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The development of fine motor skills in elementary school-aged children is crucial for academic achievement and daily activities. However, some children still experience delays in fine motor skills due to lack of stimulation, a lack of varied teaching methods, and the impact of technology use and learning after the pandemic. This study aims to improve fine motor skills in elementary school children through Educational Activities Using LEGO Bricks. The method used is a play-based learning approach integrated into thematic learning. The activities were conducted in several structured sessions, including an introduction, core activities, and reflection and evaluation. Participants were elementary school students who actively participated in LEGO assembly activities both individually and in groups. The results showed improvements in fine motor skills, evident in improvements in hand-eye coordination, accuracy, concentration, and manipulative abilities. Students also demonstrated great enthusiasm and progress in creativity when creating various types of works. The discussion indicates that playing with LEGO is beneficial for training small muscles in the hands through pinching, pressing, and arranging activities, as well as supporting cognitive development and a passion for learning. In other words, the LEGO Brick Educational Play Movement has proven to be an innovative and fun learning medium, as well as effective in developing the fine motor skills of elementary school students.

Nahwu (Arabic grammar) is a fundamental discipline in learning the Arabic language, helping to prevent errors in speech and serving as a primary key to clearly understanding Islamic legal texts. However, in practice, the teaching of Nahwu often faces complex challenges, particularly the lack of active participation among female students and their uneven mastery of the subject. Therefore, this study aims to explore the problems in teaching Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong and to identify the factors causing these issues. This study aims to: (1) reveal the problems faced by second-grade female students of KMI in learning Nahwu at Al-Madani Islamic Boarding School in Cikalong, and (2) identify the contributing factors influencing the emergence of these problems. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach. The researcher used three data collection techniques: classroom observation, in-depth interviews with the Nahwu teacher, and questionnaires distributed to the students. For data analysis, the researcher applied the Miles and Huberman model, which consists of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing. To ensure data validity, data triangulation techniques were used. The results of the study indicate that the problems are divided into two main aspects: (1) learning-related problems, including the gap between memorization of grammatical rules and their application (i‘rab), high levels of academic anxiety, and decreased classroom concentration; and (2) contributing factors, including methodological factors, linguistic-psychological factors, and classroom management factors. The researcher suggests that teachers adopt more interactive teaching methods and media, as well as innovative visual tools to reduce the abstract nature of Nahwu materials and enhance students’ functional understanding. Additionally, activating “Halaqah Nahwiyyah” (grammar study circles) in dormitories is recommended to overcome psychological barriers and improve students’ linguistic confidence.

Vegetables are food commodities widely consumed by the public due to their high nutritional content. Chili (Capsicum annuum L.), green beans (Phaseolus vulgaris L.), and Chinese cabbage (Brassica pekinensia L.) are among the vegetables that can be processed into various delicious dishes or consumed fresh as raw vegetables. To obtain healthy and high-quality vegetable crops, pesticides are commonly used to control pests that may damage the plants. One of the widely used pesticides is chlorpyrifos, which can leave residues that may pose both acute and chronic health risks. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze the levels of chlorpyrifos pesticide residues in vegetables. The residue levels were determined using a UV-Vis spectrophotometer at a wavelength of 230 nm with dichloromethane as the solvent, while qualitative analysis was performed using HPLC by comparing the retention times of standard solutions and vegetable samples. In this study, washing treatments were applied to the vegetables using dichloromethane, distilled water, well water, and tap water (PDAM) to evaluate the effect of washing on pesticide residue levels. The concentrations of pesticide residues in unwashed vegetables were chili (2.6680 ± 0.0214 mg/kg), green beans (2.4658 ± 0.0193 mg/kg), and Chinese cabbage (2.7950 ± 0.0379 mg/kg). The washing process was carried out three times for each solvent. After three washings using dichloromethane and distilled water, pesticide residues were no longer detected, whereas washing with tap water (PDAM) and well water still left residues, although at levels much lower than the Maximum Residue Limit (MRL). The health risk assessment showed that the aHQ and cHQ values were < 1, indicating that consumption within the recommended limits of these samples does not pose health risks, either in the short term or long term. This study provides important information that repeated washing is necessary to effectively reduce pesticide residue levels in vegetables before consumption.  

