by a gap in understanding regarding the effectiveness of the management process for facilities and infrastructure in improving learning quality, as well as the need to adapt to the dynamics of modern education. The purpose of this research is to examine the management process for educational facilities and infrastructure and its contribution to improving learning quality, based on the results of a literature review. The method used in this research is a descriptive qualitative approach with a literature review method, where data was obtained through critical analysis of scientific journals and academic literature. The research findings indicate that the management of educational facilities and infrastructure includes the stages of planning, procurement, inventory, utilization, maintenance, supervision, and disposal. Each stage is interrelated and plays a strategic role in supporting a more effective, efficient, and sustainable learning process. The implications of this research indicate that the management of educational facilities and infrastructure, carried out through a planned and sustainable process, plays a crucial role in supporting the improvement of learning quality.    

Islam Nusantara is a religious concept in Indonesia characterized by moderation, inclusiveness, adaptability to local culture, and emphasizing tolerance. The implementation of these values ​​in school religious practices has been inconsistent due to differing perspectives and rejection of local traditions. The purpose of this study is to describe the forms of school religious traditions, analyze the implementation of Islam Nusantara values ​​in these traditions, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and explain their impact on student character. The research method used was a qualitative approach with a case study design. The research location was Qurrota A'yun Elementary School in Purwakarta. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation. Based on the results of the study, the Principal and Islamic Religious Education Teachers understand the concept of Islam Nusantara as a harmonious integration of Islam with local culture within the corridors of faith and sharia. Its implementation is realized through structured religious traditions (the culture of greetings, dhuha prayer, murojaah, etc.) that successfully integrate local wisdom. A significant impact is an increase in politeness, tolerance, religiosity, and respect for local culture among students. Supporting factors include school leadership and teacher-parent collaboration, while differences in understanding become obstacles that are overcome through intensive communication. The implementation of Nusantara Islamic values ​​in school religious traditions has proven effective in shaping students' character to be moderate, tolerant, and respectful of tradition. Schools are advised to strengthen program planning with written guidelines and a measurable evaluation system to monitor character development on an ongoing basis.

A literature review on the implementation and evaluation of Convergence Action to Reduce Stunting in Indonesia was conducted as a comprehensive study to understand national patterns, challenges, and factors determining the success of the program. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of cross-sectoral interventions, identify structural barriers, and formulate strategic recommendations for strengthening stunting reduction governance. The method used was a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) with the PRISMA 2020 model, utilizing Crossref and Google Scholar sources through the Publish or Perish application. Of the articles found, only nine studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed using a thematic approach based on the CIPP framework. The SLR results showed that in terms of context, government regulations and commitment were strong, but there were geographical disparities, poor sanitation, and low nutrition literacy that affected program outcomes. In terms of inputs, limitations in nutrition human resources, facilities, funding, and the quality of e-PPGBM data were the main obstacles. In terms of process, the implementation of the 8 Convergence Actions has been carried out but remains partial, with suboptimal integration between OPDs and monitoring that has not yet produced adequate feedback. In terms of output, service coverage has increased, but the decline in stunting rates has been inconsistent across regions. The research results emphasize the importance of strengthening human resource capacity, data integration, cross-sectoral coordination, and adapting programs based on local contexts to ensure the accelerated and sustainable reduction of stunting.

The information technology revolution has brought significant changes to almost all aspects of people's lives, from communication patterns and ways of obtaining information to production and trade systems across various sectors. The development of digital technology has also driven cultural, social, and economic changes that require society to continuously adapt. This article aims to examine how society adapts to these changes through a literature review approach, examining various relevant scientific sources. The discussion focuses on digital literacy, human resource (HR) transformation, the concept of Society 5.0, the psychological impact of digital technology use, the role of public policy, and the use of technology in the economic sector. The study results indicate that the success of societal adaptation is greatly influenced by the level of digital literacy and the readiness of human resources to face increasingly rapid technological developments. Furthermore, public policies that support equal access to technology and digital education are crucial factors in this adaptation process. Equitable digital literacy and the development of adaptive and flexible human resources are key strategies for maximizing digital economic opportunities while addressing various social challenges in the era of information technology transformation.

