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This study aims to formulate an integrated Islamic Religious Education (PAI) learning strategy that synthesizes the acculturation of Islam Nusantara and ecological ethics as a response to the fragmented character of conventional PAI learning which has not yet optimally integrated local cultural values and ecological awareness. This research employs a qualitative library research method with a systematic literature review approach, analyzing 28 primary sources selected from 67 identified literature published between 2019 and 2025. Data were analyzed using Braun and Clarke's thematic analysis through six stages: familiarization, initial coding, theme searching, theme reviewing, theme defining, and report writing. The findings reveal that Islam Nusantara contains three relevant pedagogical principles cultural humility (tawadu' budaya), cosmological inclusivity, and peaceful transformation while Islamic teachings hold rich ecotheological dimensions through the concepts of ecological tauhid, khalifah fi al-ardh, amanah, and rahmatan lil 'alamin. Based on this synthesis, four integrated learning strategies are formulated: Contextual-Cultural Learning, Eco-Thematic Quranic Interpretation, Community-Based Ecological Projects, and Ecological Spiritual Reflection. This study proposes a new conceptual framework termed "PAI Nusantara-Ekologis," which positions students not merely as ritually devout individuals but as responsible stewards (khalifah) of the earth.

This research is motivated by the reality of human life that is inseparable from suffering and a crisis of hope, particularly within the context of faith experiences. Lamentations 3:1–24 was chosen as the object of study because it contains a profound expression of suffering that transforms into hope through an awareness of God's steadfast love. The purpose of this study is to theologically examine the meaning of hope amid suffering and to explore how this text provides spiritual strength for believers in the contemporary era. The research employs a qualitative method with a library research approach and theological-biblical hermeneutical analysis of the text of Lamentations 3:1–24. The novelty of this research lies in its integrative interpretation, which emphasizes existential honesty, faith reflection, and spiritual refinement as a path to forming spiritual character through suffering. The findings indicate that suffering is not the end but a divine means to direct believers toward true hope in God’s steadfast love. Thus, honest faith, prayer, and waiting become tangible expressions of a spirituality that endures and grows amid darkness.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Qirâat (variant Qur’anic readings) on the interpretation of legal verses in Adhwâ’ al-Bayân by Muhammad al-Amîn al-Syinqîthi. Employing a qualitative library research approach, this study examines how both mutawâtir and syâdz Qirâat contribute to the process of Islamic legal deduction (istinbâth). The findings reveal that Qirâat function not merely as linguistic variations but also have significant implications for expanding, reinforcing, and providing flexibility in legal meanings across various domains, including worship (ibadah), family law (munâkahât), transactions (mu‘âmalah), and jihad. Al-Syinqîthi integrates linguistic analysis, textual evidence, and the objectives of Islamic law (maqâṣid al-syarî‘ah) in a comprehensive manner, enabling him to accommodate different Qirâat without generating legal contradictions. Mutawâtir Qirâat serve as the primary foundation for legal rulings, while syâdz Qirâat function as complementary and supportive arguments. This study concludes that the diversity of Qirâat constitutes an integral component of Qur’anic exegesis and Islamic jurisprudence, contributing to the development of a flexible, contextual, and relevant Islamic legal framework.

This study aims to analyze e-commerce strategies in selecting applicable law and jurisdiction to avoid conflicts of jurisdiction in cross-border transactions. This study employs a normative legal method using legislative, conceptual, and comparative approaches to analyze the selection of applicable law and jurisdiction in cross-border e-commerce transactions. The data used consists of primary and secondary legal materials collected through a literature review. The analysis was conducted qualitatively using descriptive-analytical and legal interpretation methods, as well as deductive reasoning to formulate strategies for minimizing jurisdictional conflicts. The research findings indicate that the application of the principle of freedom of contract, combined with international instruments and digital technology, can serve as an effective strategy for e-commerce actors to minimize jurisdictional conflicts and litigation risks. This strategy not only provides legal protection, particularly for SMEs, but also enhances the trust of global partners and competitiveness in the international market through the use of clear contract clauses, hybrid forums, and technological support such as blockchain and ODR.