Indonesia, as a tropical country, is exposed to high levels of ultraviolet (UV) radiation, increasing the risk of skin damage. Sunscreen is widely used as a protective measure indicated by the Sun Protection Factor (SPF) value. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of active ingredient variations on SPF values and other influencing factors. A literature review with a descriptive-comparative approach was conducted using research articles published between 2021 and 2026 from Google Scholar, PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Elsevier. A total of seven eligible articles were analyzed. The results showed that the type of active ingredients, concentration, combination of ingredients, and dosage form significantly influence SPF values. Natural ingredients generally produce low to moderate SPF values, while combinations of active ingredients result in significantly higher SPF due to synergistic effects. Increasing the concentration of active ingredients also leads to higher SPF values. Additionally, dosage forms such as creams, serums, sunscreen powder and foundations affect sunscreen effectiveness through their film-forming ability on the skin. In conclusion, the combination of active ingredients and higher concentrations provides more optimal protection against UV radiation.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the memorization method of the Jurumiyah book in improving students’ understanding of the yellow book at Al-Istiqomah Islamic Boarding School, identify supporting and inhibiting factors, and examine its contribution to students’ learning abilities. This research employed a descriptive qualitative field study conducted at Al-Istiqomah Islamic Boarding School in Tanjungsari Village, Petanahan, Kebumen, from December 2025 to February 2026. The research subjects included caregivers, khadimul ma’had, ustadz or ustadzah, and students. Data were collected through interviews, observation, and documentation, then analyzed descriptively. The findings show that the memorization method of the Jurumiyah book is implemented through stages of preparation, memorization deposit, and evaluation. In the memorization process, students not only memorize the text but also understand its meaning and apply nahwu rules in reading the yellow book. Several supporting techniques, such as lalalaran, association, the cantol system, and tikrar, help strengthen students’ memorization. Supporting factors include motivation, discipline, teacher guidance, and a conducive environment, while inhibiting factors include differences in students’ abilities, lack of concentration, and limited learning time. Overall, the method contributes positively to improving students’ ability to read and understand the yellow book.  

Chili (Capsicum annuum L) ) is one of the most important horticultural commodities widely consumed in Indonesia and has high economic value. To maintain productivity and prevent pest attacks, farmers commonly apply chemical pesticides intensively. However, excessive and improper pesticide application can leave harmful residues on the surface and within the tissues of chili fruits. The accumulation of these residues not only poses health risks to consumers but also contributes to environmental pollution, particularly in wastewater generated from chili washing activities. This study aims to reduce pesticide residues of Cherizeb and Emacel in chili washing water using the photolysis methodassisted by a ZnO/zeolite catalyst. Zinc oxide (ZnO) acts as a photocatalyst activated by ultraviolet (UV) light to produce reactive hydroxyl radicals (•OH) capable of decomposing complex organic compounds into simpler compounds such as CO₂ and H₂O. Meanwhile, zeolite is used as a catalyst support due to its large surface area and high adsorption capacity, allowing adsorption and photocatalytic processes to occur simultaneously. The results showed that the photolysis method using the ZnO/zeolite catalyst significantly reduced pesticide residues, with optimum degradation efficiencies of 85.66% for Cherizeb using 0.8 g ZnO/zeolite under UV irradiation for 60 minutes, and 83.97% for Emacel using 0.8 g ZnO/zeolite under UV irradiation for 75 minutes. The samples were characterized using Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) to identify functional groups, indicating the disappearance of specific organic functional groups. Pesticide residues on chili samples were analyzed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry to determine concentrations before and after treatment. X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) analysis confirmed that the crystalline structure of the catalyst remained stable after the photolysis process. Based on these findings, the ZnO/zeolite catalyst is proven to be effective in reducing pesticide residues through photocatalytic degradation and has the potential to be applied as a safe, efficient, and environmentally friendly post-harvest technology to improve the quality of agricultural products.

