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This study aims to conduct an in-depth examination on the concept of Buddhist economic based on the principles of the Buddha’s teachings in the Sutta Pitaka. The methodology used in this research is descriptive qualitative with literature analysis, collecting data obtained from both primary and secondary sources. The primary source refers to the main Buddhist scripture, the Tipitaka, especially the Sutta Pitaka section. Secondary sources include books, journals, and articles relevant to the topic, which help to enrich the discussion on the concept of Buddhist economic. The research results show that the Buddhist economic is an approach that integrates the principles of Buddha’s teachings with the practice of wealth accumulation and management based on ethics and morality. Buddhism is a religion that emphasizes moral practice, so the right way to accumulate wealth is by not neglecting Buddhist morality. Human welfare should not be achieved by harming other beings or damaging the environment. Proper wealth management is the wisdom in using wealth to support the achievement of welfare. This study provides an important contribution to Buddhist knowledge about the correct strategies for wealth accumulation and management that support economic growth and welfare while prioritizing morality.

Chronic disease caused by increased blood sugar levels and potentially causing many complications especially when uncontrolled conditions are known as diabetes mellitus. Glycosylated hemoglobin examination is a reliable method in evaluating long-term glycemic control because it is not affected by daily fluctuations and reflects glucose levels for 120 days. The province with the 10th highest number of diabetes mellitus cases in 2018 was Aceh. One of the districts in Aceh, namely North Aceh, is the area with the highest incidence of cases. This study aims to describe HbA1c levels and characteristics of type 2 diabetes mellitus patients at Cut Meutia Regional Hospital, North Aceh in 2023. Using a descriptive cross-sectional design, 77 patients were selected through purposive sampling. Data were collected from laboratory results and MMAS-8 and MIAS-8 questionnaires. The results showed that most patients had uncontrolled HbA1c levels (90.9%), uncontrolled HbA1c men (91.7%), 56–65 years old (40.3%), had pre-hypertension blood pressure (83.1%), and medication compliance in the moderate category (54.5%). This can be concluded that cases of diabetes with uncontrolled glycosylated hemoglobin levels are men.

Pending claims in Indonesia’s National Health Insurance (JKN) system pose a significant challenge, affecting hospital cash flow and administrative efficiency. A high rate of pending claims is often caused by incomplete documentation, misfiled medical records, and delays in verification processes. Optimizing manual administrative procedures may provide a solution to this issue. This study aims to evaluate the effectiveness of a standardized manual administration model in reducing pending claims in a hospital setting. A quasi-experimental pretest-posttest design without a control group was employed. Data were collected from a referral hospital in Indonesia from July to September 2024. A total of 138 inpatient claims were selected using simple random sampling. The intervention involved implementing a standardized manual administration system in August and September. Statistical analysis was conducted using Fisher’s Exact Test with a significance level of p < 0.05. The implementation of the standardized manual administration model significantly reduced pending claims from 70.3% (97/138) in July (pre-intervention) to 36.2% (50/138) in August and further to 11.6% (16/138) in September (post-intervention) (p = 0.000 and p = 0.003, respectively). Additionally, improvements were observed in medical record completeness, supporting examination documentation, and administrative accuracy. A standardized manual administration system effectively decreases pending claims in JKN by improving documentation and claim verification processes. Further research is needed to explore the long-term sustainability of this model and the potential benefits of digitalization.  

Academic anxiety is a prevalent concern encountered by students before to examinations, which may adversely affect academic performance.  This article aims to illustrate successful approaches derived from the Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (CBT) approach to mitigate students' academic anxiety.  The used process may include a literature evaluation by examining 20 relevant and cohesive periodicals.  The findings demonstrate that CBT therapies, including individual or group counselling, self-talk techniques, progressive muscle relaxation, and systematic desensitisation, are very successful in reducing student anxiety.  Cognitive Behavioural Therapy enables students to identify and modify negative thought patterns that provoke anxiety into more rational and adaptive thinking.  By implementing appropriate methods, students may prepare for examinations with more tranquilly and confidence.  This article is anticipated to be a valuable reference for school counsellors and educators in developing mental intervention programmes to enhance kids' overall well-being.    

