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The aim of this research is to find out the process and implementation of land registration in Hutuo Village, as well as to find out the factors that cause problems in land registration in Hutuo Village. The type of research used is Empirical Legal research. Data collection techniques were carried out using interview techniques and literature. Then the writer will analyze the data obtained in the research process descriptively, in this case the researcher will describe the description of the research subjects and objects as the results of the research he conducted. The results of this research indicate that land registration in Hutuo Village in view of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 is still not optimal. This is proven by the data in Hutuo Village where there are still a large number of unregistered land cases. However, the cases of land that have not been registered have not been resolved, due to the background obstacles that influence the achievement of legal certainty in the Hutuo Village. The suggestion in this research is that the Government, especially the Regional Office of the National Land Agency in Gorontalo Regency, continues to strive to carry out more outreach to the people of Hutuo Subdistrict to carry out land registration so that they can have a certificate to obtain legal certainty.

This study examines the theoretical basis of the Nebis In Idem principle in civil cases, especially in class actions and how the basis for the Judges' consideration in applying the Nebis In Idem principle in Class Action Decisions, where the method of approach used in this scientific work is normative juridical, namely research that analyzes laws and regulations with literature studies. Using primary source study materials in the form of regulations, while secondary legal materials include books, articles from accredited journals, besides that tertiary legal materials consist of legal dictionaries.  This journal begins with a formulation of the meaning of the application of the Nebis In Idem principle.  Then describes descriptively the relationship between Article 10 of PERMA No. 1 of 2002 concerning Class Action Procedures with Article 1917 of the Civil Code. It can be concluded that the theoretical basis of this principle is solely to provide legal protection for a person's human rights, so that a person is not tried for the same case and prioritizes legal certainty and does not let the government repeatedly talk about the same event.

The existence of fintech P2P Lending can help Indonesian people who are still unreached by banking services to borrow funds with easy, fast terms and without making a direct agreement. Electronic lending system make it easy public to borrow funds with easy reuqirements and without need to meet for make a agreement. Trading system transaction originally paper based and then shift to electronic based system (digital) is something that needs to be studied further about validity of the e-contract as the basis of relations between two parties that make agreement, by using legal protection theory, legal certainty theory, and theory of justice. The purpose of this research is to study together validity of e-contract in Fintech P2P Lending industry. The results of this research analysis show that the practice of online lending and borrowing based on fintech P2P Lending still does not have legal certainty for loan recipients, the benchmark for the validity of an agreement in fintech P2P Lending only refers to article 1320 of the Civil Code regarding the conditions for the validity of the agreement. The Fintech Lending Law should be drafted immediately to guarantee legal certainty for P2P Lending fintech.

A peace agreement that has been homologated is binding on all creditors who agree to the peace plan in accordance with Article 286 of Law Number 37 of 2004. The debtor is obliged to prove that the peace agreement has been fulfilled by the creditors as per the peace agreement that has been agreed. This research is aimed at analyzing legal certainty regarding the rights of concurrent creditors after homologation has been carried out, the debtor's responsibility if the debtor does not fulfill his promise according to the peace agreement that has been homologated and analyzing the application of the law by the panel of judges in Decision Number 11/Pdt.Sus-PKPU /2017/PN Niaga Medan regarding the responsibility of debtors to concurrent creditors in the implementation of the homologated PKPU peace agreement. This research is normative legal research that is qualitative in nature. Data comes from primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials collected using library research and document study techniques. Primary data as supporting data for normative analysis was collected using the interview method with judges and curators who were determined purposively. Data analysis was carried out using the qualitative normative data analysis method.Based on the research results, it is concluded that legal certainty regarding the rights of concurrent creditors occurs after the homologation of peace agreements which are binding and obtain permanent legal force. If the debtor is negligent and the settlement is canceled, the debtor will lose independence or the debtor will no longer have any interest in controlling or managing his assets. In this regard, the application of the law by the panel of judges in the homologation Decision Number 11/Pdt.Sus-PKPU/2017/PN Niaga Medan was correct with the consideration that the debtor was declared negligent in fulfilling his obligations and canceled the decision to ratify the peace by declaring the debtor to be in bankruptcy with all legal consequences

