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Problem solving in permutation and combination requires the ability to understand context, choose strategies, and perform calculation procedures accurately. Based on the analysis of students' answers, it was found that difficulties arose consistently at each stage of problem solving according to Polya, namely the problem understanding stage, the planning stage, the plan implementation stage, and the rechecking stage. In general, students' weaknesses are not only related to their understanding of permutation and combination concepts, but also to their inability to apply problem-solving steps systematically. The results of the study indicate the need for a learning approach that not only focuses on mastering formulas, but also strengthens problem literacy, the ability to identify relevant information, and the selection of solution strategies appropriate to the characteristics of the problem. In addition, the habit of reflection through reviewing the process and results of the solution needs to be developed consistently so that students are able to recognize mistakes and improve their accuracy in solving permutation and combination word problems in a more accurate, logical, and structured manner.

The evaluation of Indonesian language instruction at the junior secondary level remains predominantly oriented toward lower-order thinking skills, thereby constraining the advancement of students’Higher Order Thinking Skills (HOTS). This situation necessitates the development of comprehensive assessment tools that are coherently aligned with the Merdeka Curriculum. The present study introduces a model for constructing HOTS-oriented assessment instruments targeting procedural text writing in Phase D. The development process was systematically organized through several stages: translating learning outcomes into measurable indicators, preparing assessment blueprints, creating item cards, formulating scoring rubrics for attitudes, knowledge, and skills, and finally analyzing and interpreting the assessment data. These instruments were specifically designed to capture students’ analytical, evaluative, and creative abilities in producing procedural texts that are logical, coherent, and effective. Findings demonstrate that the instruments provide an objective and holistic representation of students’ competency attainment. In summary, the proposed HOTS-based assessment model for procedural text writing is practical, methodical, and contextually relevant, serving as a valuable framework for evaluating Indonesian language learning in accordance with the Merdeka Curriculum principles.

This study aims to analyze the strategic role of the Information and Documentation Management Officer (PPID) of the General Elections Commission (KPU) of Palangka Raya City in supporting the strengthening of democracy and public participation at the local level. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical design through documentary studies on regulations, internal policies of KPU, PPID service reports, and public information request data, enriched with observations of the information service mechanisms both offline and online. The results show that, normatively and structurally, the PPID of Palangka Raya City KPU has carried out its functions in accordance with the provisions of Law No. 14 of 2008 and KPU Regulation No. 22 of 2023. The information service procedures, response time limits, and the use of the E-PPID system reflect the institutional commitment to the principle of transparency. However, the level of utilization of public information services is still relatively low and dominated by the academic community, particularly students. Additionally, there have been no recorded requests for information from disabled groups, despite the provision of disability-friendly facilities. These findings indicate a gap between administrative information openness and substantive public participation. This study concludes that strengthening the role of PPID in the future should be directed toward public communication strategies, political education, and inclusive approaches so that information openness does not stop at regulatory compliance but can make a tangible contribution to the consolidation of a participatory and just local democracy.

Business legality is an urgent need for MSMEs, particularly in the food sector, which faces strict regulations and high risks to food safety. However, many MSMEs still lack a Business Identification Number (NIB) or Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) protection due to low digital literacy and a lack of understanding of licensing procedures. This situation emphasizes the urgency of mentoring so that MSMEs can operate legally and be legally protected. This Community Service Program (PKM) aims to assist the Golden Kriuq MSME in obtaining an NIB and increase business owners' understanding of the importance of IPR, branding, and digital marketing. The implementation method uses a qualitative approach through observation, interviews, education, documentation, and direct mentoring. Activities carried out include NIB registration through the OSS Indonesia application, logo, banner, and menu design, business Instagram account creation, location determination on Google Maps, and education on the stages of brand registration through the DJKI system. The results show that Golden Kriuq successfully obtained an NIB, has a more consistent visual identity, and has a more professional digital presence. The program's impact is evident in increased awareness of legality, digital administration readiness, and businesses' ability to compete more professionally and sustainably.

