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This study aims to examine the impact of test variations on students’ motivation and academic achievement in Christian Religious Education subjects. Traditional evaluations that focus only on cognitive aspects often fail to capture students' full spiritual and character development. Using a qualitative descriptive approach through literature review, this article emphasizes the importance of varied assessmentssuch as written tests, oral exams, practical applications, service projects, portfolios, and personal faith reflectionsin creating meaningful, contextual, and transformative evaluations. The findings indicate that diverse testing methods enhance students’ learning motivation by accommodating different learning styles and have a positive effect on academic achievement, not only in knowledge mastery but also in the application of Christian values in daily life.

This study explores the philosophical and theological implications of John Dewey's pedagogical thought, particularly his emphasis on reflective practice and experiential learning, within the context of Contemporary Christian Religious Education (PAK). Despite its potential to foster active, student-centered learning, a significant gap exists in deeply examining how Dewey's principles align with or challenge PAK's theological aim of faith formation. This qualitative library research, employing Miles and Huberman's data analysis model, addresses this gap by synthesizing Dewey's pedagogical concepts with the Christian theology of spiritual growth, particularly informed by 1 Corinthians 3:6, which posits that God gives the increase. The findings reveal that Dewey's experiential learning framework can profoundly enrich PAK by shifting the teacher's role from a primary knowledge dispenser to a facilitator who guides students in applying biblical truths to real-life experiences. This approach encourages holistic development encompassing cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains. However, the implementation necessitates a robust theological filter, maintaining that biblical truth is final and acknowledging God's sovereignty in true spiritual growth. The study concludes that while Dewey's pedagogy provides practical strategies for student engagement and character development, its successful integration into PAK hinges on a clear understanding of its theological boundaries, ensuring that pedagogical flexibility is balanced with doctrinal integrity. This research offers a theoretical foundation for transformative PAK practices, aiming to cultivate knowledgeable Christian students with deep and active faith.

This Community Service activity aims to enhance technology management literacy among small business owners of second-hand computer PC spare parts through training and mentoring in the use of the Shopee marketplace. Shopee was chosen as the digital marketing platform because it is one of the largest and most widely accessed marketplaces in Indonesia. Many micro-entrepreneurs still lack comprehensive knowledge of digital strategies, including online store management, product display, and promotional features on Shopee. Therefore, this program is designed to equip participants with practical knowledge and skills to fully utilize Shopee. The implementation method includes needs identification, digital literacy training, hands-on workshops, and intensive mentoring. Evaluation is conducted to measure the participants’ competence in independently managing a marketplace-based business in a sustainable manner.

This study explores the implementation of liturgical music norms by Catholic Youth (Orang Muda Katolik/OMK) in the St. Raphael Sub-Parish, Saitnihuta. The research aims to examine the extent to which OMK participate in liturgical music ministry in accordance with the principles established by the Catholic Church, particularly regarding the use of liturgical songs and musical instruments. Employing a qualitative descriptive method, data were collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings reveal that OMK show commendable enthusiasm and active involvement in liturgical celebrations by singing hymns from official Church songbooks such as Puji Syukur and by accompanying the liturgy with instruments like guitars, cajons, and keyboards. While this reflects a genuine commitment to serve, it also exposes a lack of structured guidance and theological understanding related to the use of music in the liturgy. Many OMK rely on imitation and personal experience in selecting songs and instruments, often prioritizing the creation of a lively atmosphere rather than enhancing the sacredness of the liturgy. Moreover, the absence of traditional musical instruments and limited liturgical catechesis hinder the proper application of inculturation principles. This study underscores the urgent need for structured formation programs and official liturgical music guidelines to support OMK. With proper mentoring, the creativity and zeal of young people can be nurtured to align with the Church’s vision of sacred, beautiful, and appropriate liturgical music—thus enabling them to become true ministers of prayer who deepen the community’s encounter with the mystery of Christ.

This study employs a descriptive qualitative method with the aim of describing and analyzing issues related to employee work discipline. A qualitative approach is utilized by relying on both primary and secondary data. The primary data in this research were obtained through direct field observation, interviews, and documentation of employee work activities, while secondary data were collected from books, journals, and other literature relevant to the topic of work discipline. The main data sources consist of interview transcripts with four informants, including from HRD, Project Control, and two staff at PT Safemax Indonesia. Informants were selected purposively, as they were considered to have a deep understanding of the situation and dynamics of work discipline within the company. The primary objective of this research is to understand how work discipline is implemented, the influencing factors, and the challenges faced in its application. The findings reveal that although the company has established clear standards and rules, the implementation of work discipline still faces challenges such as ineffective communication, high workload, fatigue, and external factors like weather and field conditions. These findings highlight the need for improved managerial strategies and more adaptive motivational approaches to foster a more disciplined and productive work culture.

