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There are three inheritance law systems in Indonesia that apply, namely inheritance law based on civil inheritance law, Islamic inheritance law and customary inheritance law. To this day, customary inheritance law still has a strong influence and is still applied in various regions in Indonesia even though the majority have adhered to Islam. This shows the complexity of the inheritance law system in Indonesia, which reflects the country's cultural and religious diversity. The differences between these three inheritance laws explain the reason why unification between these three inheritance laws is very difficult or impossible in Indonesia. This also makes it difficult to implement the regulations of The Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) to eliminate discrimination against women which is still often found in the inheritance law system in Indonesia.

This research aims to identify lichens as bioindicators of air pollution in the area of ​​the Sunan Gunung Djati State Islamic University Campus, Bandung. Research was carried out to evaluate the amount and types of lichen present and to assess the air quality in the campus environment. In this research, observations were made of several types of lichens growing in various locations on campus. Observation results showed the presence of several types of lichens such as Dirinaria sp., Cryptothecia striata, Dirinaria picta, and Diploicia canescens. The number of colonies and morphological characteristics of each lichen type were identified to interpret the level of air pollution at each location. Observation results show that the campus has a variety of lichen types, each of which shows tolerance to different environmental conditions. Among the types found, Dirinaria sp. and Cryptothecia striata were found in relatively large numbers of colonies, while Dirinaria picta showed good adaptability even though it was found in small numbers, and Diploicia canescens indicated fairly polluted air conditions. Thus, this research concludes that lichens can be used effectively as bioindicators to monitor air quality around campus, with the number and diversity of lichen types providing an overview of overall environmental conditions.    

The diversity of macroalgae species in Indonesia's coastal ecosystems is important to understand and protect. Indonesia has a very long coastline and a variety of ecological conditions, from tropical to subtropical areas. This area provides a habitat that supports the growth of various macroalgae species. The method used is a qualitative research method analyzing the diversity of macroalgae species in Indonesian coastal ecosystems and the level of understanding of high school/MA level plant-like protists. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that the level of understanding of SMA/MA students about plant-like protists is still low. Students have difficulty distinguishing between protists and true plants

The enthusiasm to preserve the values of Pancasila becomes the soul and "spirit" that maintains the integrity of the Nation and Indonesia. Indonesia, which has various differences, remains united with the motto "Bhinneka Tunggal Ika". This motto is realized in real action based on an attitude of openness, solidarity and love for the integrity of the Unity State of the Republic of Indonesia (NKRI). This awareness was born from the belief that the noble values of Pancasila can unite the Republic of Indonesia with all its diversity. The aim of this research is to raise collective awareness of the reality of diversity being a legacy of the ancestors and founders of the Republic of Indonesia that is maintained and developed, not as a vice versa which threat for unity. To explore this theme, the researchers used the library research method. Through the data found, the researchers processes it systematically and critically. The diversity that exists on the archipelago is a "gift" from Allah, the creator of the universe. The plurality of ethnicities, religions, races and groups (SARA) is the uniqueness and beauty of Indonesia compared to other countries. An important implication to be promoted is respect for ethnic, cultural and religious differences as beautiful "flowers" in harmonious living together. In this way, every citizen tries to live up to the values of Pancasila. Pancasila is a modus vivendi that mobilizes groups of citizens to contribute to the construction of a "new home" in this country by uniting the vision, mission and sense of national solidarity.

This study aims to develop an Islamic Religious Education (PAI) curriculum that incorporates multicultural values to foster religious moderation among students. The proposed curriculum integrates principles of cultural diversity and tolerance into PAI learning materials, allowing students to comprehend Islamic teachings while also appreciating and interacting harmoniously with adherents of other religions. Utilizing a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach, this study addresses multicultural education as a relatively new phenomenon in PAI courses, emphasized as an essential competency for both lecturers and students. The phenomenological approach seeks to understand the daily lives and intersubjective experiences of the participants, aiming to reveal the meaning of concepts and phenomena as perceived by individuals. Conducted in a natural setting, this approach permits unrestricted interpretation of the phenomenon, granting researchers the freedom to analyze the data comprehensively. The findings indicate that a multicultural PAI curriculum effectively promotes an understanding of religious moderation among students and heightens awareness of the importance of multicultural perspectives in religion. These results are intended to guide educators and policymakers in creating a more inclusive PAI curriculum, thereby supporting the development of a peaceful and harmonious society.