This study was conducted to address contamination risks in Refill Drinking Water Depot (DAMIU) operations when sanitation, equipment maintenance, and quality control are not consistently implemented. This emphasizes the critical importance of systematic risk monitoring and review processes to ensure water quality and safety. The research aims to analyze the implementation of risk monitoring procedures, identify operational risks at each processing stage, and evaluate the effectiveness of risk mitigation strategies at Depot Isi Ulang Air Galon Barokah. A descriptive qualitative approach was employed, utilizing data collection techniques including in-depth interviews, direct field observations, and documentation analysis. The findings reveal that monitoring and risk review processes are conducted routinely, encompassing raw water quality checks, equipment sanitation protocols, and customer gallon container inspections. No significant risks were identified during the study period, as potential hazards such as microbiological contamination and equipment malfunction were effectively prevented through timely filter replacement and daily equipment cleaning procedures. Overall, the depot's risk management system operates effectively and consistently maintains water quality standards, ensuring product safety for consumers.

Employment agreements are essential legal instruments that regulate the rights and obligations of workers and employers in industrial relations, aiming to ensure legal certainty and balance. In practice, however, the implementation of employment contracts often faces challenges such as differing interpretations, unequal bargaining positions, and inconsistent application of labor regulations. These issues require an effective and constructive dispute resolution mechanism that can address contractual problems while preserving employment relationships. In the Indonesian labor law system, mediation is recognized as a key non-litigation mechanism facilitated by government-appointed mediators to help parties reach mutually acceptable solutions. This study examines the mediation mechanism for resolving employment agreement disputes in Indonesia and analyzes its role as an alternative to court proceedings that emphasizes deliberation, efficiency, and cooperation. Using a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, the study analyzes relevant labor laws, mediation regulations, and legal doctrines through a comprehensive literature review. The findings show that mediation is conducted through structured stages, including dispute registration with labor authorities, mediator appointment, facilitated negotiations, and the formulation of agreements or written recommendations. Mediation effectively promotes consensual solutions, reduces procedural complexity, and encourages cooperative communication. It also supports the preservation of harmonious and sustainable employment relationships by prioritizing consensus over adversarial processes. Strengthening mediator competence and improving legal awareness among workers and employers are therefore crucial to optimizing the effectiveness of mediation in resolving employment agreement disputes in Indonesia.

The Attorney General's Office plays a strategic role as a neutral facilitator that initiates, leads, and oversees the peace process, from peace offers and mediation to the issuance of a suspension of prosecution based on Attorney General Regulation No. 15 of 2020, while still considering the best interests of children, the restoration of social relations, and the legal benefits for all parties. This approach is considered effective in minimizing the traumatic impact of formal judicial proceedings on children while encouraging the social reintegration of perpetrators. However, the implementation of restorative justice still faces internal obstacles, such as limited operational regulations, the understanding and capacity of law enforcement officials, and suboptimal infrastructure. On the other hand, external obstacles arise from low public awareness of the law, a tendency to demand severe punishment, and a culture that emphasizes pride, which hinders the acceptance of peaceful resolutions. This study emphasizes the importance of strengthening regulations, improving the competence of officials, optimizing the function of Restorative Justice Houses, and intensifying public awareness so that the application of restorative justice in cases of child abuse is not only a procedural alternative but truly functions as a fair and sustainable recovery mechanism.

Public service and population administration are essential aspects of improving the quality of life in communities. In Canggu Village, there are still challenges regarding access to and understanding of these services, which can hinder active participation in development. The aim of this research is to provide assistance in public service and population administration, as well as to enhance the awareness and knowledge of the people of Canggu Village about their rights and responsibilities. The main issue identified is the low understanding of the community regarding the procedures for population administration and the difficulties in accessing available public services. The methodology used in this study is a participatory approach through socialization activities, training, and direct assistance. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and questionnaires before and after the assistance activities. The results of this initiative indicate an increase in the community's understanding of population administration and access to public services. Most participants felt more confident in managing the necessary administrative tasks. Additionally, there was an increase in community participation in village government programs