Digital transformation has brought fundamental changes to the structure and dynamics of modern industrial economics. Technologies such as Artificial Intelligence (AI), the Internet of Things (IoT), and big data not only modify production and distribution processes but also revolutionize marketing strategies and patterns of industrial competition. This study is motivated by the need to understand how digital marketing transformation influences the development of competitive advantage through changes in digital market structure from an industrial economics perspective. In this context, digital marketing functions as a strategic instrument that integrates technology, data, and consumer behavior into market mechanisms. The analysis shows that digitalization creates a network-based market structure characterized by the concentration of economic power in major digital platforms and dominance in data control. This structure affects the intensity of competition, the direction of innovation, and patterns of industry differentiation. Digital marketing transformation enhances efficiency, expands market access, and lowers entry barriers for new players, yet it also creates competitive imbalances due to the dominance of large platforms.Through a digital Structure–Conduct–Performance (SCP) approach, the study finds that market structure acts as an intermediary variable that channels the impact of digitalization on competitive advantage. Digitalization significantly promotes industrial efficiency, innovation, and profitability. Proposed strategic solutions include strengthening digital literacy, developing adaptive regulations, and fostering cross-sector collaboration to create an inclusive, competitive, and sustainable digital industrial ecosystem

This study examines the use of YouTube Streaming in large-class Sunday School as a medium for children’s faith education at Gereja Kalimantan Evangelis (GKE) Nazaret Palangka Raya. The background of this research is the growing integration of digital media into church education, which brings both opportunities and challenges for children’s spiritual formation. The objective of this study is to describe the implementation of YouTube-based Sunday School and to analyze its benefits and challenges related to children’s participation, understanding of faith, and learning concentration. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation involving Sunday School teachers and parents. The findings indicate that YouTube Streaming helps maintain continuity of faith education and enhances children’s interest through audio-visual content. However, children’s participation tends to be passive, their understanding of faith often remains at a cognitive level, and their learning concentration is relatively limited. The study concludes that YouTube Streaming functions effectively as a supportive medium but cannot replace direct interaction and relational aspects essential in children’s faith education

Academic stress is one of the common problems students face due to various learning demands, such as piling up assignments, pressure to achieve, and difficulty managing study time. This study aims to describe the concept of handling academic stress in students at SMA Negeri 1 Panyabungan through Islamic guidance and counseling. The research uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques in the form of interviews with teachers involved in guidance and counseling services at the school. The results of the study show that academic stress in students is marked by decreased concentration in studying, frequent lateness, not completing assignments, and a lack of motivation to study. The dominant contributing factors are lack of rest, academic pressure, and suboptimal self-management skills. Handling this is done through giving Islamic advice, study motivation, religious coaching, as well as guidance from both guidance counselors and teachers. The handling is done through giving Islamic advice, study motivation, religious guidance, and support from school counselors and religious teachers. The Islamic guidance and counseling approach is considered able to help students gain peace, increase study motivation, and form more positive behaviors in facing academic demands.

Anemia in adolescents is a serious health issue that impacts students' concentration and productivity. This community service activity aims to conduct early detection of anemia through a comprehensive manual screening method at three high schools: SMA Sains Alumnika Palembang, SMA Candradimuka, and SMA Mandiri. The implementation method involved three main stages: identification of clinical signs and symptoms (5L), visual observation of the palpebral conjunctiva, and hemoglobin (Hb) level measurement using Point of Care Testing (POCT) devices. Held from April 1st to 8th, 2026, the activity involved the active participation of students and school authorities as an effort toward independent nutritional surveillance. The screening results showed a correlation between subjective symptoms, pale conjunctiva conditions, and Hb measurement results in the field. Changes in students' behavior regarding nutritional intake and the emergence of new awareness among school authorities about the importance of routine check-ups served as indicators of successful social transformation. In conclusion, integrated manual screening is highly effective as a preventive health measure for adolescents within educational environments.

