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Mathematical proof is an important aspect in real analysis courses but is often a challenge for students. This research aims to analyze the types of errors that students often make in mathematical proofs in real analysis courses. The research method uses library research to explore the background, objectives, methods, findings and implications of the problem. The results of the analysis show that logical errors, conceptual errors, notation and writing errors, and heuristic thinking errors are the most common. These findings imply the need to develop more effective learning strategies to help students overcome difficulties in mathematical proofs. By understanding the types of errors that frequently occur, instructors can design learning methods that better suit students' needs.

The Middle Ages in Islamic history is a century filled with thinkers and ideas from various fields. One of the experts at that time was the genius Islamic thinker Ibn Khladun who is famous among modern intellectuals. Ibn Khaldun is considered an expert in the fields of history, sociology, and politics. This research uses a literary method approach to explore the concept of asabiyah in Ibn Khaldun's thought and its implications for the formation and management of the state. Data is collected from various written sources such as books, journals, literature and scientific publications. Ibn Khaldun's view states that asabiyah which contains the spirit of brotherhood and group solidarity can be the key to the success of a country when utilized positively. But if directed negatively to unlimited fanaticism, asabiyah can threaten the stability and justice of government. Ibn Khaldun also underlined the importance of a leader who fulfills the characteristics of Imamah, namely strength, wisdom and the ability to lead fairly in accordance with his religious beliefs. Through understanding the idea of ashabiyah and the principles put forward by Ibn Khaldun, this study highlights the process of forming the state and government by the community. In addition, Ibn Khaldun divided his views on politics into two main components: the state and the leader. He asserted that a state will continue to develop from primitive times to more civilized times, with the expectation of production, civilization, wisdom, and strength that can overcome complex political situations. Therefore, asabiyah is not just an abstract concept, but also has a strong and real influence on the social and political dynamics of society and the people. Ibn Khaldun's work remains an important source of learning in both Western and Eastern countries to this day.

The aim of this research is to measure how much influence the cooperative learning model has on student learning outcomes at SDN 9 Limboto. This research uses quantitative research methods with survey techniques to obtain complete and in-depth information regarding the influence of the cooperative learning model on student learning outcomes at SDN 9 Limboto. The population of this study were students at SDN 9 Limboto with a sample size of 104 students. Data was collected using a questionnaire, and data was analyzed using simple linear regression analysis. The research results show that the cooperative learning model has a significant effect on student learning outcomes. The model influence is 26.2% with a correlation of 51.2%. The regression model obtained from the analysis is Y = 47.392 + 0.458X. This model shows that every increase in cooperative learning by one unit will have an influence on student learning outcomes at SDN 9 Limboto by 0.458. The implications of this research show that cooperative learning has a significant influence on student learning outcomes at SDN 9 Limboto, so it is recommended that this learning model be maintained and can be collaborated with other models or media so that the model is more varied.      

The study aims to investigate the role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in overcoming moral decadence of students at SMK Ngesti Widhi Husada Kendal. Moral decadence is often a major concern in the context of education today, especially among vocational high school students. The study used a qualitative approach by conducting in-depth interviews and observations of several PAI teachers at the school. The results of the study show that PAI teachers play a significant role in guiding and directing students to face the moral challenges they face, such as unhealthy use of social media, conflicts between students, and other problems related to moral values. PAI teachers serve as good role models for students, provide moral guidance, and work together with school staff and parents to create a conducive learning environment in efforts to prevent moral decadence.This study also identifies inhibiting and supporting factors in the role of PAI teachers, including collaboration with colleagues, support for facilities and infrastructure, and challenges such as lack of student awareness and lack of family support. The implications of this study indicate the need for a holistic approach in strengthening the role of Islamic Religious Education teachers in supporting the formation of character and morality of students at SMK Ngesti Widhi Husada Kendal.

This research aims to describe the types of conversational implicatures found in the novel Oriana's Wedding Diary by Ayana Kamila, as well as their implementation in Indonesian language learning in high school. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method. The subject of this research is the novel Oriana's Wedding Diary by Ayana Kamila. Data collection techniques in this research used note-reading and literature study techniques. The results of this research were that several types of conversational implicatures were found in the novel, including: 1) General conversational implicatures, 6 data were found containing general conversational implications in the novel. 2) Specific conversational implicatures, 4 data were found containing general conversational implications in the novel. 3) Scale conversational implicatures, 3 data were found containing general conversational implications in the novel. The results of this conversational implicature research can also be implemented in high school in several materials, such as anecdote text material, fiction and non-fiction book material, and finally in historical story (novel) text material. In learning materials there are often sentences that can be interpreted in various ways. By understanding implicature, it is hoped that it can reduce confusion in interpreting the meaning that students have regarding these sentences.    