This article examines the validity of the sale and purchase of land rights based on an absolute power of attorney without the knowledge of the seller, focusing on Supreme Court Decision Number 680 K/Pdt/2020. This study aims to analyze the validity of the use of an absolute power of attorney in the process of transferring land rights and its legal implications. The results of the study indicate that the use of an absolute power of attorney in the transfer of land rights is contrary to the provisions of laws and regulations, especially Article 39 paragraph (1) letter d of Government Regulation Number 24 of 1997 concerning Land Registration. This absolute power of attorney is declared null and void by law because it contains elements of irrevocable transfer of rights, which is contrary to the principle of "Nemo Plus Juris Transfere Potest Quam Ipse Habet". The court decision confirms that legal actions based on the absolute power of attorney are invalid, so the transfer of rights that occurs must be canceled. This finding emphasizes the importance of compliance with legal principles and provisions by notaries and land deed officials in the process of transferring rights to ensure legal certainty and justice.    

The Village Spatial Plan (RTRW) is a follow-up interpretation of the District RTRW. These provisions have been stated separately in the Village Law. However, in practice, standardization of village spatial policy implementation has not been fully implemented. The concept of village development needs to pay attention to village spatial planning to ensure the benefits and compliance of existing regulations. The method applied in this study is the normative juridical method through qualitative review. Normative juridical review is a stage of legal review carried out through the review of library sources or secondary information as the main material by conducting research related to the problem under study. The results of this study show that to implement policies related to village spatial planning, there are two possible factors, namely supporting and inhibiting factors. To develop clarity on the objectives of policy implementation, legal certainty is needed that can accommodate the needs of village structuring and control.

The study of the role of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) in protecting banking customers is an important topic in the context of consumer protection and the stability of the financial system. OJK has the authority to end operational supervision procedures related to bank and non-bank exchange transactions, as well as providing legal certainty for customers. It is an Islamic economic perspective, OJK also has a role in protecting sharia banking customers. Legal protection for depositing customers has been regulated in various laws and regulations, including Law Number 21 of 2011 concerning OJK. OJK also has an important role in resolving consumer complaints in accordance with those regulated in the Consumer Protection Law. In addition, OJK is also involved in regulating national economic stimulus policies that have an impact on the spread of COVID-19. Through regulations such as OJK Regulation No. 48/POJK.03 Year 2020, OJK plays a role in loving the guarantee for financial losses felt by depositing customers. Thus, the role of OJK in protecting banking customers is very important in maintaining public trust in the financial system.

Juridical Review of the Digital Banking System for Customer Protection discusses legal certainty for customers in banking transactions via internet banking. The study highlights the protection of customers' personal data and the security of banking information regulated in related agreements including Law no. 10 of 1998 concerning banks and Law no. 11 of 2008, which was changed to Law no. 19 of 2016 concerning electronic information and transactions. Legal protection of online banking users from cybercrime also serves as a research focus. Several studies also highlight the importance of policy protection for victims of economic crime in the banking sector. Customer protection in digital banking systems is becoming increasingly important along with rapid technological developments

This study aims to determine the position of the object of the fiduciary guarantee transferred by the debtor based on the agreement with PT. Pegadaian and to determine the efforts to settle the credit transferred by the debtor. This research was conducted at PT. Pegadaian Pasar Butung Makassar and used the Normative-Empirical research type method. The approach is carried out with literature in reality based on interviews and documentation. The results of the study indicate that to determine the legal position of the object of the fiduciary guarantee transferred by the debtor, registration is required. PT. Pegadaian does not register a fiduciary guarantee in its entirety with consideration of costs, so that the legal position of the object of the fiduciary guarantee has a legal weakness in the sense of lack of legal certainty for creditors, because the debtor has violated the provisions of Article 23 paragraph (2). In addition, to settle loans with fiduciary guarantees whose objects are transferred by the debtor, PT. Pegadaian takes a negotiation method with the debtor and the third party who receives the transfer of the object of the fiduciary guarantee, namely by replacing the object of the collateral transferred to the third party with the object belonging to the debtor whose value is equivalent to the object of the guarantee that has been transferred, because PT. Pegadaian has material rights over the object of collateral.