This study aims to systematically review the literature related to teamwork in the context of formal organizations, with a focus on concept mapping, identification of key factors, and remaining research gaps. The method used is Systematic Literature Review (SLR) by analyzing 797 articles published in 2021-2025. The selection process was rigorous using inclusion and exclusion criteria, followed by thematic coding to identify key patterns. The analysis showed that effective communication, participative leadership, and psychological safety are the main factors that shape solid teamwork and positively impact employee performance and job satisfaction. However, there were a number of organizational contexts where teamwork did not contribute significantly, indicating the need for attention to contextual factors, organizational culture and psychosocial dynamics. This study makes theoretical and practical contributions to designing evidence-based organizational interventions to sustainably improve teamwork effectiveness.

Menurut WHO World Health Organization usia bayi pada bebrapa bulan pertama kehidupanya yakni 1 sampai 6 bulan merupakan tahap yang sangat penting bagi bayi, karena pada usia ini bayi memerlukan pijat bayi dalam memenuhi tingkat pertumbuhan dan perkembangan secara optimal, Pijat bayi disebut sebagai Stimulasi Touch atau terapi sentuhan tertua dan terpopuler yang dikenal manusia sejak berabad-abad. Di indonesia tahun 2017 tercatat jumlah anak melakukan pijat bayi sebanyak 300 ribu bayi sedangkan di sumatera utara sebanyak 10,179 bayi. Penelitian ini bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan data primer, bertujuan untuk mengetahui gambaran pengetahuan ibu tentang pijat bayi berdasarkan umur, pendidikan, pekerjaan, sumber informasi di Klinik Irma Suskila Medan dimana semua populasi dijadikan sampel dalam penelitian ini berjumlah 30 responden dengan menggunakan kuesioner. Hasil penelitian ditemukan bahwa pengetahuan responden tentang pijat bayi di Klinik Irma Suskila Medan Periode Juni-Juli 2022 mayoritas paling paling banyak tingkat pengetahuan cukup sebanyak 15 orang (50). Berdasarkan umur mayoritas 20-35 tahun sebanyak 21 orang (70%). Berdasarkan pekerjaan mayoritas tidak bekerja sebanyak 16 orang (53,33%). Berdasarkan sumber informasi mayoritas tenaga kesehatan sebanyak 16 orang (53,33%). Dari hasil penelitian disarankan bagi petugas kesehatan khususnya bagi bidan agar dapat memberikan penyuluhan bagi ibu yang memiliki bayi untuk melaksanakan pijat bayi, yang bertujuan untuk meningkatkan pelayanan kesehatan dan manfaat bagi pertumbuhan dan perkembangan bagi khususnya tentang pijat bayi bagi ibu.

The tradition of communicating with ancestral spirits remains a spiritual practice upheld by various indigenous communities in Indonesia. This tradition is considered a form of respect toward ancestors who are believed to maintain a spiritual connection with their descendants. This article aims to trace the historical roots and cultural meanings of communication with ancestral spirits and reflect on its implications for the Christian faith. Using a qualitative approach and literature review of spiritual practices among several ethnic groups, it was found that such communication is often rooted in relational values, reverence, and the search for life’s meaning. However, Christian reflection calls believers to distinguish between cultural honor and beliefs that may contradict faith in the living God. This article offers a dialogical and contextual approach to wisely and theologically understand and respond to this phenomenon.

This journal was written with the aim of discussing Paul's theology of God's salvation, monergism and synergism. Reviewing Paul's theology of God's true salvation will lead people to a fundamental understanding and strengthen one's hold on being a Christian. There is an understanding that salvation is a human effort and God's work (Synerism). Basically, salvation is the work of God in freeing man from sin. For by the grace of God salvation is wrought, that is, by the sacrifice and redemption of His Only Begotten Son, Jesus Christ. So through this writing, man must hold fast that salvation is a gift from God, not a human effort. This writing method uses a qualitative method through library search, through text sources, such as academic journals, books, papers, and other related literature available in the library.

The Society 5.0 era brings profound transformation in education, requiring Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers to integrate technology in learning while maintaining Christian values. This study aims to analyze the challenges faced by PAK teachers in improving professional competence in this era, as well as exploring existing opportunities. The method used is library research with a qualitative approach, collecting data from journals and related literature. The results of the study indicate that many PAK teachers are not ready to face change, so they need a systematic professional development program. In addition, digital technology offers innovative learning methods that can increase student engagement. This study recommends a holistic approach in developing teacher competence, by maintaining a balance between technology and spiritual values.