Hemangioma is the most common benign vascular tumor in infancy and is generally characterized by a proliferative phase followed by spontaneous involution. Although most cases resolve without intervention, treatment is required when hemangiomas cause functional impairment, ulceration, or life-threatening complications. Lingual hemangioma is a rare presentation and may result in significant feeding difficulties and airway compromise, requiring prompt and multidisciplinary management. This study aims to report the comprehensive management of a refractory lingual hemangioma in an infant, emphasizing diagnostic evaluation, therapeutic strategy, and nutritional support. A six-month-old female infant presented with a lingual hemangioma associated with progressive feeding difficulties. Prior to initiating therapy, a thorough diagnostic workup was performed, including echocardiography to assess cardiac function, magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) to evaluate lesion extent, and computed tomography angiography (CT-angiography) to delineate vascular anatomy. The patient initially received oral propranolol as first-line therapy; however, due to an inadequate response, combination chemotherapy with Bleomycin–Vincristine (BV) was initiated. To minimize the risk of toxicity, a 50% dose reduction was applied. Clinical evaluation demonstrated a favorable therapeutic response, with a reduction in lesion size and improvement in feeding ability after 10 weeks of treatment. No severe adverse effects were observed during the treatment period. To ensure adequate nutritional intake and support growth, enteral nutrition via a nasogastric tube (NGT) was provided throughout the course of therapy. This case highlights the importance of comprehensive diagnostic assessment, individualized treatment planning, and close monitoring in refractory hemangioma. In addition, optimal nutritional support plays a crucial role in overall patient outcomes. A multidisciplinary approach is essential for the successful management of complex infantile hemangiomas with functional complications.

Maternal Mortality Rate (MMR) is one of the indicators of the quality of maternal and child health services in a country. Based on data from the 2024 SDKI (Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey), the maternal mortality rate decreased compared to the previous year, from 4,482 cases in 2023 to 4,150 deaths in 2024, but this figure is still far from the 2030 SDG target. In an effort to reduce maternal mortality, the government's program is the Program for Birth Planning and Complication Prevention (BPCR or P4K in bahasa), which emphasizes community empowerment in monitoring pregnant, delivering, and postpartum mothers. In its implementation, P4K still faces obstacles, one of which is the lack of knowledge among mothers and the community regarding P4K. This also occurs in RW17, Cilendek Barat Village, where many people are still unaware of P4K. Health education interventions about the importance of P4K are one of the activities carried out to increase the knowledge of mothers and the community. Participants are pregnant women, community health workers, and neighborhood association leaders. The success of the activity is measured by assessing participants' knowledge before and after the education is conducted. After education was provided, there was an 84% improvement in participants' knowledge. This activity involved community leaders, so it is hoped that it can increase knowledge and understanding of the importance of P4K.

Stunting is a serious health problem that affects the physical and cognitive development of children, especially in toddlers aged 0-24 months, with a prevalence that remains high in Indonesia. Community service at the Kapasa Health Centre aims to provide health education to mothers as a strategic step to prevent stunting, using interactive methods and counselling on balanced nutrition and the importance of monitoring child growth. The program has been successful in improving maternal knowledge, with the average score increasing from 34% before the program to 78% after education, demonstrating its effectiveness in changing knowledge of child nutrition. The interactive approach encourages participant engagement, allowing mothers to actively discuss and ask questions, while visual materials reinforce understanding. To effectively combat stunting, education must be complemented by greater knowledge of nutritious foods and by parental monitoring of child growth. Collaboration with local health authorities and community organizations is critical to sustaining these efforts and ensuring that important information reaches more families. Continuous evaluation and adaptive strategies will be essential to expanding the program's reach and effectiveness, ultimately encouraging healthier future generations and contributing significantly to stunting prevention and increased health awareness in the community.