The right to privacy and the right to health are fundamental human rights that are closely interconnected. The protection of privacy for patients with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) constitutes a critical issue, given that HIV status is classified as highly sensitive health data and is particularly vulnerable to stigma and discrimination. In Indonesia, the legal framework governing the protection of HIV patients’ health data has been normatively strengthened through the Personal Data Protection Law and the Health Law; however, its implementation continues to face various challenges. This article aims to analyze the right to privacy of HIV patients and the obligations of the state in protecting sensitive health data, as well as to examine the limitations and exceptions to the disclosure of HIV-related data within the framework of law and human rights. This study employs a normative legal research method using statutory, conceptual, and human rights-based approaches. Legal materials are analyzed qualitatively through juridical interpretation and prescriptive analysis. The findings indicate that HIV status is legally categorized as sensitive personal data that is entitled to a high level of legal protection. The state bears tripartite obligations to respect, protect, and fulfill the privacy rights of HIV patients. Nevertheless, a gap persists between legal norms and their implementation, particularly in the management of electronic medical records. The protection of HIV patients’ privacy rights requires strengthened legal implementation, regulatory harmonization, and the adoption of a human rights-based approach to ensure that data protection does not conflict with public health interests.

The death of a Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) student allegedly linked to police action raises significant legal issues concerning the limits of the use of force and the construction of criminal liability. This study aims to reformulate the elements of assault resulting in death by integrating the objective element (actus reus) and the subjective element (mens rea) within the framework of the doctrines of dolus and culpa. It also seeks to develop a model of criminal liability analysis that is more transparent, accountable, and oriented toward the protection of a child’s right to life. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by a literature review of legislation, court decisions, and criminal law scholarship. Data are analyzed qualitatively through grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation. The findings indicate that proving the act and the resulting death alone is insufficient without clearly establishing the form of fault. The distinction between dolus eventualis and culpa lata constitutes a decisive factor in determining the classification of the offense and the degree of criminal liability. Ambiguity in identifying the spectrum of fault may lead to sentencing disparities and weaken the principle of geen straf zonder schuld (no punishment without fault). Therefore, this study proposes a reconstruction of the elements of the offense that places proof of mens rea at the center of assessing police accountability while ensuring the protection of the child’s right to life.

This research is grounded in the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the National Criminal Code, which raises normative questions regarding the legal status of gratification within Indonesia’s anti-corruption framework. The study aims to analyze the normative position of gratification following criminal law codification and to assess its implications for evidentiary mechanisms under the Anti-Corruption Law. Employing a normative legal research method, this study applies statutory and conceptual approaches through comprehensive literature review of primary and secondary legal sources. The findings indicate that gratification remains regulated under the Anti-Corruption Law as lex specialis and is not nullified by the National Criminal Code. The reversal of the burden of proof mechanism continues to apply, although its interpretation must align with fundamental criminal law principles such as culpability and proportionality. The study concludes that systematic harmonization between both legal regimes is essential to ensure legal certainty and strengthen anti-corruption enforcement.

Disputes over unpaid insurance claims are a problem that frequently arises in insurance practice and can harm consumers both financially and psychologically, while also reducing public trust in the insurance industry. Such disputes are generally triggered by differing interpretations of policy provisions, alleged breaches of the good-faith principle, and administrative obstacles, which ultimately lead to civil conflicts between the insured and the insurer. To provide access to dispute resolution that is faster, fairer, and more affordable than litigation, the Financial Services Authority (Otoritas Jasa Keuangan/OJK) established the Alternative Dispute Resolution Institution for the Financial Services Sector (Lembaga Alternatif Penyelesaian Sengketa Sektor Jasa Keuangan/LAPS SJK) through OJK Regulation No. 61/POJK.07/2020. This study aims to analyze the mechanism for resolving disputes over unpaid insurance claims through LAPS SJK and to assess its effectiveness in providing legal protection and legal certainty for consumers. The research method employed is normative legal research using a statutory approach and a conceptual approach, through an examination of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials related to contracts, insurance, consumer protection, and alternative dispute resolution. The findings show that LAPS SJK has the authority to handle civil disputes in the financial services sector, including insurance disputes, provided that the parties have a written agreement and have first pursued internal dispute resolution (Internal Dispute Resolution/IDR). Dispute resolution at LAPS SJK is conducted through mediation and arbitration. Mediation is facilitated by a mediator to encourage the parties to reach a settlement agreement, which may be reinforced into a Deed of Settlement (Akta Perdamaian) that is final, binding, and enforceable. If mediation fails, arbitration offers a more determinative resolution through a final and binding award that can be enforced after being registered with the District Court. Overall, LAPS SJK is considered effective because its procedures are structured, time-bound, and provide a fee waiver for mediation in retail and small-claim cases up to IDR 750,000,000. However, its effectiveness remains conditional, as it depends on the existence of a written agreement between the parties, the obligation to undergo IDR, and good faith in the mediation process.

