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The study investigated how Cola nitida affects the sweat concentrations of sodium (Na), potassium (K), and chloride (Cl) in male and female subjects. Sixty healthy participants (30 males, 30 females) aged 18–28 years, with varying body weights (underweight, normal weight, overweight), were selected. Subjects were exposed to three conditions: normal chamber temperature (27°C, 70% RH), raised temperature (37°C, 90% RH), and exercise at normal temperature (27°C, 70% RH) while riding a bicycle ergometer at 750J/min for 20 minutes. Prior to the experiment, 0.5g/kg body weight of Cola nitida was consumed, followed by a 90-minute rest. Sweat samples were collected to measure ion concentrations. Results showed no significant changes in sodium (Na) concentrations between males and females under normal and raised temperature conditions. However, under exercise conditions, there was a significant increase in sweat Na in female underweight subjects compared to males. Regarding chloride (Cl), there was no significant difference between males and females under all conditions. For potassium (K), significant increases were observed in the sweat of female underweight subjects compared to males in normal, raised temperature, and exercise conditions. Conversely, decreases in sweat potassium were noted in female normal weight subjects under normal conditions and overweight subjects under raised temperature and exercise conditions compared to males.

This article examines the signs of Allah's greatness reflected in the universe, with the aim of increasing spiritual understanding and awareness of the greatness of His creation. Through a qualitative approach, this research uses literature study, direct observation, and interviews with experts to explore various natural phenomena that demonstrate God's power and wisdom. Findings show that the wonders of astronomy, biodiversity, and the regularity of natural laws serve as clear evidence of His greatness. This research also emphasizes the importance of contemplating creation as a means of strengthening faith and gratitude. Thus, it is hoped that this article can encourage readers to admire and protect nature more as a form of devotion to the Creator.

Pancasila, as the foundation of the Indonesian state, plays an important role in the legal system, including in the context of anti-terrorism law. This study aims to explore how the principles of Pancasila function as pillars in the formation and implementation of anti-terrorism law in Indonesia. The research method used is a qualitative approach with a literature review as the main method, which includes analysis of academic literature, legal documents, and interviews with legal experts. The results of the study indicate that the principles of Pancasila Belief in One Almighty God, Just and Civilized Humanity, Unity of Indonesia, Democracy Guided by the Wisdom of Deliberation and Representation, and Social Justice for All Indonesian People provide a moral and ideological framework underlying the creation and implementation of anti-terrorism law in Indonesia. Pancasila ensures that counter-terrorism efforts remain in accordance with the values ​​of humanity, social justice, and national unity. However, challenges such as potential human rights violations and abuse of authority need to be addressed to ensure that anti-terrorism law remains in line with the principles of Pancasila. This study recommends strengthening the enforcement of human rights, inclusiveness in policy making, and periodic evaluation and revision of anti-terrorism policies to improve their effectiveness and conformity to the country's core values.

This research examines the journey and leadership transformation of King Solomon, who was initially known as the wisest leader in history, but later became a despotic leader. This research analyzes the role of theology in the narrative of the Story of King Solomon, focusing on aspects of pride and prosperity that contributed to the root of Solomon's downfall. In this context, this research explains how Solomon's initial wisdom was replaced by luxury and the negative influence of wealth, so that he fell into various sins against his people and God. And all the mistakes he made were related to changes in the leadership paradigm. The results of this research provide insight into the importance of morality and spiritual values ​​in maintaining leadership quality, as well as illustrating how the fall of a leader can be a valuable lesson in a theological context.