Urban development has resulted in an increase in impermeable surfaces, increasing the risk of runoff inundating the road network. This situation occurs in the drainage system on Jl. Letjend S. Parman, Jl. Emo Kurniaatmaja, and Jl. Pulau Banda, Pasirkareumbi Village, Subang Regency. This study aims to evaluate the hydraulic performance of existing channels and develop redesign guidelines to reduce the risk of local flooding. The methods used include hydrological analysis of daily maximum rainfall data from the Subang rainfall station, rainfall frequency analysis using the Generalized Extreme Value (GEV) distribution, Intensity-Duration-Frequency (IDF) curves, and hydrological and hydraulic simulations using the Storm Water Management Model (SWMM). Model parameters include sub catchment area, rainfall intensity, time of concentration, infiltration using the Curve Number method, channel dimensions, cross-sectional shape, channel material, and the Manning coefficient. The results indicate that the GEV distribution provides a good fit for determining design rainfall. Based on the typology of a metropolitan city and a catchment area of ​​26.04 ha, the modeling period is 2 to 5 years. The SWMM simulation results indicate that some channel segments have very high flow velocities, potentially causing scour, while other segments have very low velocities, potentially causing sedimentation. This confirms the need for evaluation and restructuring of channel dimensions and slopes to improve the hydraulic performance of road drainage and reduce localized flooding.

The rapid growth of short-video-based social media platforms, particularly TikTok, has significantly influenced students learning behavior and productivity. This study aims to analyze the relationship between TikTok usage and students learning productivity. A qualitative literature review method was employed by examining relevant national and international scholarly articles published between 2021 and 2026. The data were analyzed using thematic synthesis to identify consistent patterns and key factors shaping learning productivity in the context of TikTok usage. The findings reveal a consistent pattern indicating that TikTok usage exerts an ambivalent impact on students learning productivity. Excessive and entertainment oriented use is associated with decreased concentration, increased academic procrastination, and poor time management. In contrast, purposeful use of TikTok through educational content and microlearning formats contributes to higher learning motivation, academic engagement, and creativity. These effects are strongly influenced by usage objectives, duration of consumption, and students self regulation abilities. This study concludes that TikTok is not a single determinant of learning productivity but functions as an amplifier of students learning behaviors. The findings contribute to the literature on social media and education by providing a conceptual foundation for developing digital literacy and time management strategies in higher education.

Pulmonary Tuberculosis (TB) is a contagious infectious disease caused by the bacterium Mycobacterium tuberculosis through droplets from patients diagnosed with TB. Based on the Global TB Report 2024, WHO reported that Indonesia ranks second in the world, where 81% of cases were confirmed and 90% of them had received treatment, where there was an increase in the number of cases compared to 2023 with 77% of confirmed cases and 88% of them received treatment. The increase in the number of pulmonary TB cases is inseparable from factors that determine the transmission of M. tb such as the concentration of organisms in the air related to ventilation and the length of time a person inhales contaminated air. To determine the relationship between ventilation conditions and home lighting to the incidence of pulmonary TB in the working area of ​​the Glugur Darat Health Center in 2025 This study is an analytical study with a cross-sectional study design. Sample selection used the consecutive sampling method with 56 patients who met the inclusion criteria. Of the 56 people who met the criteria, 30 people (53.6%) were pulmonary TB sufferers and 26 people (46.4%) were not pulmonary TB sufferers. The majority of respondents were male (38 people) and the highest number was found in the 18-59 age range (48 people) (85.7%). Regarding ventilation conditions, 34 people (60.7%) did not meet adequate ventilation requirements, and 29 homes (51.8%) did not meet adequate lighting requirements. There was a relationship between ventilation conditions and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Glugur Darat Community Health Center work area, but there was no relationship between home lighting and the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in the Glugur Darat Community Health Center work area.