The development of modern armed conflicts shows the increasing involvement of civilians in hostilities, which has given rise to the phenomenon of civilian combatants and created ambiguity in the classification of subjects in International Humanitarian Law. This study aims to analyze the legal status of civilians involved in armed conflicts and the limits of legal protection inherent to them. The research method used is normative juridical with a legislative and conceptual approach, through an analysis of international legal instruments and relevant doctrines. The results show that civilian combatants are not explicitly recognized in international humanitarian law, thus creating uncertainty in determining their legal status. Furthermore, protection for civilians is conditional and can be temporarily lost when individuals engage in direct participation in hostilities, with limits determined by the principles of distinction and proportionality. These findings confirm that the limits of legal protection are dynamic and depend on individual actions in conflict. The implications of this study indicate the need for strengthened legal interpretation and more consistent implementation to ensure legal certainty and protection for civilians in modern armed conflicts.

Environmental damage caused by human activities has become an increasingly pressing global issue. Poetry as a literary work has the power to represent ecological problems symbolically and critically. This study aims to describe the representation of the impact of the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems, namely "Menengajah Ke Atas, Merenungi Ozone yang Tak terlihat" and "Membaca Tanda-Tanda." The analysis is based on Greg Garrard's ecocritical study. This study uses a qualitative method with content analysis techniques. There are two stages of analysis, namely the literal and symbolic meaning of the poems, then an ecocritical interpretation is carried out based on Garrard's categories which include pollution, wilderness, apocalypse, dwelling, animals, and earth. The results of the study indicate that both poems represent the impact of the environmental crisis through health problems due to pollution and radiation, damage to water and forest ecosystems, climate change, threats to human living space, and the decline in biodiversity. The research findings also show that the most dominant categories are pollution and apocalypse, which confirms that the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems is the result of human behavior that ignores nature. Thus, Taufiq Ismail's poems not only function as aesthetic works, but also as cultural criticism and moral warnings for humanity.

Environmental damage caused by human activities has become an increasingly pressing global issue. Poetry as a literary work has the power to represent ecological problems symbolically and critically. This study aims to describe the representation of the impact of the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems, namely "Menengajah Ke Atas, Merenungi Ozone yang Tak terlihat" and "Membaca Tanda-Tanda." The analysis is based on Greg Garrard's ecocritical study. This study uses a qualitative method with content analysis techniques. There are two stages of analysis, namely the literal and symbolic meaning of the poems, then an ecocritical interpretation is carried out based on Garrard's categories which include pollution, wilderness, apocalypse, dwelling, animals, and earth. The results of the study indicate that both poems represent the impact of the environmental crisis through health problems due to pollution and radiation, damage to water and forest ecosystems, climate change, threats to human living space, and the decline in biodiversity. The research findings also show that the most dominant categories are pollution and apocalypse, which confirms that the environmental crisis in Taufiq Ismail's poems is the result of human behavior that ignores nature. Thus, Taufiq Ismail's poems not only function as aesthetic works, but also as cultural criticism and moral warnings for humanity.

This research is driven by the significance of examining language meaning, particularly connotative meaning which is often used to convey implicit messages in literary works. Folktales, as one type of oral literature, often utilize character names that carry specific meanings, such as Malin Kundang from Minangkabau. The aim of this research is to uncover the connotative meaning of the character name “Malin Kundang”, as well as its relationship with the moral and cultural values of the society. The methodology involves qualitative research using semantic analysis and a descriptive approach. Data were collected from the Malin Kundang folktale text thru library study and documentation techniques. Next, the processes of identification, classification, and interpretation of meaning were done in order to examine the data. The research result show that denotatively, the name Malin Kundang only functions as the identity of the character, but connotatively, it functions as a symbol of a disobedient child who does not respect their parents. The meaning is formed from the plot of the story and reinforced by the Minangkabau cultural values that uphold respect for parents. The implications of this research indicate that the naming of characters in folklore is not only linguistic but also reflects the moral and cultural values inherited by society.