This community service activity focuses on the "Optimization of the Roles of Family, School, and Community in Strengthening Character Education Based on Local Wisdom for Students of STAI Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah Langka." The activity aims to raise awareness and understanding of the importance of collaboration among families, schools, and the community in character education rooted in local wisdom. Through a series of discussion forums, workshops, and community service programs, all parties are encouraged to actively instill local wisdom values in students. The results of this activity indicate an increase in parental participation, the strengthening of relevant curricula in schools, and the involvement of students in local cultural activities. Furthermore, this initiative successfully created a strong synergy among various community elements, supporting the emergence of a generation of students who are not only knowledgeable but also possess strong character grounded in local culture. Thus, this service is expected to make a significant contribution to the development of character education within the STAI Jam'iyah Mahmudiyah Langka environment

This research aims to develop Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) learning articles with a Tri Hita Karana orientation to increase teachers' needs for interactive teaching materials at SD Negeri 2 Batur. In the independent curriculum, science and social studies learning is combined into Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) subjects, with the hope that teachers can fulfill learning needs. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative, with the research subjects consisting of science and technology teachers. The techniques used in data collection were carried out through in-depth interviews and observation. The research results show that teachers need teaching materials that are more interactive, relevant to the local context, and able to integrate Tri Hita Karana values ​​in learning. The main challenges faced are limited technological facilities and a lack of teaching materials that link science concepts to students' daily lives. Based on research results, the development of local wisdom-based teaching materials such as Tri Hita Karana has the potential to increase students' active participation and support learning that is more meaningful, effective and relevant to the cultural context and local environment.

This research aims to develop Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) learning articles with a Tri Hita Karana orientation to increase teachers' needs for interactive teaching materials at SD Negeri 2 Batur. In the independent curriculum, science and social studies learning is combined into Natural and Social Sciences (IPAS) subjects, with the hope that teachers can fulfill learning needs. The approach used in this research is descriptive qualitative, with the research subjects consisting of science and technology teachers. The techniques used in data collection were carried out through in-depth interviews and observation. The research results show that teachers need teaching materials that are more interactive, relevant to the local context, and able to integrate Tri Hita Karana values ​​in learning. The main challenges faced are limited technological facilities and a lack of teaching materials that link science concepts to students' daily lives. Based on research results, the development of local wisdom-based teaching materials such as Tri Hita Karana has the potential to increase students' active participation and support learning that is more meaningful, effective and relevant to the cultural context and local environment.

Education has a very important role in Islamic philosophy as the main means of broadcasting, maintaining and internalizing knowledge that includes intellectual and spiritual aspects. Islamic educational philosophy views education not only as a process of transferring knowledge, but also as a medium or tool in the formation of morals and increasing individual spirituality. This article aims to research and observe the concept of education in Islamic philosophy through literature studies and analysis of classical texts by Muslim thinkers, such as Al-Ghazali and Al-Farabi, which highlight the importance of balance between intellectual intelligence and spiritual wisdom. Education in the Islamic view plays a very important role in developing individual morals and forming an ethical society, as well as in the application of Islamic values ​​worldwide. The results of the study show that education according to Islamic philosophy does not only focus on worldly aspects, but also on the formation of a complete human being, both intellectually and spiritually. With integrated education, it is hoped that individuals will be born who have superior personalities who are able to contribute positively to society. Thus, education in Islamic philosophy functions as a very important means or instrument for conveying and preserving the noble values ​​that have been passed down by Muslim intellectuals from generation to generation, as well as being a path towards the formation of a harmonious, ethical and civilized society.

This research is motivated by the challenges of learning in the digital era, which encourage schools to improve 21st century skills which include collaboration and communication skills by utilizing digital technology which will have a major impact on student success. The use of digital technology in learning is currently a major concern at various levels of education, including elementary schools (SD). The aim of the research is to determine the effect of using digital technology, types of effective digital technology media, and challenges in using digital technology to improve collaboration and communication skills for elementary school students. This research is based on literature study, namely a series of activities related to collecting library data, reading and taking notes, and processing research materials. The results of this research show that the use of digital technology has a big influence on improving the collaboration and communication skills of elementary school (SD) students. Types of effective digital technology media include WhatsApp groups, YouTube, TikTok, Google Classroom, Zoom, Google Meet, Canva and Powerpoint. The challenges in using digital technology are limited technological infrastructure, lack of skills and knowledge of teachers, management and maintenance of technology, choosing appropriate technological methods and media, the digital divide, safety for students and teachers, and concerns about disrupting the values ​​of local wisdom.