Directors have a crucial role in the company, with the potential for actions that are not in accordance with corporate governance that can be detrimental and cause conflicts of interest, threatening the company's growth. In this context, Good Corporate Governance becomes crucial as a supervision to prevent detrimental actions. This article discusses Directors' Transactions involving Conflicts of Interest and legal certainty of director actions. The research uses normative juridical methods, with a statutory regulatory approach as the basis. Actions or transactions with a conflict of interest are considered not to be a legal problem if they are carried out in good faith, in accordance with KEP-412/BL/2009. However, a different view emerges from the principles of good corporate governance which suggest avoiding transactions with conflicts of interest. The research conclusion confirms that directors, as holders of trust, cannot be held responsible for losses if they act in good faith. Although the law allows transactions with conflicts of interest, the principles of good corporate governance emphasize the importance of avoiding actions that involve conflicts of interest in order to maintain the principles of good corporate governance.

The legal problems currently developing are of various forms and types, so legal codification must be adapted to these developments. Since the decade of Indonesia's independence, civil law has been used as the axis of the national legal system which aims to create legal certainty. Certainty and justice are not something new in the Indonesian legal system, this is the role of judges to create laws based on applicable laws and regulations. This research aims to explain the role of civil law as a national legal system applied by Indonesia to create law. The normative juridical approach method is an approach based on the main legal material by examining theories, concepts, legal principles and statutory regulations. The results of the research show that civil law still has an important role in the legal system in Indonesia, but legal codification needs to be adapted to increasingly advanced developments so that legal events that occur are still contained in statutory regulations.

To ensure legal certainty in a country, various countries in the world have different legal systems which are acclimated to the needs and characteristics of each country. In general, two legal systems are commonly applied, namely the civil law legal system and the common law legal system. The civil law system is a legal system that originates from mainland Europe and is based on Roman law with the main characteristic being the existence of a codification system of the main legal principles. The three primary features of civil law legal systems are codification, non-precedential judges, and an inquisitorial judiciary. Meanwhile, the common law system is a system that refers to customs in England that are not written down and which through judge decisions are then made legally binding. The choice of the legal system will affect the preparation of legal products and the results decided. The choice of legal system significantly impacts legal products produced, whether regulations or jurisprudence. Indonesia's recent Constitutional Court verdict (90/PUU-XXI/2023) is raising concerns over its legitimacy and potential impact on the country's legal framework. Further analysis and scrutiny are necessary.

This research aims to analyze legal protection for holders of certified land rights. The research method used is the library study research method by utilizing sources related to the research title through books, journals, notes, previous research, and the like. The research results show factors that cause double certificates, such as inaccuracy and carelessness in the process of issuing certificates by the National Land Agency. The emergence of multiple certificates creates legal uncertainty for the owner and has the potential to cause disputes and losses for both parties. The legal protection obtained by land rights owners who are disadvantaged due to double certificates in the form of cancellation and revocation of related documents which are considered detrimental. From this research, it can be concluded that legal protection for certified land rights holders is important to ensure legal certainty and prevent the occurrence of disputes that harm the owners of land rights

the purpose of this study is to analyze the management of village property. Village property in the form of land and buildings that have been handed over for the economic progress of the village community which is invested in BUMDes on the basis of the season can be used optimally. So that it does not burden the village budget and expenditure. This study examines agreements by analyzing the application of legal principles of agreements in cooperation contracts for the management of village property leased to BUMDes and community management. The principles of treaty law which is a civil law concept applied in the concept of state administrative law become an interesting one because the agreement is in the regulation of private law and public law. Goverment contracts are routine goverment legal acts,to ensure legal certainty for the parties involved, legislation is needed that speciffcally regulates commercial contracts by the government both regarding procedures and limits of authorty.

The aims of this research are: to know and understand the juridical analysis of the cancellation of land certificates by judges in the city of Gorontalo and to know and understand the judge's considerations regarding the cancellation of land certificates from an administrative perspective. The method used in this research is normative legal research obtained through literature study and primary data obtained in the field. This research took place at the Gorontalo City District Court. The results obtained from this research are that land is a requirement to achieve legal certainty and legal protection of land rights. Conditions for achieving legal certainty and legal protection of land rights. Land registration not only functions to protect the owner, but also functions to find out the status of the land plot, who the owner is, what rights they have, how big it is, what it is used for and so on. In this different legal position, the legal assessment by the judge becomes different, where the sale and purchase deed has the position of assessing the law of the agreement and is subject to the terms of the validity of the agreement, and if it is made illegally the sale and purchase deed can be canceled by the district court. 