This research aims to describe the types of conversational implicatures found in the novel Oriana's Wedding Diary by Ayana Kamila, as well as their implementation in Indonesian language learning in high school. The method used in this research is a qualitative descriptive method. The subject of this research is the novel Oriana's Wedding Diary by Ayana Kamila. Data collection techniques in this research used note-reading and literature study techniques. The results of this research were that several types of conversational implicatures were found in the novel, including: 1) General conversational implicatures, 6 data were found containing general conversational implications in the novel. 2) Specific conversational implicatures, 4 data were found containing general conversational implications in the novel. 3) Scale conversational implicatures, 3 data were found containing general conversational implications in the novel. The results of this conversational implicature research can also be implemented in high school in several materials, such as anecdote text material, fiction and non-fiction book material, and finally in historical story (novel) text material. In learning materials there are often sentences that can be interpreted in various ways. By understanding implicature, it is hoped that it can reduce confusion in interpreting the meaning that students have regarding these sentences.    

This research aims to identify and analyze effective tactics used by teachers in increasing the learning motivation of fifth grade students at Tempel Elementary School. Using a qualitative approach with a case study method, data was collected through classroom observations, in-depth interviews, and document analysis. The research results show that several effective tactics include: (1) Project-Based Learning Approach which involves students in practical and relevant activities, (2) Use of varied learning media such as educational videos and teaching aids to make lessons more interesting, (3) Providing Constructive Feedback that helps students feel valued and motivated, (4) Creation of a Positive and Supportive Classroom Environment that makes students feel safe to participate, and (5) Use of Interactive Learning Methods such as group discussions and educational games that increase students' active participation. These findings indicate that these strategies effectively increase students' learning motivation, which contributes to increasing their participation, interest and learning outcomes. This research provides practical implications for teachers in developing effective teaching strategies and becomes a reference for developing teacher training programs and educational policies that support the creation of a learning environment that motivates students.    

Leadership in educational administration is a crucial aspect in achieving effective and efficient educational goals. This article aims to deeply examine various aspects of leadership in educational administration, including understanding, necessary skills, applied leadership styles, and specific functions that leaders must perform. The research method used is literature review, encompassing analysis of various literature and previous studies related to educational leadership. The research findings indicate that effective leadership in educational administration requires a combination of technical skill, human skill, and conceptual skill, along with the application of leadership styles suitable to the institutional context. Leadership functions such as planning, organizing, directing, and controlling are also crucial to ensure efficient operations and goal achievement. The implications of this study provide insights and practical recommendations for educational leaders to enhance the performance and quality of their institutions, as well as to create an environment that supports learning and growth.

This research aims to determine the use of deixis in the novel entitled "12 Stories of Glen Anggara" by Luluk HF and its implications for novel learning. This research focuses on looking for elements of persona deixis, time deixis, space or place deixis, and social deixis in the novel "12 stories of Glen Anggara". The main problem of this research is to look for the use of deixis in the content of the novel entitled "12 stories of Glen Anggara" in detail in pragmatic studies. The researcher also aims to have implications for the results of deictic analysis in the novel "12 Stories of Glen Anggara" in learning novels in high school. This research is descriptive research using a qualitative approach with the type of research used is content analysis techniques. The results of this research found that many deictic elements were used in the novel "12 Stories Glen Anggra" by Luluk HF. The tendency for the deictic elements contained in this novel is persona deixis because the novel writer tends to bring up characterization elements followed by time deixis, indicating deixis, place deixis, and social deixis.

This research aims to determine the use of deixis in the novel entitled "12 Stories of Glen Anggara" by Luluk HF and its implications for novel learning. This research focuses on looking for elements of persona deixis, time deixis, space or place deixis, and social deixis in the novel "12 stories of Glen Anggara". The main problem of this research is to look for the use of deixis in the content of the novel entitled "12 stories of Glen Anggara" in detail in pragmatic studies. The researcher also aims to have implications for the results of deictic analysis in the novel "12 Stories of Glen Anggara" in learning novels in high school. This research is descriptive research using a qualitative approach with the type of research used is content analysis techniques. The results of this research found that many deictic elements were used in the novel "12 Stories Glen Anggra" by Luluk HF. The tendency for the deictic elements contained in this novel is persona deixis because the novel writer tends to bring up characterization elements followed by time deixis, indicating deixis, place deixis, and social deixis.