The flash floods and landslides in Central Aceh Regency are hydrometeorological disasters resulting from the interaction between natural factors and environmental conditions, such as extreme rainfall and declining ecological capacity due to land-use changes. In this context, community service activities conducted by law students of Universitas Islam Negeri Sumatera Utara function not only as humanitarian responses but also as a medium for social learning in internalizing the values of religious moderation based on local wisdom. This study aims to examine the role of students in disaster response and how these values are internalized through interactions with the Gayo community. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-participatory design. Data were collected through participatory observation, informal interviews, and documentation during activities in disaster-affected areas, and analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that these activities contributed to both physical recovery and social-psychological support, including trauma healing. Local wisdom values such as deliberation, mutual cooperation, and social solidarity act as social capital in strengthening community resilience and reflect religious moderation in daily life. Overall, this approach integrates academic knowledge, humanitarian values, and religious moderation while fostering students’ social awareness, empathy, and commitment

This study examines the implementation of a wetland-based circular economy in South Kalimantan, which integrates local wisdom and sharia values ​​for sustainable natural resource management. The purpose of this study is to understand how the principles of ta'awun (mutual cooperation), maslahah, and istihsan can encourage organic waste management, ecosystem conservation, and improve community welfare through a circular economy. The method used is an ethnographic study, with a qualitative approach to explore the experiences, views, and practices of local communities in implementing this concept. The results of the study indicate that a wetland-based circular economy not only provides economic and environmental benefits, but also strengthens social and religious values ​​through cross-sector collaboration involving the community, government, and the private sector, as well as the implementation of sharia instruments such as productive waqf and environmental zakat for sustainable development in South Kalimantan.

Customary law reform in Indonesia in the context of globalization raises significant challenges and opportunities. The values of Pancasila, as the ideological foundation of the nation, play an important role in ensuring that customary law reform remains relevant, fair and rooted in local culture. Globalization encourages the modernization and homogenization of the legal system, which often contradicts the principles of customary law based on local wisdom. This article examines how Pancasila values, such as humanity, social justice, unity, and deliberation, can be integrated in the process of customary law reform to remain relevant amid global dynamics. This research uses a qualitative approach with the methods of literature study, interviews, and document analysis. Literature study was conducted to understand the theoretical context of customary law reform and Pancasila values, while interviews were conducted with legal experts, academics, and traditional leaders to obtain empirical perspectives on challenges and opportunities in customary law reform. Document analysis was conducted on policies and regulations relating to customary law and the implementation of Pancasila values in Indonesia. The results show that customary law reform based on Pancasila has great potential to deliver a legal system that is more inclusive and responsive to the needs of local communities. Key challenges identified include difficulties in harmonizing customary law with national and international law and homogenizing pressures from global standards. However, opportunities are also found in the ability of updated customary law to provide more culturally and locally relevant dispute resolution alternatives. The integration of Pancasila values is believed to strengthen the position of customary law within national and global legal frameworks.ract

This research is motivated by the low pragmatic competence of Madrasah Ibtidaiyah (MI) students, which is shown by the high rate of pragmatic failure (65%) and learning participation (40%), as well as the lack of contextual teaching materials. The purpose of the research is to identify learning barriers, then design, and test the initial impact of pragmatic teaching material innovation based on local wisdom through language play methods. With the Design-Based Research (DBR) approach involving teachers and students of MI in Central Java, data was collected through interviews, observations, and document studies, and then analyzed thematically. The results of the study revealed three main obstacles: (1) non-contextual teaching materials, (2) limited methodological skills of teachers, and (3) low student motivation. As a solution, "PRAGAMALOKA" teaching materials were developed that transform the values of local wisdom (tepo seliro, gotong royong) and traditional games (dakon) into the core of pragmatic learning scenarios. The limited trial showed a significant increase in student engagement and positive response. This study concludes that substantive integration between local content, pragmatic goals, and play methods is the key to creating authentic and meaningful learning. Implicitly, this development model can be adopted to design other contextual teaching materials, with recommendations for further experimental tests to measure their comparative effectiveness.