This study aims to analyze students’ mathematical reasoning abilities in quadratic function material through the use of Desmos. The research employed a qualitative descriptive approach using a case study and usability testing method. Data were collected through post-tests and interviews involving students’ responses in solving quadratic function problems. The analysis focused on several indicators of mathematical reasoning, including procedural skills, conceptual understanding, and analytical ability. The results show that students generally demonstrate adequate procedural reasoning, particularly in substitution and computation tasks. They are also able to relate algebraic representations to geometric interpretations, such as determining intercept points and analyzing the direction of parabolas. However, limitations were found in conceptual understanding, especially in identifying graph characteristics without relying on procedural steps. The use of Desmos significantly supports the development of students’ mathematical reasoning by providing real-time visualization, facilitating exploration of function parameters, and enabling verification of results. Overall, Desmos contributes to enhancing procedural, conceptual, and analytical dimensions of mathematical reasoning, although its effectiveness depends on proper instructional design.

West Sumatra is one of the Indonesian regions with high exposure to natural hazards, making fast, accurate, and accessible disaster information essential. This study aims to analyze the role of the Instagram account of the West Sumatra Regional Disaster Management Agency (BPBD) in disseminating disaster information, examining both institutional management practices and public interpretation of the messages. The study used a descriptive qualitative approach. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with ten external informants and six internal BPBD informants, supported by observation and documentation of Instagram-based disaster communication. The data were analyzed through reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. The findings show that Instagram functions as a channel for early warning, emergency updates, disaster education, documentation, and public interaction. Internal informants described content production through field documentation, editing, 5W+1H-based narration, verification, and coordination with related agencies. Public informants perceived BPBD information as clear, credible, and useful for daily preparedness, although they expected faster updates, simpler visuals, and more interactive content. The study implies that disaster communication through Instagram needs to strengthen verification procedures, real-time updates, human resources, and two-way engagement.

This study aims to analyze exegetically and socio-historically the text of Deuteronomy 21:10–14 concerning the treatment of female war captives in ancient Israel. This passage has often been debated as it is perceived to reflect a patriarchal system, thus requiring a comprehensive interpretation to understand its original intent. This research employs a qualitative approach based on library research, utilizing textual exegesis, historical-critical, and literary analysis of the Hebrew text, as well as an examination of the Ancient Near Eastern context. The findings reveal that the legal structure of the text is progressive and regulatory in nature, not legitimizing exploitation but rather restricting male behavior through specific procedures, including a mourning period and a process of social transition for the captive woman. The analysis of Hebrew terminology highlights symbolic meanings related to status transformation, purification, and recognition of the woman's humanity. In its socio-historical context, this law differs significantly from common practices in the Ancient Near East, which often exploited war captives, by imposing limitations on economic and social exploitation and providing a degree of protection. Theologically, the text reflects the function of the Mosaic law as a regulatory framework that introduces justice and humanity within a complex social reality. Therefore, Deuteronomy 21:10–14 is best understood as an ethical effort to limit inhumane practices rather than to endorse them.

This study is motivated by the fact that the regulation of securities investment and direct investment in Indonesia still faces legal harmonization issues between the provisions of Law No. 4 of 2023 concerning the Development and Strengthening of the Financial Sector particularly those governing the capital market and Government Regulation No. 63 of 2019 concerning Government Investment. This research aims to analyze the compatibility, substantial differences, and legal implications of the two regulations in the context of establishing an integrated and equitable investment legal system. This study applies a normative juridical approach with a descriptive analysis method. Data were collected using a literature study technique through a review of legislation, legal literature, and related policy documents. Furthermore, the data was analyzed using qualitative data analysis techniques with an emphasis on systematic interpretation and the principle of harmonization of laws and regulations. The results of this study indicate that there is still a lack of synchronization between the regulation of securities investment in the capital market and the mechanism of direct investment by the government, particularly in terms of authority, risk management, and legal accountability. The findings of this study imply the need for improvements to derivative regulations and implementation guidelines that are capable of integrating capital market legal principles with government investment policies in order to create legal certainty and effective management of national investments. Keywords: Legal Harmonization, Securities Investment, and Government Investment