This study aims to develop program materials focused on enhancing the character of children attending Baitul Hikmah TPA. It endeavors to contribute positively to the moral and ethical development of children within the TPA setting. The research methodology involves creating tailored program materials aimed at fostering character development while considering relevant moral and cultural values. Participants include children from the specified age group at Baitul Hikmah TPA. The program materials will adopt an interactive and creative approach to ensure active participation of the children in the learning process. Evaluation of the program will include participant observation, character assessments, and feedback from TPA parents and teachers. The research endeavors to provide fresh insights into the efficacy of program materials in enhancing the character of children within TPA. Furthermore, it aims to offer practical implications that could serve as a foundation for similar programs in comparable educational institutions, thereby extending the positive impact on character development within the realm of religious and moral education.

The advent of Artificial Intelligence (AI) has heralded a transformative era in Computer Science, revolutionizing various facets of technology. This paper explores the profound impact of AI on the field of Computer Science, delving into its advancements, innovations, and the potential future trajectory of technology. The primary objective of this paper is to elucidate the significant role of AI in shaping the landscape of Computer Science. Through comprehensive research and analysis, it aims to provide insights into the evolution of AI, its applications, and the implications for future technological developments. This study employs a library research approach, gathering information from academic journals, conference proceedings, books, and reputable online sources. By synthesizing existing literature and scholarly works, it seeks to construct a comprehensive overview of the advancements and innovations in AI within the realm of Computer Science. The findings reveal a dynamic and rapidly evolving field driven by AI technologies. From machine learning algorithms to neural networks and deep learning models, AI has revolutionized data analysis, pattern recognition, and decision-making processes. Moreover, AI-driven applications such as natural language processing, computer vision, and robotics have reshaped various industries, including healthcare, finance, transportation, and manufacturing. However, alongside these advancements come ethical considerations, privacy concerns, and challenges related to algorithmic biases and societal implications. Looking ahead, the future of technology promises further integration of AI into various domains, leading to unprecedented opportunities and challenges in the realm of Computer Science

In today's digital age, the integration of business management principles with computer science and technology has become increasingly vital for organizations seeking sustainable growth and competitive advantage. This study delves into the multifaceted relationship between business management and computer science, exploring integration strategies, challenges, and the resultant implications. The objective of this research is to comprehensively analyze the integration of business management and computer science, shedding light on effective strategies, potential challenges, and the overall impact on organizational performance and innovation. This study adopts a library research approach, encompassing a thorough review of existing literature, scholarly articles, case studies, and industry reports. Information is gathered from reputable databases such as PubMed, IEEE Xplore, ACM Digital Library, and Google Scholar. The collected data are analyzed qualitatively to identify patterns, trends, and insights into the integration of business management and computer science. The findings of this research highlight various integration strategies employed by organizations to leverage computer science and technology for enhancing business management practices. These strategies encompass the adoption of data analytics, artificial intelligence, machine learning, blockchain, and other emerging technologies to streamline operations, optimize decision-making processes, and gain competitive advantage. Moreover, the study identifies challenges associated with integration, including data security concerns, skills gap, resistance to change, and ethical implications. Despite these challenges, successful integration initiatives have demonstrated significant improvements in organizational efficiency, innovation capability, and market positioning

Efforts to improve the quality of learning in schools are a form of challenge that educators must have experienced. One of the main factors that has quite an influence on the quality of learning is the strategy in carrying out classroom management which is still felt to be ineffective. This research aims to identify the difficulties of teaching staff or teachers in classroom management at MIS SEROJA DUA SEI ROTAN. The research method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative research approach. The problem of difficulties in managing classroom management will be an area of ​​our work to be able to dig up information regarding problem analysis and also provide appropriate solutions to the root of the problem. The research results show that implementing effective classroom management strategies helps provide a positive impact on learning. This research offers important implications for teachers, school principals, and educational policy makers. Teachers need to receive training and assistance in implementing effective classroom management strategies.  