Halal tourism has emerged as a significant niche within the global tourism industry, offering a unique opportunity to integrate religious values with sustainable tourism practices. This study explores the economic, cultural, and environmental impacts of halal tourism, focusing on its role in fostering local economic growth, preserving cultural heritage, and promoting environmental sustainability. The research highlights key findings that show halal tourism not only drives economic growth by creating income opportunities and supporting small and medium enterprises (SMEs) but also ensures that tourism activities align with eco-friendly practices. The study emphasizes that halal tourism has the potential to integrate local wisdom and community engagement, which strengthens cultural preservation and promotes social cohesion within tourism destinations. Furthermore, halal tourism initiatives frequently incorporate sustainable tourism practices, such as responsible resource use and the conservation of natural ecosystems, thereby contributing to the broader goals of sustainable tourism development. The study compares halal tourism with traditional mass tourism, noting that halal tourism offers a more inclusive, culturally sensitive, and environmentally responsible model. It also examines the challenges faced by halal tourism, including the lack of standardized halal certification and infrastructure deficiencies, which hinder its growth in some regions. Despite these challenges, the research identifies opportunities for innovation, particularly in the use of technology to enhance certification systems and improve environmental sustainability. The paper concludes with policy recommendations for integrating halal tourism into sustainable tourism strategies, suggesting the need for coordinated frameworks that promote both halal compliance and environmental stewardship. Finally, future research should focus on the impacts of halal tourism in diverse geographic and cultural contexts, exploring its potential for fostering sustainable tourism practices worldwide.

The Bojong Village is one of the villages in Parigi Sub-district, Pangandaran Regency, which has a variety of promising local potentials. Currently, Bojong Village is one of the supporters of the natural tourism sector that supports the world of local-based tourism. However, from a socio-cultural point of view, the community in Bojong Village does not know the history of the village's development in the past, making it difficult for the community to determine the village's anniversary. So that social cohesion is minimally built and it is feared that it will trigger division. The service method carried out in this service was carried out through the participatory action research (PAR) method. The results of the service concluded that the determination of the village anniversary was successfully carried out through several stages, namely: cross-history search, symposium, and panel discussion between figures. Therefore, community development based on local wisdom in the context of determining the anniversary of Bojong Village can be said to be successfully carried out. The results of the service led to the establishment of the anniversary of Bojong Village, a memorandum of understanding of the anniversary of Bojong Village signed by the leaders, and a small book of resume of the history of Bojong Village. The implication of this service is the existence of a village regulation related to the determination of the anniversary of Bojong Village.

Pancasila, as the foundation of the Indonesian state, plays an important role as an ethical system that guides national and state life. This study aims to explore and analyze how the values of Pancasila as an ethical system. The research method used is a literature study. Through this approach, various sources of literature such as textbooks, journal articles, academic papers, and legal documents are collected and critically analyzed. The results of this study indicate that the five principles of Pancasila, namely Belief in the One Almighty God, Just and Civilized Humanity, Unity of Indonesia, Democracy Guided by the Wisdom of Deliberation/Representation, and Social Justice for All Indonesian People each contain fundamental values. This study identifies the need for a more integrative approach in translating the principles of Pancasila into real policies and actions.