Litopenaeus vannamei is a brackish-water aquaculture commodity that is highly favored by the Indonesian community and represents one of the country’s leading aquaculture products, with production continuing to increase in response to rising domestic and export demand. One of the main factors triggering disease in L. vannamei is the presence of Vibrio sp. bacteria, which are recognized as serious pathogens in various aquaculture organisms and serve as causative agents of bacterial diseases. These bacteria naturally inhabit marine environments and are categorized as opportunistic, meaning they become pathogenic when environmental conditions decline and host health is compromised. Disinfectants are chemical substances used to inhibit or eliminate microorganisms such as bacteria, viruses, and fungi (excluding bacterial spores) on non-living surfaces. One disinfectant material is Smart Care (Intracare B.V., The Netherlands), which contains stabilized hydrogen peroxide with a prolonged-release mechanism. This study employed an experimental method using a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with four treatments and five replications. The treatments included a control (without H₂O₂) and applications of H₂O₂ at concentrations of 1 ml/L, 2 ml/L, 3 ml/L, and 4 ml/L. The results indicated that the addition of hydrogen peroxide at different concentrations did not produce statistically significant differences in suppressing the growth rate of Vibrio sp. Nevertheless, treatment C (3 ml/L H₂O₂) showed the highest inhibitory effect, with no bacterial colony growth observed. Therefore, the application of H₂O₂ at 3 ml/L demonstrates potential in reducing Vibrio sp. growth and supporting sustainable shrimp aquaculture practices.

Inequality in Indonesia remains significant, particularly due to the concentration of wealth among high-net-worth individuals (HNWIs). Emphasizing the importance of addressing this disparity can motivate policymakers to pursue equitable solutions, thereby promoting social justice through wealth taxation. Using a literature review and an empirical legal approach, this research analyzes relevant regulations, policy discussions, and academic literature on wealth taxation in Indonesia. The study also evaluates institutional readiness and potential challenges in implementing such a policy. The results indicate that the wealth tax has considerable revenue potential, ranging from IDR 54 trillion to IDR 155.3 trillion, depending on the tax model applied. Highlighting this potential can empower policymakers and foster optimism about the tangible benefits of implementing such a policy.

Dental caries is a health problem that can occur across all age groups, with children being particularly vulnerable. This study aimed to investigate the association between fluoride concentrations in dug well water and tooth-brushing practices with the incidence of dental caries among children aged 6–10 years in RT 5, Waplau Village. A quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design was applied. The study involved 64 respondents selected through purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using univariate and bivariate methods, supported by chi-square statistical testing. The results demonstrated a significant relationship between fluoride levels and dental caries (p = 0.013; p < 0.05). Additionally, tooth-brushing habits were significantly associated with the occurrence of dental caries in children (p = 0.001; p < 0.05). In summary, the fluoride content in the well water used by respondents was within acceptable limits, and tooth-brushing behavior contributed to the development of dental caries among children in RT 5, Waplau Village.

Vegetables are an important horticultural commodity in fulfilling community nutritional needs; however, their consumption level in Indonesia remains relatively low, necessitating efforts to increase production. Spinach (Amaranthus sp.) is a promising vegetable due to its short growth cycle, ease of cultivation, and high nutritional value. Limited agricultural land, particularly in urban areas, poses a major constraint to conventional cultivation, thereby encouraging the adoption of alternative technologies such as hydroponics. The hydroponic system, especially the Nutrient Film Technique (NFT), offers efficient use of land and water while enabling better control of plant growth. This review aims to identify hydroponic cultivation techniques for spinach in greenhouse conditions and to analyze factors influencing its success, including nutrient concentration, growing media, pH, temperature, and light intensity. The findings indicate that optimal nutrient concentration ranges from 410–900 ppm, supported by proper environmental and pH management to enhance vegetative growth. The implementation of the NFT system improves production efficiency, resulting in more uniform, cleaner, and higher-quality yields. Nevertheless, challenges remain, including nutrient management, environmental fluctuations, and pest and disease risks. Therefore, proper and sustainable system management is essential to ensure successful hydroponic spinach cultivation.