This study aims to examine the quality of public services at the Population and Civil Registration Office (Disdukcapil) of Pohuwato Regency using the SERVQUAL model, which comprises five dimensions: Tangibles, Reliability, Responsiveness, Assurance, and Empathy. This research was conducted in response to persistent public complaints regarding slow service processes, long queues, limited facilities and infrastructure, network disruptions, as well as insufficient information and uncertainty concerning service completion time. The study employed a descriptive qualitative approach through observation, interviews with Disdukcapil employees and community members, and documentation. The findings indicate that the quality of public services has not yet been optimal. The Tangibles dimension remains weak due to inadequate service facilities. Reliability has not been fully achieved as a result of delays in document issuance and system disruptions. Responsiveness among service officers is inconsistent in addressing public complaints. In terms of Assurance, officers demonstrate adequate professionalism; however, transparency in procedures and service timelines remains inconsistent. Meanwhile, in the Empathy dimension, attention to the community particularly vulnerable groups still needs improvement. Overall, the public services provided by Disdukcapil Pohuwato have not fully met community expectations and require improvements in facilities, staff competence, and the effectiveness of service systems.

Social loans are an important tool for developing local economies, especially in remote areas such as rural areas. The Indonesian Village City Savings and Loan Cooperative (KSU) is one of the business entities that provides loan capital to its members. The purpose of this study is to determine the mechanism of social loan agreements in the Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU) of the Indonesian Village City and to determine the perspective of Islamic Economic Law on loan agreements in the Multipurpose Cooperative (KSU) of the Indonesian Village City. This research method uses a descriptive research type with a qualitative approach. Data collection was carried out through observation and interviews with the Management and members of the Savings and Loan Cooperative (KSU) of the Indonesian City Village. The results of the study show that first, the loan application procedure involves several steps such as becoming a member, filling out forms, completing documents and the approval stage. The maximum loan provision is 80% of the savings balance with a loan tenor of 12 months and 18 months. The payment system is made in installments through salary deductions and is subject to a 5% interest. For borrowing members who are late, there are no sanctions or fines but there is a time dispensation. Second, the loan application and management mechanism at the Multipurpose Cooperative has met sharia principles through transparent and structured governance, such as deductions from salary installments and a guarantee policy provided in the form of the amount of member savings balances. However, social loans at the Multipurpose Cooperative contain an element of benefit (profit) of 5%, which according to some scholars can be classified as usury because of the addition of value to the principal loan, even though the benefit is returned to members through the Business Result Remainder (SHU).

Measurement is a fundamental domain of mathematics that connects formal mathematical concepts with everyday experiences. Despite its practical relevance, students often experience persistent difficulties in understanding measurement conceptually, tending to approach it as a procedural activity rather than as a process of reasoning about quantities, units, and comparisons. These challenges indicate that learning measurement is influenced not only by individual cognitive factors but also by the social dynamics that shape classroom learning environments. This study aims to examine classroom social dynamics in learning measurement by providing empirical evidence from contextual learning situations. This study employed a qualitative research approach to explore how social interaction, scaffolding, and participation mediate students’ understanding of measurement in contextual learning environments. Data were collected through classroom observations, video recordings of learning activities, analysis of students’ written work, and interviews with selected students and the teacher. Contextual measurement tasks were designed to encourage collaboration, dialogue, and justification, enabling the examination of student–student and teacher–student interactions as they naturally occurred in the classroom. Data analysis was conducted iteratively to identify patterns of interaction, forms of scaffolding, and students’ learning progression within the Zone of Proximal Development. The findings reveal that students initially engaged with measurement tasks in a predominantly procedural manner, with limited conceptual understanding and minimal peer interaction. After the implementation of contextual learning situations, classroom social dynamics changed substantially. Students became more actively involved in discussion, collaborative problem-solving, and collective meaning-making. Peer interaction supported the articulation and refinement of students’ reasoning, while teacher scaffolding guided learning by extending students’ thinking without providing direct solutions. These social processes facilitated students’ movement from their actual level of understanding toward higher levels of conceptual competence within the Zone of Proximal Development. The study further shows that contextual learning tasks alone are insufficient to promote meaningful understanding unless they are supported by productive social interaction and adaptive scaffolding. Conceptual understanding of measurement emerged through socially mediated processes rather than through task completion alone. This study contributes to mathematics education research by emphasizing the central role of classroom social dynamics in contextual learning and by offering insights into how interaction and scaffolding can be orchestrated to support students’ conceptual understanding of measurement.