Every pregnant woman is strongly recommended to undergo comprehensive and quality antenatal care (ANC) at least four times, consisting of at least once in the first trimester (before 14 weeks of gestation), at least once in the second trimester (14–28 weeks of gestation), and at least twice in the third trimester (between 28–36 weeks and after 36 weeks of gestation), including at least one visit accompanied by the husband or a family member. The first ANC visit is highly recommended to be conducted between 8 and 12 weeks of gestation. The objective of this study is to identify the factors that influence the K4 coverage of antenatal visits among pregnant women at Bontomarannu Public Health Center, Galesong Selatan Subdistrict, Takalar Regency. This research uses a cross-sectional study design. The sample consisted of 60 pregnant women who underwent K4 antenatal examinations at Bontomarannu Public Health Center, selected through random sampling. The results showed that knowledge significantly affected the K4 coverage of antenatal visits (p = 0.000), occupation also had a significant influence (p = 0.004), and distance was another significant factor (p = 0.005). It can be concluded that knowledge, occupation, and distance all influence the K4 coverage of antenatal visits at Bontomarannu Public Health Center, Galesong Selatan Subdistrict, Takalar Regency.  

The Majapahit Museum houses a significant collection of tosan aji, particularly keris, which holds important historical, technological, and symbolic value within Javanese culture. However, a substantial portion of the collection lacks clear provenance and stratigraphic context, resulting in data gaps and potential misinterpretations, especially regarding Majapahit-period attribution. This study aims to examine strategies for managing non-stratigraphic keris collections through standardized visual-morphological identification as an initial curatorial approach. The research employs direct artifact observation, morphological analysis of blades and ricikan, visual examination of pamor configurations, and a review of museological, keris studies, and archaeometallurgical literature. The findings demonstrate that standardized morphological identification provides a systematic framework for preliminary classification while preventing speculative chronological claims. The study also emphasizes the necessity of separating blade analysis from keris fittings and highlights the limitations of visual assessment in determining tangguh, which requires support from non-destructive metallurgical analyses. As a practical contribution, this article proposes strengthening curatorial standards through the development of morphology-based artifact labels (manual and digital), multidisciplinary scholarly catalogues, and the integration of documentation and material analysis technologies. This approach positions the Majapahit Museum as a knowledge-producing institution in tosan aji studies rather than merely a repository of artifacts.   Kata Kunci : Museum Majapahit, Keris, Identifikasi Morfologis, Ricikan, Tangguh Keris

Anemia is a hematological disorder that is often not recognized in the adult age group. One lifestyle factor that can affect hemoglobin and hematocrit levels is the consumption of tea or coffee with meals, because the tannin and polyphenol content inhibits the absorption of non-heme iron. Early detection of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels accompanied by education about eating and drinking habits is an important strategy in preventing anemia. This screening activity is carried out using the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) approach. Examination of hemoglobin and hematocrit levels is carried out using Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) from capillary blood. Education is provided to all participants through leaflets and group counseling regarding the effect of tea and coffee consumption on iron absorption. A total of 91 participants took part in this activity, consisting of 39.6% men and 60.4% women, with an average age of 47.4 years. The average hemoglobin was recorded at 11.2 ± 1.6 g/dL and hematocrit at 33.0 ± 4.7%. As many as 42.9% of participants experienced anemia based on hemoglobin levels below normal values ​​according to gender. Hemoglobin and hematocrit examinations successfully identified a significant proportion of individuals at risk of anemia. Education on the right time to consume tea or coffee and increasing consumption of foods rich in iron and vitamin C are preventive interventions that can be applied to maintain optimal hematological status.   Keywords: Hemoglobin, Hematocrit, Anemia, Iron, Tea, Coffee, Diet

Aging is a dominant risk factor for most forms of cardiovascular disease. Sedentary lifestyle in elderly with obesity can decrease the function of cardiovascular system. Previous study determined that moderate intensity aerobic exercise was highly recommended in elderly because the type of exercise can improve body fitness and oxidative damage due to aging. The aims of this study was to investigate the effect of moderate intensity aerobic exercise on NOx plasma level, systolic blood pressure (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) in sedentary elderly women with overweight. The research method is quasi experimental with pre test and post test design. The sample included 33 volunteer sedentary elderly women overweight with age 65,11±4,85 years old that divided on two group that is the experimental group (EG/ n=17) and control group (CG/ n=16). EG performed moderate intensity aerobic exercise (walking) during 30 min per session, intensity 50–80% heart rate maximum,  three times per week for 12 week. The examination of NOx plasma level by ELISA method and resting blood pressure by auscultation method. Data was processed by unpaired t-test. Experimental group had significantly lower level of SBP (-10,294 p 0,001) than CG. NOx plasma level showed significantly decreases in both group (p < 0,05), but the decreasing trend was found to be higher in the CG. DBP and body mass index (BMI) did not change (p >0,05). Moderate intensity aerobic exercise can delay the reduction of NO due to aging proceses.