Permanent tooth loss is a common oral health problem experienced by patients. This condition can be caused by pathological conditions such as tooth decay, leading to tooth extraction. Rehabilitation treatment for partial posterior tooth loss aims to restore masticatory function, maintain occlusal relationships and periodontal health, and improve aesthetics. A 34-year-old man came with a complaint that his lower right posterior tooth had been extracted and wanted a permanent dentures to replace his missing tooth. The intraoral and periapical radiograph examination revealed that 46 was missing, and 47 had enamel caries. The diagnosis for 46 was determined to be partial edentulous. The treatment plan was a PFM fixed-fixed bridge with a sanitary pontic for 46, a rigid connector, and a full crown retainer for 45 and 47. In this case, the choice of PFM bridge is based on several considerations, i.e., high chewing loads, relatively low cost, and high long-term success. The PFM bridge has been the primary choice for posterior tooth rehabilitation, due to its durability and cost-effectiveness.

This community service activity was carried out to enhance the managerial capacity and digital competence of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Sunggu Manai Village, Patalassang District, Gowa Regency. In the digital economy era, MSME actors must adapt to technological changes and manage their businesses professionally to remain competitive. The activity employed a participatory and applicative approach involving training in business management, digital marketing, and application-based financial recording. The results showed a significant increase in participants’ knowledge and skills, particularly in business planning, financial management, and the use of social media and online marketplaces for product promotion. About 80% of participants successfully created digital business accounts and started marketing their products online. The program also fostered awareness of the importance of digital transformation and collaboration among MSME actors. Therefore, integrating managerial capacity building with business digitalization proved effective in enhancing the competitiveness and sustainability of MSMEs in rural areas.

API abuse on lightweight edge gateways has intensified as microservice-based services expose many REST endpoints to heterogeneous clients. Conventional per-identity rate limiting, such as static token buckets, is frequently bypassed through distributed bots and identity rotation, while legitimate burst traffic may be rejected and degrade user experience. This study proposes Adaptive Rate Limiting with Verifiable Delay Functions (ARL-VDF), which couples a lightweight risk score with selective VDF challenges to impose a tunable sequential-computation cost on suspicious clients without forcing aggressive dropping for low-risk users. The gateway continuously derives a per-identity risk score from short-window request rate, error tendency, and identity freshness, then maps the score to a target delay bounded by  and . Evaluation uses a 600-second discrete-event simulation on a mixed workload consisting of normal clients, legitimate bursts, and distributed attackers. Compared with a static token bucket baseline, ARL-VDF maintains full success for legitimate traffic, reduces attacker throughput that passes the gateway, and keeps verification overhead within a fixed budget on the edge device. The results indicate that combining adaptive control with verifiable sequential cost can improve availability and fairness on resource-constrained edge gateways without resorting to aggressive dropping.

Academic productivity is a vital indicator of student success in higher education, but it is often hampered by the complexity of tasks, transitions in the learning environment, and digital distractions that trigger procrastination. This phenomenon demands a high degree of adaptability so that students do not become trapped in physical and mental exhaustion due to unmanaged workloads. Therefore, this study aims to analyze in depth the causal relationship between time management skills and academic productivity, as well as investigate their role in mitigating academic stress levels in students. The research method applied is a literature review with a qualitative-descriptive approach. The research data was sourced from secondary data in the form of 21 reputable scientific articles (national and international journals) published between 2020 and 2025. The data analysis process was carried out through the stages of data reduction, synthesis of findings, and narrative conclusion drawing to systematically map the relationship between variables. The results and discussion of the study show that time management has a significant positive correlation with improved learning achievement. Specific indicators such as daily schedule planning, priority setting, and self-regulation have been empirically proven to increase task completion efficiency and Grade Point Average (GPA) achievement. Conversely, poor time management was identified as a major predictor of cognitive overload and exhaustion, especially among students with dense curricula such as engineering majors. This study concludes that mastery of time management is not merely a scheduling tool, but a fundamental cognitive strategy that functions as a coping mechanism to maintain mental health and achieve an optimal study-life balance.