. Sex role classification in adolescents can have a significant impact on their development and well-being. While this classification can provide a framework for understanding gender identity, it can also limit possibilities for exploration and result in high conformity pressure. Adolescents may feel bound to narrow gender stereotypes, causing restrictions in self-expression and opportunities available to them. Impacts include increased risk of mental disorders, discrimination and stigma. To facilitate positive growth, it is important for society to recognize and support the diversity of gender identities, and provide space for adolescents to explore their interests, talents and aspirations without the restrictions imposed by gender stereotypes.

Medical tourism has become a significant global phenomenon in the last decade. This study aims to analyze the dynamics of medical tourism opportunities and challenges within the Indonesian legal framework. Medical tourism refers to the travel of individuals to other countries to obtain high-quality medical care at a more affordable cost. Indonesia, with its natural resource potential and growing medical facilities, is attracting increasing attention as a medical tourism destination. In this study, we explore the legal framework governing medical tourism in Indonesia and analyze its impact on the opportunities and challenges faced by the sector. We also consider factors such as standards of medical care, cross-sector regulations, consumer protection, and accountability of the medical profession. The research method involved an in-depth literature review of laws and regulations related to medical tourism in Indonesia as well as a comparative study with other countries that have successfully developed this sector. The analysis results show that Indonesia has great potential in developing medical tourism thanks to its natural wealth, cultural diversity and modern medical facilities. However, significant challenges also exist, including harmonization of regulations across sectors, improving standards of medical care, and legal protection for consumers and providers of medical services. Apart from that, the importance of maintaining medical ethics and information transparency in the promotion of medical tourism is also an important focus in the legal framework.  

Moss plants (Bryophyta) are bioindicators of environmental pollution. Identification of moss plant diversity has never been carried out at Medan State University. The research design used to obtain field data is by using the exploratory method. Sampling was purposive sampling in the humid environment around Medan State University, especially in parts that have lots of trees. The results obtained in this study show that there are two types of moss plants, namely leaf moss and liverworts. There are three species of leaf moss found, namely, Sphagnum moss, Entondon seductrix, Andreaea rupestris while the liver moss found is the Bozzania trilobata species.

Open-seeded plants or gymnosperms are plants with seeds that are not protected by the ovary, so that the seeds can be seen directly without peeling them first from the ovary. This group of gymnosperms can be found in the Batu Kuda tourist area, Cibiru Wetan, Cileunyi District. Therefore, the aim of this research is to determine the diversity of Gymnosperm plants in the Batu Kuda Cibiru Wetan tourist area, Cileunyi District. The method used is direct exploration/observation in the area around the Batu Kuda tourist attraction. The results of observations show that there are five species that occupy the Batu Kuda tourist area, including Pinus merkusii, Pinus yunnanensis, Sequoia sempervirens, Juniperus chinensis, and Juniperus deppeana. The five plants found came from the Pinopsida class.

The instructional design with a problem-solving approach is essential for enhancing students' Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS) in secondary education. The aim of this research is to develop an effective and measurable learning process that can improve students' HOTS through a problem-solving approach, with a particular focus on the topic of integrals, which students often find challenging. The research method used in this study is Instructional Design Development, which integrates student needs analysis, clear learning objectives, and the application of innovative and relevant instructional strategies. This research involves a comprehensive analysis of various theories and best practices in problem-based learning, as well as evaluating its effectiveness through classroom trials. The sources of information evaluated include academic journals, textbooks, and previous research reports, providing diversity and validity of data for analysis. This analysis includes the definition of HOTS, HOTS indicators investigated, and the strategies and methods commonly used in problem-solving learning. This research aims to provide a deeper understanding of how instructional design with problem-solving can enhance students' HOTS, particularly in understanding and mastering integral material. The results of this research are expected to significantly contribute to the development of more effective and efficient learning strategies, focusing on developing students' critical and creative thinking skills in education.