Psoriasis is a chronic inflammatory disease that attacks the skin and can occur at any age with various clinical variations. The diagnosis is generally made clinically, but in atypical cases a biopsy is required for confirmation. The combination of clinical and histopathological examination provides more accurate diagnosis results. This study aims to assess the suitability of clinical diagnosis and histopathological examination results in psoriasis vulgaris in Semarang Regency. This cross-sectional observational study was conducted by the department of dermatology, venereology and aesthetics at Diponegoro University. A total of 10 samples were clinically diagnosed as psoriasis vulgaris or other morphological types of psoriasis vulgaris at a Dermatology Polyclinic in Semarang Regency, over a period of 2 years. The clinical manifestations of 10 cases with a clinical diagnosis of psoriasis vulgaris assessed from the typical predilection and the presence of scaly plaques tended to be consistent with the histopathological diagnosis but were not statistically significant. Concordance between clinical diagnosis and histopathological diagnosis was observed in 8 (80%) cases and discordance in 2 (20%) cases. Based on the research results, it can be concluded that there is a high level of agreement (80%) between clinical diagnosis and histopathological features in cases of psoriasis vulgaris.

Liver disease is a health problem that often goes undetected in its early stages due to the absence of specific symptoms, despite the liver's vital role in metabolism, detoxification, and maintaining homeostasis. Early detection is crucial to prevent the progression of liver dysfunction. This community service activity aimed to raise public awareness of the importance of early liver disease screening through the examination of lipid ratios (total cholesterol/HDL and triglycerides/HDL) and physical evaluation for clinical signs of liver dysfunction. The program was conducted at the Cengkareng Baptist Foundation and involved 59 adult participants. The screening included basic laboratory tests and direct physical examinations, followed by health education tailored to each participant based on their screening results. Findings revealed that 83.1% of participants had elevated triglyceride/HDL ratios and 28.8% had total cholesterol/HDL ratios above the normal range, although 100% showed no physical signs suggestive of liver disease. These results indicate the presence of underlying metabolic risks that may affect liver function. This program had a positive impact by enhancing public understanding of the importance of a healthy lifestyle and regular check-ups as part of health promotion and disease prevention efforts related to liver health. Keywords: Early Detection, Liver Function, Lipid Ratio, Health Education, Community Service

This study aims to identify the difficulties faced by tenth-grade students in understanding enumeration rules and to find effective learning solutions. The research method used was descriptive qualitative, with 33 tenth-grade students of SMA Negeri 1 Percut Sei Tuan as subjects. The instruments used included a diagnostic test in the form of National Examination questions 7-11 on permutations and combinations, interviews with mathematics teachers, and classroom observations. The results showed that the majority of students (50%) were in the moderate understanding category, understanding the basic concepts but frequently making procedural errors. Thirty percent of students were in the low understanding category, having difficulty distinguishing between addition and multiplication rules and applying the concepts to word problems. The main obstacles identified included a lack of mastery of basic concepts, difficulty determining solution steps, a lack of varied practice questions, and limited interactive learning media. Recommended solutions include the use of visual media such as tree diagrams and tables, a contextual approach to everyday life problems, collaborative learning, and the provision of additional tutoring.

Anemia in pregnant women is a public health problem that remains high in Indonesia and impacts maternal health and fetal development. This study aims to determine the prevalence of anemia and risk factors in pregnant women at the Saritani Community Health Center, Boalemo. The study used a cross-sectional design on 28 pregnant women selected by purposive sampling. Data were collected through interviews using a structured questionnaire and hemoglobin level examination (HemoCue). Descriptive and bivariate analyses using the Chi-Square test were performed, with p < 0.05 as the significance limit. The results showed a prevalence of anemia of 42.9 % . Factors significantly associated with anemia included education level (p = 0.041), adherence to Fe tablet consumption (p = 0.022), parity (p = 0.037), and pregnancy spacing (p = 0.049). Mothers with low education, non-adherence to Fe tablet consumption, high parity, or pregnancy spacing <2 years had a higher risk of developing anemia. Age and diet did not show a significant association.