This study aims to explain the application of various differentiated learning techniques based on Problem-Based Learning (PBL) to improve analytical and writing skills related to procedural texts among junior high school students. This research is based on students' lack of ability to understand and compose procedural texts methodically and in accordance with language conventions, which is caused by the prevalence of conventional teacher-centered learning. This study used a descriptive qualitative methodology involving seventh-grade students from a junior high school that has adopted the PBL model in Indonesian language subjects. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation, then analyzed qualitatively. The results showed that the application of PBL along with differentiated learning and TPACK increased student engagement, accommodated diverse learning styles, and fostered critical thinking, analytical abilities, and collaborative skills. Learning became more meaningful and relevant, enabling students to compose procedural texts more effectively. This study recommends the application of the PBL model with differentiation as an innovative strategy to improve the quality of Indonesian language education in junior high schools.

Among the afterlife in Islamic belief is the grave, where at the beginning of this period it is believed that the soul will be questioned by the angels Munkar and Nakir about his faith and deeds in the world. The purpose of this writing is focused on elaborating on Islamic eschatology in the story of Umar bin Khattab about post-death procedures. Literature research to find out a more in-depth discussion on the topic of post-death procedures by collecting, analyzing, and synthesizing information from books, journals, articles, and other relevant documents, was analyzed content. Findings: The story of Umar bin Khattab with the Angels Munkar and Nakir shows his concern for the welfare of the people. This reflects responsible leadership and is oriented towards the long-term good for all Muslims. Although this particular narrative is not widely documented in classical Islamic texts, it reflects a broader theme in Islamic teachings about the mercy and compassion of Allah and the angels. This story also highlights the exemplary character of Umar and his concern for the welfare of others, even in the afterlife. Conclusion: This story is about a leader who always thinks about the welfare of the people, including those who will face questions in the grave. Novelty: This finding highlights visionary leadership based on the essence of Islam that fosters true happiness in this world and the hereafter, considering the challenges of modern leadership oriented toward the afterlife.

Zakat Fitrah is one of the obligations in Islam aimed at purifying the soul and strengthening social solidarity among Muslims. This study aims to analyze the level of public awareness in paying Zakat Fitrah in RT 05, Ngolorog Hamlet, Mojopuro Village, Jatiroto Subdistrict, Wonogiri Regency. The method used includes in-depth interviews with community leaders and field observations. The results show that residents have a high level of awareness regarding the obligation of Zakat Fitrah, yet there are still obstacles such as a lack of understanding of the procedures for payment and distribution. Factors such as education, income, and socialization by religious leaders play a significant role in enhancing awareness. The conclusion of this study recommends improving educational programs and zakat campaigns by the village government and religious institutions to encourage better compliance, thereby contributing to social welfare in the area. This research is expected to serve as a reference for developing zakat programs in rural regions.

The high level of job dissatisfaction reported by 41% of workers in Indonesia poses a serious challenge for companies, as it can potentially increase turnover and decrease productivity. This phenomenon underscores the importance for PT Nanda Putra, as a company operating in a competitive industry, to identify factors that enhance job satisfaction. This research aims to analyze the influence of organizational justice, work environment, and rewards on job satisfaction. This study utilized a quantitative approach with a causal-associative design and included 80 respondents chosen through simple random sampling. Primary data were gathered through a Likert-scale questionnaire and analysed using multiple linear regression with the aid of SPSS software. The results of the analysis show that organizational justice, work environment, and rewards collectively exert a significant positive effect on job satisfaction (p < 0.05). Based on these findings, it is recommended that the company strengthen procedural and informational justice, improve the safety and comfort of the work environment, and implement a fair and meaningful reward system as strategic measures to enhance job satisfaction.

Lower back pain is one of the most common discomforts experienced by third-trimester pregnant women due to increased uterine size, postural changes, and musculoskeletal strain. Complementary therapies such as effleurage massage offer a non-pharmacological, safe, and easily applicable technique to reduce pregnancy-related pain. This study aimed to examine the effect of effleurage massage on reducing lower back pain among third-trimester pregnant women at TPMB Lina Contesa. This research employed a quasi-experimental one-group pretest–posttest design. The study was conducted from October to November 2025 involving 32 third-trimester pregnant women selected through purposive sampling. Pain intensity was measured before and after the intervention using the Visual Analog Scale (VAS). Effleurage massage was administered for 15–20 minutes on the lower back region following standard midwifery procedures. Data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon test. The findings showed a significant reduction in lower back pain intensity after the intervention (p < 0.001). The proportion of respondents in the moderate-pain category decreased from 65.6% to 21.9%, while those in the mild-pain category increased from 34.4% to 78.1%. The mean VAS score dropped from 5.81 ± 1.12 before intervention to 2.47 ± 1.03 after effleurage massage. Effleurage massage is effective in reducing lower back pain among third-trimester pregnant women and can be recommended as a complementary therapy in midwifery care to improve maternal comfort.