This research is motivated by the problem of competence of Early Childhood Teachers in Mojoagung District which is not yet in accordance with the competency demands mandated by Minister of Education and Culture Regulation No. 137 of 2014 concerning PAUD Standards. They need training to improve the competency of preschool teachers so they are able to provide learning for early childhood in accordance with the latest PAUD National Curriculum currently in effect. This research aims to find a training model that can improve the competence of PAUD educators. To achieve the aim of this research is to develop a competency training model with an experiential learning approach so that after being trained, the competency of PAUD educators can increase in accordance with the mandate of Minister of Education and Culture Regulation No. 137 of 2014 concerning PAUD Standards. This research uses a qualitative approach. Data collection techniques use questionnaires, interviews, observation and documentation studies. The data analysis technique uses a qualitative approach. The research results show that: The results of data analysis show that there are four themes that are the main focus in Experiential Learning-based training. These aspects of involvement are: 1) The teacher's understanding of the competence of Early Childhood Teachers after participating in Experiential Learning-based training, 2) Plans for implementing Experiential Learning into learning, 3) Special aspects in Experiential Learning training that help understand the needs and characteristics of Aud 4) Readiness to create a learning environment based on Experiential Learning in Early Childhood Classes. The implications of the research results are discussed further in the article.                    

This study examines the strategies and implications of online learning for children with intellectual disabilities during the COVID-19 pandemic. Children with special needs, including those with intellectual disabilities, require education tailored to their unique needs. This research uses a literature review method, prioritizing research articles published in the last 5 years to gather relevant data on distance learning and effective strategies for children with intellectual disabilities. The COVID-19 pandemic has forced a shift from face-to-face to online learning, posing significant challenges for children with intellectual disabilities who have difficulty with logical thinking and require direct interaction to understand material. Online learning offers advantages such as time flexibility and the use of technology, but also has drawbacks such as a lack of direct interaction, resulting in a limited understanding of the material. Parents play a crucial role in supporting children during online learning, but they face challenges such as limited knowledge and motivation from the child. This study found that parents often struggle to explain material to their children and maintain their learning motivation. To overcome these obstacles, recommended strategies include the use of simple language, repetitive explanations, and real-life examples. Online learning also brings children and parents closer, allowing parents to better understand their child's nature and create a closer relationship. In conclusion, support from family and teachers is essential to enhancing the effectiveness of online learning for children with intellectual disabilities, and adapting appropriate strategies can help overcome various challenges encountered during the online learning process during the pandemic.

This research aims to analyze the relationship between the learning process to write proposals and the results of students' proposal writing abilities. This research uses quantitative methods with a correlational approach. Data was collected through observation, questionnaires and document analysis from a sample of students taking the proposal writing course. The research results show that there is a significant relationship between the quality of the proposal writing learning process and students' proposal writing abilities. Factors such as teaching methods, teaching materials, and the level of student involvement in the learning process contribute positively to improving proposal writing skills. The implications of this research indicate that improving the quality of the learning process can improve the results of students' proposal writing abilities, which in turn can support their academic and professional success.  

Factors causing low reading knowledge among students at SD Yayasan Duta Harapan Bukit Sion Medan include the social, economic and educational conditions of the school environment. Factors such as limited access to various reading materials, lack of family support for reading habits, and uninteresting learning methods may be the main causes. In addition, students' intrinsic factors such as lack of interest in reading and undeveloped reading skills also need to be considered. This research is important in identifying the problems and developing appropriate strategies to improve reading skills in the school. This study aims to analyze the factors that cause low reading knowledge at SD Yayasan Duta Harapan Bukit Sion. This method uses a qualitative approach, where data is collected through interviews with teachers and students. The results showed that some of the factors causing students' low reading skills are laziness, physical or psychological disorders, lack of interest and the use of technology. Teachers play an important role in preparing interesting lesson plans, providing special support and using technology. Literacy in schools helps improve students' interest and reading skills through habituation, development and gradual learning. The implications of the findings highlight the need for collaborative efforts between schools and parents to improve reading skills in schools.

National education based on Pancasila and the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia functions to develop the abilities and forms of character and civilization of a dignified nation in order to make the nation's life more intelligent. The aim of the researcher to be achieved is to find out the implementation of the thematic model of integrated learning at SMP N 3 OMBARADE WEWEWA TENGAH southwest Sumba district, the methods used in the research, research results, conclusions, suggestions and implications of the research.   

Proficiency in English is vital for participation in the global knowledge economy, providing access to information, education, and technological advancements. Recognizing this, SMP Darul Ulum 1 Peterongan Jombang collaborated with Unipdu Jombang to organize an English training program for its teachers and staff. This program aimed to enhance participants' English competency to deliver effective instruction and foster a conducive learning environment. The month-long program employed interactive methodologies covering grammar, vocabulary, phonetics, teaching methodology, and technology integration. Results show significant improvement in participants' English skills, with implications for teaching effectiveness and student outcomes. The success of this program elevates the school's reputation and competitiveness in providing quality education. Ongoing professional development and a supportive English environment are recommended for sustained improvement.