Hyperuricemia is a condition of increased uric acid levels in the blood that can develop into various metabolic disorders, including gouty arthritis and kidney disease. Physical activity is known to play an important role in controlling uric acid levels by increasing excretion and inhibiting purine production. This activity uses the Plan-Do-Check-Act (PDCA) approach which includes checking uric acid levels using the Point-of-Care Testing (POCT) method in 91 productive-age individuals, as well as education about the importance of physical activity. The results were obtained directly and presented to the participants along with interpretive explanations and preventive recommendations. The average uric acid levels of the participants were recorded at 3.78 ± 0.60 mg/dL with a range of 2.5 to 5.6 mg/dL. All participants (100%) had uric acid levels within the normal range. Physical activity contributes to the regulation of uric acid levels, so proper education remains important even though the examination results show normal values. Education-based interventions play a role in strengthening primary prevention.

Background: Hepatocellular carcinoma results from abnormal cell formation or malignant cell changes. Hepatocellular carcinoma can be diagnosed by measuring AFP levels in serum and performing examinations through radiology, FNAB, and histopathology. Pupose: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between AFP levels and liver tumor size of nodular-type hepatocellular carcinoma. Method: The sample of this study amounted to 55 samples of hepatocellular carcinoma patient data for the period 2020-2022 using a purposive sampling technique. This type of research is descriptive-analytic with a retrospective approach. Results: Data analysis was performed using the Chi-Square test. The results obtained data on the characteristics of the sex of hepatocellular carcinoma patients, namely men as many as 35 patients (63.6%) and women as many as 20 patients (36.4%), age characteristics at the most incidence of hepatocellular carcinoma occurred at the age of 50-59 years (30, 9%), with AFP levels in hepatocellular carcinoma patients with normal categories as many as 33 cases (60%) and increased categories as many as 22 cases (40%), and nodule sizes < 2 cm as many as 3 cases (5.5%), 2-5 cm as many as 9 cases (16.4%), and > 5 cm as many as 43 cases (78.2%). The data was then subjected to bivariate analysis, and the results of statistical calculation p value 0.017 (<0.05) which indicates a significant relationship between AFP levels and hepatocellular carcinoma nodule size. Conclusion: the higher the AFP level, the larger the nodule size.

Mother-to-child transmission of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B remains a public health challenge. Transmission can occur during pregnancy, childbirth, and breastfeeding. To reduce the rate of transmission, the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia launched the Triple Elimination program through screening pregnant women in integrated antenatal services. However, the use of this examination is influenced by the behavior of pregnant women, including knowledge, attitudes, and actions. To find out the relationship between the knowledge, attitudes, and actions of pregnant women with the use of Triple Elimination examinations at the Kuala Bangka Health Center, North Labuhan Batu Regency in 2022. This study is an analytical observational study with a cross sectional design. The sample consisted of 35 pregnant women who visited the Kuala Bangka Health Center. Data was collected through questionnaires and analyzed using the chi-square test. Most of the respondents had good knowledge (45.7%), positive attitudes (74.3%), and good actions (45.7%). There was a significant relationship between knowledge (p=0.007), attitudes (p=0.003), and actions (p=0.007) with the use of Triple Elimination examinations. Knowledge, attitudes, and actions of pregnant women have a significant relationship with the use of Triple Elimination examinations. Increased education and support in antenatal services is needed to support the success of the mother-to-child elimination program of HIV, Syphilis, and Hepatitis B.

This systematic review aims to comprehensively evaluate the consequences of social marginalization on the mental health conditions of populations in Middle Eastern conflict zones, utilizing data from 2015 to 2024. Through a critical examination of 47 studies that met the inclusion criteria, a markedly high prevalence of mental disorders within this population was identified, namely post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD) at 42.8% (95% CI = 38.4–47.2), major depression at 37.6% (95% CI = 33.2–42.0), and generalized anxiety disorder at 35.3% (95% CI = 31.1–39.5). Furthermore, the results of the meta-analysis revealed a very strong and statistically significant correlation between social marginalization and the severity of mental health disorders (r = 0.73, p < 0.001), indicating that the more intensely an individual experiences various forms of social marginalization, the more severe the psychological disorders they endure. Moreover, the three most dominant determinants of social marginalization were identified as limited access to healthcare services (OR = 3.82, 95% CI = 3.14–4.50), the persistence of systemic discrimination (OR = 3.45, 95% CI = 2.87–4.03), and widespread social isolation (OR = 3.21, 95% CI = 2.66–3.76). These findings not only expand upon the prior research outcomes of Al-Krenawi and Graham (2009) and Amsalem et al. (2025), which were confined to the aspect of PTSD but also provide new empirical evidence concerning a broader spectrum of mental disorders as well as specific patterns of social marginalization within the conflict landscape of the Middle East. Finally, this study contributes significantly to the academic literature by elaborating on the complex interactive mechanisms between practices of social marginalization and mental health deterioration while offering a framework for community-based interventions that are responsive and adaptive to the socio-political conditions characteristic of Middle Eastern conflict zones.