Decision Number 2205 K/Pd/Sus/2022 The Supreme Court again upheld the acquittal decision of Samin Tan as the owner of PT Beneficial Ownershiprneo Lumbung Energi & Metal (PT BLEM). The panel is of the opinion that the giver of gratification cannot be punished because the Corruption Eradication Law is not designed to punish the giver of gratification even though Samin Tan's position as the giver of gratification is the ultimate beneficiary owner of PT BLEM. The research method used in this research is using normative juridical research methods and using literature study techniques to answer the problems in this research. The result of the discussion of the first problem formulation is that Samin Tan cannot be held criminally responsible because the person giving the gratification is not criminalized under the law even though Samin Tan is the ultimate beneficiary owner who has the potential to commit this act because it is in the interests of his company. The result of the discussion on the formulation of the second problem is that the judge's considerations in the decision did not prioritize a sense of justice and expediency because they only prioritized legal certainty which resulted in Samin Tan being able to escape the demands of the public prosecutor.

The granting of marriage dispensation by judges experienced a discourse from the age of marriage, which originally occurred because of the age difference between men and women, which caused family conditions that were not solid, with the younger age of women causing marriage to look more discriminating against women in the purpose of marriage. Then it changed to a regulation that equalized the age limit for marriage for both men and women. In the treatment of deviations from the rules of marriage age, it is also emphasized that there is equal treatment. However, this cannot limit the judges' ability to render judgments. The examination of marriage dispensation must be carried out thoroughly, so the focus of this study is on how the dynamics present in each decision by judges need to be analyzed. The research method is a study of normative law related to the provisions of the marriage dispensation. The analysis is carried out with the theory of judicial power, which includes legal justice, legal certainty, and legal expediency. The results showed that every judge's decision is affected by the disparity of the judgment on the granting of marriage dispensation when the judge does not examine all the offenses of the application for dispensation in the search for the application for dispensation, which becomes the basis for the judge to consider the decision. So that stigma for urgent reasons does not become unclear and clear. Therefore, every trial must systematically follow the judicial process in order to realize the purpose of marriage  

The influence of the theory or understanding of legal positivism and legal utilitarianism affects law enforcement, especially in Indonesia, so that it is known as positive law.  The view of legal positivism in law enforcement is limited to enforcing the sound of laws that emphasize justice in it. Benefit and legal certainty should not be abandoned so that it gives rise to a utilitarianisme view that is more on benefit and legal certainty which is part of law enforcement in Indonesia. That way the author will examine the paradigm between the theory of legal positivism and the theory of legal utilitarianism and how the theory affects law enforcement in Indonesia. These two theories have an influence on law enforcement in Indonesia where legal positivism theory emphasizes justice and legal utilitarianism theory emphasizes legal certainty and expediency. In addition to the benefits of these two theories have weaknesses where the theory of legal positivism is more focused on existing rules while the theory of legal utilitarianism views a psychological approach. So that both of them certainly need the right pull so that the composition of the application in law enforcement in Indonesia can fulfill the principles of law.

MSMEs are one of the strengths in economic development in Semarang City, especially in the food sector. However, food MSMEs are the first rank that have not registered a brand. The current rise in imitation and counterfeiting of brands has made legal protection of brands an important requirement in business development. The problem in this research is how to legally protect brand rights for food MSMEs in Semarang City. This research aims to provide knowledge to food MSMEs about legal protection of brand rights so that food MSME businesses can develop with legal certainty. This research uses an empirical normative juridical approach and is descriptive analysis. The results of the research were that the Department of Cooperatives and Micro Enterprises of Semarang City provided free brand registration facilities for MSMEs that were only supported, and many problems were found related to the legal protection of brand rights in the City of Semarang..

Every business actor is basically obliged to act in good faith, one of which is as a manifestation of consumer protection. Case in Decision No. 90/Pdt.Sus-BPSK/2021/Pn.Mdn) shows that there are business actors who do not carry out their obligations as they should, namely not having good intentions and not providing information to their consumers. The aim of this research is to explore legal certainty regarding the fulfillment of good faith by business actors in providing information to consumers of postpaid services based on Law of the Republic of Indonesia Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. This research method uses normative juridical approaches to statutory, conceptual and case regulations. The research results found that the fulfillment of good faith in this case showed that legal certainty had not been realized. This is because of the legal provisions regarding this matter as regulated in Law no. 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection has not been enforced properly. According to Sudikno Mertokusumo, legal certainty should be realized by implementing legal provisions as they should.