The era of digital disruption marked by the massive spread of hoaxes and disinformation presents a serious challenge for the church in maintaining the unity and purity of teaching. The gap between the need for a relevant leadership response and the lack of practical models that can be applied is a key problem that this study seeks to answer. This study aims to (1) analyze the essential components of an adaptive model of Christian leadership in responding to these challenges, and (2) formulate a practical framework that blends spiritual and educational strategies for church leaders. Using qualitative research methods with a literature review approach, secondary data from various scientific literature are analyzed through qualitative content analysis to build a conceptual model. The results of the study conclude that an effective leadership model is built on three main foundations: the character of a leader with integrity, in-depth knowledge of the digital and theological landscape, and practical skills in communication and education. The most effective framework is one that synergizes a spiritual approach to build the resilience of the faith of the congregation from within, with an educational approach to equip the congregation with digital literacy in the face of external threats.

This study examines theologically the practice of giving dowry in Sumbanese weddings. This tradition has been passed down from generation to generation and is often associated with church weddings. Various responses to dowry, especially from Christians, are the main focus. The method used is a literature study, with the object of study being the giving of dowry in the marriages of biblical figures such as Isaac and Rebekah, Jacob and Rachel, David and Michal, and Shechem and Dinah. The theological reflections produced include: First, dowry in the Bible functions as a sign of appreciation for women and their families. Second, dowry is not coercion, but rather a way for men to show love for their future wives. Thus, dowry in Sumbanese culture does not conflict with Christian faith and has a positive value for helping each other. The implications include: First, dowry must be in accordance with the man's ability. Second, dowry should not be used as a tool to fulfill personal ambitions. Payment of dowry should be for the common good. Third, dowry must be given in an honorable manner, without justifying any means to prove the ability to pay dowry at a high price.

The 21st century has brought significant challenges and transformations to the world of education, demanding a curriculum that integrates critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication skills (4C), as well as digital literacy and ethical responsibility. This study aims to explore a contextual curriculum design for Christian Religious Education (PAK) that is relevant to the holistic development of students in today's era. Using a qualitative descriptive method based on literature review, the research analyzes theoretical concepts and previous studies related to contextual and character-based Christian education. The findings show that a transformative and contextual PAK curriculum must address not only the cognitive dimension but also affective and psychomotor aspects, rooted in real-life experiences and local cultural contexts. The role of teachers as facilitators, curriculum designers, and role models is central to effective implementation. This study provides implications for curriculum development policies, teacher training, and further research in applied classroom settings.

Gross motor development in toddlers (aged 1–3 years) serves as a crucial foundation for their physical, cognitive, and social growth. Parental knowledge about the stages of this development is essential for providing appropriate stimulation and early detection of developmental delays. However, studies indicate that many parents, particularly in developing countries such as Indonesia, still have limited understanding, potentially hindering the optimal development of their children. This study aims to analyze parental knowledge of gross motor development in toddlers through a systematic literature review (SLR) of 20 selected studies conducted between 2020 and 2025. The findings reveal variability in parental knowledge levels, with education, access to digital information, and the role of healthcare professionals identified as key determinants. Recommended interventions include community-based education programs via posyandu (integrated health posts) for rural areas and the use of digital platforms for urban populations, supported by multisectoral policy integration to ensure program effectiveness and sustainability.

This study aims to examine the role of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers in fostering the mentality of students from broken homes. Broken home problems have a significant impact on the mental and psychological conditions of students, which require special attention from PAK teachers as professionals who have spiritual and educational responsibilities. The research method used is a literature study by analyzing various relevant literature. The results of the study indicate that PAK teachers have a multidimensional role in fostering the mentality of broken home students, including the role as interpreters of the Christian faith, shepherds, role models and leaders, evangelists, facilitators, mentors, and motivators. The conclusion of this study confirms that PAK teachers have a strategic and holistic role in helping broken home students overcome problemstheir mental health through a comprehensive spiritual and educational approach.