Community Service Program (KKN) is an implementation of the Tridharma of Higher Education aimed at dedicating knowledge and technology to society. This article analyzes the implementation of the KKN program by students of Universitas Trunodjoyo Madura Group 30 in Buddagan Village, Pademawu District, Pamekasan Regency, focusing on community empowerment through aspects of environment, education, entrepreneurship, and village digitalization. The activities were carried out using a participatory approach with observation techniques, interviews, and discussions with the community and village stakeholders. The flagship programs include the socialization of used cooking oil for making aromatherapy candles, installation of environmental education plaques, anti-bullying socialization at SDN Buddagan 2, and the creation of the official social media for Buddagan Village. The results show an increase in community awareness, especially among PKK mothers, regarding the health and environmental dangers of used cooking oil and the potential for a creative economy based on domestic waste. The anti-bullying program successfully instilled empathy and mutual respect values in students, while the village digitalization strengthened public access to information and a positive village image. The KKN program in Buddagan Village has had a positive impact on social behavior changes in the community and serves as a model for sustainable community service.

This study examines the management of Kediri Nite Carnival (KNC), an annual event organized by the Kediri City government to commemorate the city's anniversary and showcase local arts, culture, and tourism potential. This research uses qualitative methodology and employs literature analysis, observation, and documentation as case study methods. The Miles and Huberman interactive model is used to analyze the data. The Kediri City Tourism Office has implemented each stage of event management according to Goldblatt's concept: research, design, preparation, coordination, and evaluation. The focus of the research was to determine the objectives and target audience; the design highlighted the local cultural theme “Exotic Flower in Paradise”; planning included budget planning, scheduling, and promotional strategies through social media and collaboration with local media; coordination was carried out through task distribution and cross-team communication; and evaluation assessed the success of the event based on community feedback and its effects on tourism and the local economy. The research results show that KNC plays an important role in improving the public's perception of Kediri City as a creative and cultured city. However, efforts to increase the number of tourist visits in the long term still need to be made. It is hoped that these findings will help the local government develop a sustainable tourism communication plan.

Data security is a critical aspect in the digital era due to the increasing exchange of sensitive information through electronic media. One widely used approach to protect data confidentiality is cryptography, particularly asymmetric encryption algorithms. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) algorithm as a data security mechanism through an encryption and decryption process. The research method used is an experimental approach by implementing the RSA algorithm in a text-based data security simulation. The stages include key generation, encryption, and decryption processes, followed by analysis of the correctness and effectiveness of the algorithm in maintaining data confidentiality. The results show that the RSA algorithm is capable of converting plaintext into unreadable ciphertext and successfully restoring it to its original form through the decryption process using the correct private key. This confirms that RSA provides a high level of security based on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers. The implication of this study is that the RSA algorithm can be effectively applied to secure sensitive data transmission in information systems, especially in environments requiring strong authentication and confidentiality.

Koperatives are a form of people-based economic organization that play a strategic role in improving community welfare and strengthening the national economy. However, many cooperatives still face organizational and managerial challenges that limit their economic performance. This study aims to analyze the relationship between cooperative organizational structures, governance mechanisms, and the economic performance of cooperatives in the context of modern economic transformation. A qualitative descriptive approach was employed to gain an in-depth understanding of organizational practices within cooperatives. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participatory observation, and document analysis involving cooperative managers, members, and supervisors selected purposively. The findings indicate that cooperatives with clear organizational structures, professional management, transparent governance, and active member participation tend to demonstrate better economic performance and sustainability. Conversely, weak organizational arrangements and low member involvement are associated with stagnation in cooperative economic activities. These results highlight that organizational quality is a key determinant of cooperative success, not merely financial factors. The study implies that strengthening cooperative governance, improving human resource capacity, and enhancing member participation are essential strategies to increase the competitiveness of cooperatives in the digital economy era. This research contributes to the development of cooperative economic theory and provides practical recommendations for cooperative managers and policymakers.