Emotional mental health in adolescents is an important focus because this age group is highly vulnerable to academic and social pressures, as well as the demands of personal development. Emotional problems such as anxiety, stress, and depression that are not recognized early on can interfere with concentration, social relationships, and psychological well-being. This study aims to review the literature related to the early detection of emotional mental disorders in adolescents, so that it can serve as a basis for the development of prevention and intervention strategies. The method used is a literature review, analyzing a number of recent research articles discussing risk factors, symptoms, and early screening methods using instruments such as the Self Reporting Questionnaire (SRQ) and the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ). The results of the study show that the most common symptoms include anxiety, fatigue, concentration disorders, and relationship problems with peers in adolescents, as well as academic pressure in students. Early screening has been proven to help identify individuals at risk so that intervention can be carried out more quickly. The use of technology, such as web-based expert systems, can also speed up the screening process and improve the accuracy of assessments. It is recommended that educational institutions and health services be more active in conducting mental health screening, providing promotional education, and designing preventive programs. Further research should use analytical or experimental designs to explore risk factors and the effectiveness of interventions in greater depth.

The transportation of tiger shrimp postlarvae (Penaeus monodon) in aquaculture practice is a critical stage as it may induce physiological stress that directly reduces survival rate. Salinity, as a water quality parameter closely associated with osmoregulatory processes, is a key determinant of success in closed wet system transportation. The present study was designed to examine how varying salinity concentrations influence the survival percentage of PL 10 tiger shrimp postlarvae subjected to closed wet transport conditions, as well as to identify the most suitable salinity range for such transport. A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with five salinity levels as treatments — 10, 15, 20, 25, and 30 ppt — each replicated five times. Each experimental unit contained 1,500 postlarvae in 1 L of oxygenated water packed in plastic bags and transported for approximately 3 hours. The main parameter observed was survival rate (SR), while supporting parameters included temperature, dissolved oxygen (DO), and pH. Statistical evaluation included the Kolmogorov–Smirnov normality test, Levene’s test for variance homogeneity, one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), and Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (DMRT) at a significance level of α = 0.05. Results showed that salinity differences had a highly significant effect on postlarvae survival rate (Sig. = 0.000 < 0.05). The 25 ppt salinity treatment produced the highest survival rate of 99.64%, while 10 ppt resulted in the lowest at 63.78%. The measured water quality variables — temperature, dissolved oxygen, and pH — did not exert a statistically significant effect on postlarvae survival throughout the transport period.

Online gambling is a form of addictive behavior that often begins with simple experimentation. Early wins tend to encourage individuals to continue gambling with increasingly larger stakes, driven by the belief that higher bets will lead to greater profits. Along with the rapid advancement of digital technology, online gambling has become more accessible to various groups, including university students, through convenient and flexible online platforms. Although it is often perceived as a form of entertainment, online gambling has significant negative impacts. This study aims to analyze the effects of online gambling on students’ mental health. The research uses a qualitative approach, with data collected through observations and interviews involving respondents who engage in online gambling activities. The findings reveal that online gambling has detrimental effects on students’ psychological well-being, including increased levels of stress, anxiety, depression, and sleep disturbances. Furthermore, it contributes to decreased concentration, reduced learning motivation, and declining academic performance. Therefore, stronger preventive measures and educational efforts are necessary to minimize the negative impacts of online gambling among university students.