Nursing as a profession, is limited by self-regulation in the form of a code of ethics of killing. The code of ethics of extermination is the basic reference for nurses in carrying out their profession, both in relation to the use of extermination technology and knowledge. The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the principle of protection ethics and the quality of service in the inpatient room of Bakti Tin Karimun Hospital. The design of this study was cross-sectional with a sample size of 84 respondents, namely patients in the inpatient room using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using a prevention ethics questionnaire to measure the application of the principle of prevention ethics and a prevention service questionnaire to measure the quality of service. Data were analyzed through a chi-square statistical test P Value of 0.007 <0.05, which means that there is a significant relationship between the application of the principle of protection ethics and the quality of protection services in the inpatient room of Bakti Tin Karimun Hospital. So the more optimal the application of protection ethics, the better the quality of protection services. Nurses are expected to be able to apply the principle of optimal care ethics in providing care to patients so that the quality of service in inpatient care is good.

Achievement Motivation as the Responsibility of Teachers and Parents Towards Students in the 4.0 Era and Its Relevance in Christian Religious Education. The background of writing this article is to understand the motivation of students' learning achievement in the 4.0 era. The purpose of this study is to improve students' learning achievement, one of the determining factors of success is learning motivation. Motivation plays an important role in encouraging students to study diligently, tenaciously and with full concentration so that learning achievement can be optimal. The research method used in this study is qualitative research through literature study. The results are that learning motivation consists of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation which is influenced by various factors such as ideals, abilities, physical and psychological conditions of students, and the surrounding environment. Teachers and parents have an important role in providing achievement motivation through proper guidance, support, and supervision. In the era of the Industrial Revolution 4.0, the challenges of learning motivation are increasingly complex because it facilitates access to technology that can distract students. Therefore, the role of Christian religious education is very important in shaping the character and spiritual values ​​of students so that they are able to face technological challenges wisely, maintain face-to-face relationships, and foster strong learning motivation.    

Penelitian ini mengkaji implementasi pendidikan karakter Kristen dalam keluarga di era kontemporer yang menghadapi berbagai tantangan globalisasi. Menggunakan metode studi pustaka dengan pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif-analitis, penelitian ini menganalisis landasan teologis, konsep teoretis, dan strategi implementasi pendidikan karakter Kristen. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pendidikan karakter Kristen memiliki fondasi yang kuat dalam konsep Imago Dei dan mandat Alkitabiah, khususnya Ulangan 6:6-7 dan Efesus 6:4. Keluarga berfungsi sebagai ecclesia domestica yang menjalankan fungsi kerygma, koinonia, leiturgia, dan diakonia dalam pembentukan karakter anak. Nilai-nilai fundamental seperti buah Roh (Galatia 5:22-23) menjadi karakteristik utama yang perlu ditanamkan melalui metodologi keteladanan, pendekatan naratif, disiplin redemptif, dan ritual keluarga. Namun, tantangan kontemporer seperti sekularisasi, relativisme moral, teknologi digital, perubahan struktur keluarga modern, dan pluralisme agama memerlukan strategi adaptif. Penelitian ini memperkenalkan Teori Transformasi Karakter Holistik (TKTH) yang mengintegrasikan dimensi teologis-antropologis, psiko-sosial, pedagogis-metodologis, dan komunal-ekosistemik. Revitalisasi pendidikan karakter Kristen dalam keluarga menjadi kebutuhan mendesak untuk membentuk generasi dengan fondasi moral dan spiritual yang kuat di tengah dinamika perubahan sosial yang cepat.

This article discusses the implementation of exorcism by Jesus Christ according to Mark 9:14-29 and its relevance to occult ministry at LPPS Palu. Through exegetical study, it is found that the power and authority of Jesus in casting out evil spirits emphasize the importance of faith and prayer as the main keys in similar ministries. The inability of Jesus’ disciples to cast out the evil spirit in this pericope serves as a reflection for contemporary ministry, which often also experiences failure due to a lack of faith and dependence on God. This article highlights the need for a proper understanding of the distinction between medical disorders and manifestations of dark powers, and affirms that exorcism should be carried out with authority in the name of Jesus. The practical implication of this research is the importance of strong spiritual preparation, faith, and a consistent prayer life in occult ministry within the church environment.

This study aims to explore the perceptions of young people toward a career as Christian Religious Education (CRE) teachers amidst dynamic social and cultural changes. The declining interest in this profession is not solely driven by economic and social status concerns but is also influenced by digitalization, secularization, and a lack of vocational formation from families and churches. Using a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through literature review and in-depth interviews with church youth and theology students. The findings reveal that young people still hold potential interest in this vocation when supported by strong theological narratives, integrated mentoring strategies, and 21st-century skills. This research recommends the revitalization of holistic and contextual Christian education systems to address contemporary challenges and rekindle youth interest in pursuing a career as CRE teachers.