Article 468 paragraph (3) of the Election Law mandates that Bawaslu and its regional offices carry out the Settlement of Election Process Disputes (PSPP) through mediation or deliberation and consensus. This mediation is not optional but obligatory, aiming to reach an amicable agreement between the disputing parties. This process reflects Indonesia's local wisdom in resolving disputes peacefully through deliberation. Mediation or deliberation embodies Indonesia’s local wisdom in peacefully resolving disputes, providing psychological and political peace of mind for the parties involved through a win-win solution approach. In PSPP, mediation is prioritized to achieve a fair agreement for all disputing parties. The method used is normative juridical and employs descriptive analysis. In the 2024 elections, the number of PSPP applications decreased significantly, but the quality of dispute resolution through mediation improved. According to Bawaslu RI data as of March 25, 2024, 64.46% of disputes at the stage of determining the Provisional Candidate List (DCS) and the Final Candidate List (DCT) were resolved through mediation, 83.87% at the stage of changes to the DCT, and 97.34% for the Settlement of Disputes between Election Participants (PSAP). For the verification and determination of political parties, 16.67% were resolved through mediation. This success was supported by mediator training, the enhancement of election supervisors’ capacities, as well as representative technical guidelines from Bawaslu RI, along with the strong commitment of all election supervisors.

The doctrine of the Holy Spirit or pneumatology is an important pillar in Christian theology which includes an understanding of the person, nature and work of the Holy Spirit as part of the Holy Trinity. This study highlights various aspects of the doctrine of the Holy Spirit in the Christian tradition, both in the Old and New Testaments, which identifies the role of the Holy Spirit as a helper, comforter, and source of divine truth and wisdom. This research uses a qualitative-descriptive approach with content analysis techniques, where main themes such as the characteristics, designations and functions of the Holy Spirit are analyzed from various literary sources. The results of the study show the importance of understanding the presence of the Holy Spirit in the lives of Christians, where the Holy Spirit acts as a source of spiritual strength that strengthens people to live lives that are faithful to the teachings of Christ. It is hoped that this research can contribute to the development of theological thinking related to pneumatology and broaden readers' insight into the meaning and function of the Holy Spirit in the Christian faith.

The curriculum greatly influences the education system in Indonesia. This is evident from the fact that the education system in Indonesia has experienced various changes since the past, but there is still room for improvement in facing global challenges. Currently, the education system in Indonesia implements education based on the "Freedom of Learning" curriculum introduced by the Minister of Education Nadiem Makarim which shows a commitment to educational reform. In the independent curriculum, there is Pancasila education learning as one of the school's missions. Using Pancasila learning refers to the character education that each individual has, differences in character can cause disputes, divisions, and trigger deviant behavior. Implementation of Citizenship Education learning uses differentiated learning based on Ki Hajar Dewantara's educational philosophy. This implementation refers to learning outcomes in the independent curriculum, namely about local wisdom and character, where this becomes basic learning so that students when they are in society are aware of how to behave and position themselves, especially in loving their homeland. Pancasila values ​​and the application of Citizenship Education learning are contained in the Pancasila principles which include the values ​​of mutual cooperation, honesty, responsibility among friends, the surrounding environment and responsibility for what one does. The values ​​that can be contained in Pancasila contain many religious values ​​(first principle), human values ​​(second principle), unity values ​​(third principle), wisdom values ​​(fourth principle), and finally social values ​​(fifth principle). Pancasila values ​​are the way of life for the Indonesian people to build the character values ​​of Indonesian society.

The integration of local wisdom in the role of village heads as mediators of industrial relations disputes is an effective strategy in rural conflict resolution. Local wisdom, which is a community's traditional knowledge and practices, can be used to understand and resolve complex conflicts. The village head, as a respected figure with traditional knowledge, can serve as an effective mediator in resolving industrial relations disputes. The results show that village heads play an important role as mediators by integrating local wisdom principles such as deliberation, mutual cooperation, and harmony in the mediation process. The custom-based approach proved effective in reaching an agreement that was acceptable to both parties and maintaining social harmony in the village. However, challenges arise when dealing with large companies or disputes involving formal legal aspects. This research provides new insights into the potential integration of local wisdom in the resolution of industrial relations disputes at the village level, as well as the implications for the development of a more contextualized alternative dispute resolution system in Indonesia. The analysis will discuss how the integration of local wisdom in the role of the village head can improve the effectiveness of conflict resolution in rural areas.