This study is motivated by the suboptimal use of intelligence tests in guidance and counseling services in schools, despite their important role in understanding students’ cognitive abilities as a basis for providing appropriate services. This study aims to examine the utilization of intelligence tests in guidance and counseling services to support the optimization of students’ academic development. The method used is a literature review with a qualitative approach through the analysis of 25 relevant scientific articles published between 2022 and 2026, using content analysis techniques. The results indicate that intelligence tests play an important role in identifying cognitive abilities, supporting the planning of guidance and counseling services, assisting in academic decision-making, and guiding interventions for students’ learning difficulties. In addition, intelligence is also related to academic achievement, although it is influenced by other factors such as motivation and the learning environment. However, the findings also reveal a gap between the theoretical potential of intelligence test utilization and its implementation in practice, which still faces limitations, particularly in the integration of assessment results and the accuracy of interpretation. The implications of this study highlight the need to improve counselors’ competence in the use of psychological assessments and to optimize the systematic use of test results in order to support more effective guidance and counseling services in developing students’ academic potential.

This study examines the relationship between the concept of rahmah in the Qur’an and the concept of the Adversity Quotient as an indicator of spiritual and psychological resilience among Muslim individuals in facing life’s challenges. The significance of this research lies in its effort to integrate Islamic spiritual values with modern psychological theories in understanding human capacity to endure and manage life pressures. This study aims to explain the interpretations of Qur’anic exegetes regarding the concept of rahmah and to demonstrate its contribution to the formation of the Adversity Quotient in human character. The research employs a qualitative approach using library research and thematic analysis of relevant Qur’anic verses, combined with a descriptive-analytical method for data interpretation. The findings indicate that rahmah encompasses spiritual, psychological, and social dimensions that play a vital role in strengthening inner resilience, emotional balance, and a positive perspective toward life’s trials. The novelty of this study lies in linking rahmah as a manifestation of divine compassion with the enhancement of the Adversity Quotient within the framework of Islamic psychology. Practically, a deep understanding of rahmah can serve as a foundation for moral education, Islamic counseling, and spiritual development oriented toward resilience and human dignity.

This study examines the effects of word of mouth, peer influence, and promotion on exercise decisions at gymnasiums in Bandar Lampung City, with hedonic motivation as a mediating variable. Drawing on the Theory of Planned Behavior and consumer behavior perspectives, the research employed a quantitative causal-associative design. Data were collected through structured questionnaires from 100 active members of four gymnasiums and analyzed using Partial Least Squares - Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM) with SmartPLS . The results indicate that word of mouth, peer influence, and promotion have positive and significant effects on hedonic motivation and on exercise decisions. Hedonic motivation also exerts a positive and significant effect on exercise decisions, suggesting that pleasurable and emotionally rewarding fitness experiences reinforce consumers' intention to engage in regular gym- based exercise. Mediation analysis further reveals that hedonic motivation significantly channels the effects of peer influence and promotion on exercise decisions, while the indirect effect of word of mouth is also significant, although its negative coefficient warrants careful interpretation. These findings demonstrate that exercise decisions are shaped not only by utilitarian health considerations but also by social influence, promotional exposure, and affective consumption experiences. The study provides practical insights for gym managers in designing service and marketing strategies that strengthen customer engagement and sustained participation.

This study critically examines the transformation of the regulatory framework governing Fixed-Term Employment Agreements (Perjanjian Kerja Waktu Tertentu/PKWT) following the enactment of Indonesia’s Job Creation Law and its implications for workers’ legal protection. The research focuses on the paradigm shift from a worker-protection-oriented model toward labor market flexibility and its impact on employment security. Using a normative juridical approach, this study employs comparative legal analysis between the Manpower Act No. 13 of 2003 and the Job Creation Law No. 6 of 2023, along with its implementing regulation, Government Regulation No. 35 of 2021. The analysis is supported by systematic statutory interpretation, labor law doctrine, and Constitutional Court Decision No. 168/PUU-XXI/2023. The findings reveal a significant regulatory shift characterized by the extension of the maximum duration of fixed-term contracts, the removal of mandatory grace periods for contract renewal, and the substantial narrowing of grounds for automatic conversion of PKWT into permanent employment agreements (PKWTT). Although the Job Creation Law introduces new protective instruments, including end-of-contract compensation and expanded social security coverage, these measures are insufficient to offset the decline in job security and legal certainty for workers. Consequently, workers face an increased risk of prolonged employment precarity. This study underscores the urgency of rebalancing labor market flexibility with the constitutional rights of workers in Indonesia’s future labor law reform. Keywords: Job Creation Law; Fixed-Term Employment Agreement (PKWT); Legal Protection; Labor Market Flexibility; Precarious Work; Constitutional Court Decision.