Nephrotic syndrome is a group of diseases characterized by massive proteinuria that causes hypoalbuminemia, resulting in hyperlipidemia, edema, and various complications. One of the etiologies of nephrotic syndrome itself is primary and secondary glomerulonephritis in the form of infection, malignancy, connective tissue disease, drugs or toxins and due to systemic diseases. The incidence of nephrotic syndrome cases in adults does not have a significant difference between genders, where the cases are 3 per 100,000 population. The broad clinical manifestations of nephrotic syndrome require health workers to conduct anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting examinations carefully. When nephrotic syndrome has been established, management will be carried out. Management that can be given to this disorder is non-pharmacological such as a low protein and salt diet and pharmacological especially for the underlying disease. Non-specific treatment to reduce proteinuria, control edema, and treat complications that may occur. The prognosis for nephrotic syndrome depends on the underlying cause.

Pneumonia is a lung infection that causes inflammation in the lung parenchyma. Pneumonia is the third leading cause of death globally. In Indonesia, in 2018, the prevalence of pneumonia among all age groups reached 2.21%. This case report was obtained from primary data through anamnesis, physical examination, and supporting tests. The patient complained of shortness of breath. The shortness of breath occurred during moderate physical activity and improved with rest. The shortness of breath was not affected by the weather. The patient also complained of left chest pain, productive cough, fever, diarrhea, and weakness. Upon physical examination, the general status showed vesicular breath sounds and rhonchi in the left lung field. Chest X-ray revealed diffuse consolidation in the bilateral paracardial pulmonary areas, suggesting pneumonia. Laboratory tests showed elevated white blood cell count. The patient was given pharmacological and non-pharmacological management in the form of respiratory fluoroquinolone.

The technical assessment project's major goals were to gain a comprehensive understanding of the integrity and capacity status of the justice sector in Nigeria. Nigeria's existing levels of access to justice, the promptness and caliber of justice delivery, the independence and impartiality of the judiciary, corruption, and public confidence in justice sector institutions were all examined in this study. In three pilot states, respondents were given pre-formulated questions intended to elicit their perceptions and experiences related to a particular day in court. Both narrative and graphic formats are used to present the interview results. The report presents key findings relating to the target groups' perceptions and experiences regarding the delivery of justice and the integrity of the justice system, and it identifies the underlying causes of the issues by drawing on and analyzing the data, paying particular attention to the reinforcing interdependencies of the various problems. The study, which is structured around 17 major findings, provides a thorough examination of the information acquired from the interviews. Based on the main conclusions, it offers comprehensive policy recommendations for judicial reform initiatives that will improve public trust in the legal system, increase the independence, fairness, and impartiality of the judiciary, improve accessibility to the courts, improve the efficiency of justice delivery, and reduce corruption in the legal system.

Dengue fever is an acute infectious disease caused by the dengue virus and transmitted primarily by the Aedes aegypti mosquito in urban environments and Aedes albopictus in rural settings. This disease is endemic in many tropical and subtropical regions and is a significant public health concern due to its potentially severe clinical manifestations. This case study presents an 8-year-old boy who was admitted to the hospital with complaints of a high-grade fever lasting for approximately three days. The fever was intermittent and accompanied by chills, which raised suspicions of a viral infection. In addition to fever, the patient also experienced dizziness with a spinning sensation, occasional cough, and flatulence. A thorough clinical evaluation was conducted, including history taking, physical examination, and supporting laboratory tests. Based on the clinical findings and laboratory results, the patient was diagnosed with dengue hemorrhagic fever (DHF) grade I. DHF grade I is characterized by fever, positive tourniquet test, and evidence of plasma leakage without spontaneous bleeding. The patient was managed with supportive therapy, including fluid replacement and close monitoring of vital signs and hematocrit levels to prevent the progression to more severe stages of dengue. No significant complications occurred during the hospital stay. After a period of observation and clinical improvement, the patient was discharged in good condition. This case highlights the importance of early recognition and accurate diagnosis of DHF in pediatric patients, especially in endemic areas. Prompt and appropriate management is essential to prevent complications and ensure recovery. Continuous public health education and vector control remain key strategies in reducing dengue incidence and severity.