One of the families of the Rutaceae family is the orange. But only three categories are mandarin, big orange, and lemon orange that are considered genuine orange. Citrus aurantifolia, lemon (Citrus limon L.), and lemon orange (Citrus jambhiri) are cross-fruit fruits of the original orange. The purpose of this research is to find out the variety of species and morphology of citrus plants (Citrus sp) that are in the Jabong region, Subang, West Java. The methods used in this research include field surveys, qualitative methods and descriptive methods of morphological analysis to determine existing species and varieties. Research results show that the Subang region has a significant diversity of the Citrus sp. family, with the discovery of several species such as Citrus aurantiifolia, Citrus limon, and Citrus jambhiri. (jeruk limau). Morphological analysis reveals variations in the size, shape, and color of the fruit. Such diversity demonstrates the great potential to produce superior orange cultivars of high commercial value and environmental adaptability to local conditions.    

Fine arts education in kindergarten (TK) has an important role in developing students' creativity and fine arts skills. This research aims to describe the creativity of students' fine arts skills in the Salak class at Kindergarten Pembina 1 Medan. The research method used is qualitative with observation, interview and documentation techniques. The results of the research show that students in the Salak class have different levels of creativity in fine arts skills. This can be seen from the diversity of their fine art works, both in terms of shape, color and techniques used. Factors that influence the creativity of students' fine arts skills include interest, talent and stimulus provided by the teacher. Teachers need to provide appropriate stimulus that is appropriate to the students' level of development so that they can develop their creativity and fine arts skills optimally.

Management of human resource (HR) diversity in organizations. HR diversity includes differences in race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, disability, sexual orientation and cultural background. There are several challenges faced by organizations in managing HR diversity, including potential conflicts between employees, bias and discrimination, as well as difficulties in building cohesive teams. However, diversity also brings various opportunities, such as increased creativity and innovation, market expansion, and the ability to attract the best talent from various backgrounds. To maximize the benefits of HR diversity, organizations need to implement inclusive management strategies, such as diversity awareness training, anti-discrimination policies, and mentoring programs. In conclusion, effective HR diversity management not only helps organizations create a harmonious and productive work environment, but also provides a competitive advantage in an increasingly global and dynamic market.  

This research presents an in-depth analysis of various types of English syllables, including closed, open, vowel-consonant-e, vowel team, r-controlled, and consonant-le syllables. Each type of syllable has unique characteristics that contribute to the structure and pronunciation of words in English. Closed syllables produce short vowel sounds due to the ending consonant, while open syllables result in long vowel sounds due to the ending vowel. Vowel-consonant-e syllables involve a vowel followed by a consonant and a silent 'e,' which lengthens the vowel sound. Vowel team syllables consist of two vowels that together produce a single vowel sound, while r-controlled syllables involve a vowel followed by the letter 'r,' which alters the vowel sound. Consonant-le syllables, typically found at the end of words, provide a distinctive rhythm and flow. This study demonstrates that a theoretical understanding of syllable types has significant implications for phonics instruction and language education. Phonics instruction based on syllable patterns can enhance reading fluency and spelling proficiency. The analysis also reveals phonological diversity in English, reflecting the language's adaptability and complexity. Understanding syllable structures also provides insights into how the brain processes language, which is crucial for developing effective language teaching strategies.

Pancasila is the basis of the state that has been in effect since June 1, 1945. Pancasila is not only the basis of the state, but Pancasila is the personality of the Indoneisa nation. After that the life of the nation and the nation of the Indonesian people is regulated and adjusted by Pancasila.  In the second principle, which reads "Just and civilized humanity", states the same dignity for every human being, so that there needs to be an attitude of respect, an attitude of helping, and a humanitarian attitude between individuals.With the diversity in Indonesia, it is important for Indonesian citizens to understand the insight of the archipelago and apply it in their daily lives to stop divisions in Indonesia, especially those caused by racism. By applying the values of Pancasila in our daily lives, we can avoid acts of racism.

Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) is a must for companies that want to build a sustainable reputation and support the development of the surrounding community. This research discusses the strategic planning of the Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program for crab suppliers in Lamongan, with a case study at UD. Aulia. The aim of this research is to identify sustainable priorities and goals to ensure CSR programs provide long-term benefits for local communities and the environment. Through a qualitative approach, this research explores the important role of Human Resources (HR) in supporting and implementing CSR in companies. The research results show that effective HR practices, such as employee training and development and diversity policies, have a significant contribution to the success of CSR programs. The social impact of CSR programs includes increasing community economic welfare, reducing unemployment, and preserving marine ecosystems. The economic impact includes the creation of new jobs and increased fishermen's income. Thus, strategic planning for the CSR program at UD. Aulia is able to create a sustainable positive impact on society and the environment through identifying the right priorities and inclusive collaboration with crab suppliers.

The Republic of Indonesia is a country that has various ethnic, cultural, racial, religious and linguistic diversity. This diversity is united by the existence of Pancasila. Pancasila is the basis of the Republic of Indonesia which was ratified on August 18 1945. Pancasila is the basis of the State, the result of culture and people's thinking which is used as a guideline for life in society, nation and state. Pancasila has noble values ​​which are reflected in the Pancasila principles. The results of the research show that students in the PPKN C 2022 Unimed environment have varying levels of understanding of the Fourth Principle of Pancasila. There may be variations in their knowledge and understanding of the values ​​contained in the Fourth Precept, such as human rights, social justice, equality, and unity. This research has important implications for the development of citizenship education within PPKN and Medan State University in general. Efforts to increase students' understanding of Pancasila values ​​can contribute to the formation of a more democratic and participatory attitude.  

Social life is inseperable from social interaction. This raises social problems in terms of cultural, religious, economic, educational, and politacal diversity. This research aims to reveal social criticism regarding socio-political problems correlated with Gillin and Gillin’s theory of social problems in novel 86 by Okky Madasari. The method used is descriptive qualitative method. The results of this study reveal three main issues of socio-political problems namely corruption, collusion, and nepotism. The most correlated influence is on economy, habits, and morals. However religion, education, and family issues are also related to these three elements. Economic problems are related to education, habits, religion, and family which have an impact on human behavior. The problem of habits is related to economics, education, morals, and religion which have an impact on the development of society. Moral issues are related to religion, habits, and education which have an impact on the character building of individuals or grups.

Artificial intelligence is one of the most talked about technologies today. The advanced technology that allows computers to mimic human behaviour is what defines artificial intelligence. Advanced technology that allows computers to mimic human behaviour is at the core of artificial intelligence. The utilisation of this technology is widespread in all industries around the world. The purpose of this research is to find out how influential the advancement of AI Technology is on the insight of the archipelago. The method used is a qualitative method that emphasises qualitative information data. Qualitative research method is a research method that focuses on understanding a social phenomenon that occurs in society. The result of this discussion is that the development of the times has made technological advances increasingly sophisticated. Technology can facilitate the quick and easy acquisition of information about history, culture, values, and the latest national developments. Technology understands the diversity and uniqueness of each country, so it is expected to give birth to a spirit of solidarity to achieve common progress.

This study aims to explore the diversity of syllable types and develop a comprehensive classification framework. Analysis was conducted on the syllable structures of various languages to understand both common patterns and language-specific variations in syllable formation. Linguistic data from diverse languages were collected and analyzed to identify phonotactic patterns, morphological interactions, prosodic features, and phonetic realizations of syllables. Findings indicate a wide range of syllable structures, ranging from simple CV to complex structures with multiple consonants and vowels. There are also significant interactions between syllable structure and morphological processes, as well as prosodic features. The results of this study are integrated into a comprehensive classification framework that encompasses various phonological, morphological, and phonetic dimensions of syllables. Theoretical and practical implications of the research are discussed, along with recommendations for future research.