This study examines the critical role of expert opinions from the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (ESDM) during the investigation phase in uncovering gold mining without permit (PETI) crimes under Article 120 of the Indonesian Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP) in West Kalimantan. The research employs a normative-empirical approach, analyzing legal provisions, government reports, and judicial practices to assess how ESDM experts contribute to establishing the material truth of PETI cases. Findings reveal that expert opinions are indispensable for verifying the absence of permits, assessing environmental damage, and quantifying state losses, thereby strengthening evidentiary frameworks for prosecutors and judges. However, challenges persist, including coordination gaps between law enforcement and ESDM, insufficient technical capacity among investigators, and potential threats to expert independence. The study concludes that optimizing the use of ESDM expertise is not merely procedural but strategic for effective, accountable, and just enforcement against PETI, which remains a significant threat to national resource sovereignty and environmental sustainability.

This study aims to test the effectiveness of the implementation of a simplified Mini-QHSE (Quality, Health, Safety, Environment) system in improving working conditions at the Syams Handicraft woven craft MSME in Pati Regency, Central Java. The study used a quantitative method with a one-group pretest–posttest design involving 47 workers as respondents. Data collection was conducted through questionnaires and observations before and after the twelve-week intervention. The results showed that the implementation of the Mini-QHSE system was able to significantly reduce the level of occupational safety and health risks and significantly improve worker welfare. Further analysis revealed that the Mini-QHSE system made a significant contribution to variations in OHS risks and worker welfare. The dimension of safe work procedures proved to be the most influential factor in reducing work risks, while the training aspect was the main factor in improving worker welfare. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the Mini-QHSE system designed according to the capacity and characteristics of MSMEs is effective in creating a safer and more prosperous work environment. This model has the potential to be applied to similar MSMEs with contextual adjustments as a practical solution in managing quality, safety, and occupational health in the micro-business sector.

In the face of global economic uncertainty and property market fluctuations, companies in the property and real estate sector are required to maintain profitability. This sector contributes significantly to the national GDP, but it has also faced pressure due to declining demand and instability in the growth of the real estate sector's GDP from 2021 to 2024. Profitability is a key indicator of a company's sustainability, influenced by various internal factors such as liquidity, firm size, and gender diversity in leadership. The target population of this inquiry encompasses property and real estate enterprises enumerated on the Indonesia Stock Exchange throughout the 2021–2024 interval. Through the application of purposive sampling, a total of 52 data observations were delineated as the empirical sample. The dataset was subjected to scrutiny employing multiple linear regression procedures facilitated by SPSS software version 26. The empirical outcomes substantiate that liquidity, firm size, and gender diversity simultaneously influence profitability. Partially, liquidity has a positive and significant effect on profitability, while gender diversity has a negative and significant effect. In contrast, firm size does not have a significant influence on the profitability of property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange during the 2021–2024 period.

This study aims to analyze the goods purchasing accounting system at PT Central Sandang Jayatama. A qualitative approach was employed, with data collected through interviews, observations, and documentation. Data analysis included descriptive analysis of the purchasing accounting system and comparison between the company’s implementation and the elements of a purchasing accounting system, including related functions, procedures, documents, and accounting records. Conclusions and recommendations were drawn based on the analysis. The results indicate that the purchasing accounting system related to auxiliary materials availability supports smooth production processes and provides a significant contribution to management in managing auxiliary materials. However, several elements were not fully aligned with the principles of purchasing accounting systems, as reflected in an unclear organizational structure and overlapping duties between the purchasing and receiving functions. Therefore, it is recommended to strengthen the internal control system in auxiliary material purchasing and redesign the organizational structure to separate purchasing and receiving functions. Improvements in this system are expected to enhance product quality, production efficiency, and company profitability. This study contributes