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The rapid development of e-commerce has significantly increased the participation of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in the digital economy, particularly through the use of pre-order transaction schemes. Although Indonesia has established a relatively comprehensive legal framework for consumer protection and electronic transactions, pre-order transactions involving MSME products remain highly vulnerable to fraud. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of legal regulation and implementation of consumer protection in pre-order transactions conducted through e-commerce platforms, to identify legal, institutional, and social factors contributing to consumer vulnerability, and to examine the role of the state and e-commerce platform providers in strengthening consumer protection as a public policy. This research employs a normative legal research method with a prescriptive-analytical character, utilizing statutory, conceptual, and case approaches. The findings reveal that existing consumer protection mechanisms remain partial and predominantly reactive, as they do not specifically accommodate the inherent risks of pre-order transactions nor are they supported by preventive supervision and enforcement mechanisms. Consumer vulnerability arises from the interaction between regulatory gaps, institutional limitations, and social conditions such as information asymmetry and low legal and digital literacy. Accordingly, this study emphasizes the necessity of a synergistic role between the state and e-commerce platforms in developing and implementing consumer protection policies oriented toward substantive justice and fraud prevention in the digital economy.

Pemanfaatan teknologi informasi menjadi kebutuhan penting bagi usaha jasa persewaan untuk meningkatkan efisiensi dan kualitas layanan. Toko Akasa Teknik sebagai usaha persewaan mesin vacuum cleaner masih menghadapi permasalahan dalam pengelolaan data penyewaan, transaksi, dan pelaporan yang dilakukan secara manual sehingga berpotensi menimbulkan kesalahan pencatatan dan keterlambatan informasi. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk merancang dan mengimplementasikan sistem informasi persewaan berbasis web yang mampu mengintegrasikan seluruh proses bisnis secara terpusat. Metode pengembangan sistem yang digunakan adalah model Waterfall yang meliputi tahap analisis kebutuhan, perancangan, implementasi, pengujian, dan pemeliharaan. Sistem dikembangkan menggunakan bahasa pemrograman PHP dengan arsitektur Model–View–Controller (MVC) dan basis data MySQL. Pengujian dilakukan menggunakan metode Black Box Testing untuk memastikan setiap fungsi berjalan sesuai dengan kebutuhan pengguna. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa sistem yang dikembangkan mampu meningkatkan efisiensi pengelolaan data, mempercepat proses penyewaan, serta memudahkan pelanggan dalam melakukan pemesanan dan memantau status sewa. Dengan demikian, sistem informasi ini diharapkan dapat meningkatkan kualitas layanan serta mendukung daya saing Toko Akasa Teknik di era digital.

The rapid growth of e-commerce has intensified the need to understand transaction patterns and customer purchasing behavior as a foundation for strategic decision-making. This study aims to analyze e-commerce transaction patterns and customer purchasing behavior based on demographic characteristics and transaction timing. By utilizing e-commerce transaction data, this research seeks to provide a more comprehensive understanding of customers’ purchasing tendencies and the factors influencing their behavior. This study employs Exploratory Data Analysis (EDA) as the primary method to descriptively explore data characteristics through various statistical visualizations, including histograms, bar charts, line graphs, and boxplots. The analysis conducted to identify transaction trends, the distribution of purchase values, and behavioral differences across demographic groups and specific time periods. The results indicate that e-commerce transaction patterns tend to increase during certain periods, particularly in the latter part of the observation timeframe, suggesting the influence of seasonal factors and promotional strategies. The distribution of transaction values is asymmetric, with most transactions occurring in the low to medium value range, while high-value transactions are conducted by a relatively small proportion of customers. Furthermore, variations in purchasing behavior are observed across demographic groups in terms of transaction frequency and value, despite relatively balanced transaction volumes. The findings confirm that e-commerce customer purchasing behavior is influenced by a combination of temporal factors and demographic characteristics. These results are expected to serve as a basis for e-commerce practitioners in developing more targeted marketing strategies and as a reference for future research in the field of e-commerce data analytics.

The digitalization of payment systems constitutes an integral part of economic digital transformation, driving a shift in transactions from cash-based to technology-based cashless payments. In Indonesia, this digitalization is manifested through the development of the Quick Response Code Indonesian Standard (QRIS) by Bank Indonesia as a national standard for QR code–based payments. Along with its development, QRIS has not only been used in domestic transactions but has also been implemented in cross-border transactions through intercountry payment system cooperation, particularly within the ASEAN region. However, the rapid expansion of QRIS has not been accompanied by comprehensive and structured legal regulation. This study aims to analyze the structure and hierarchy of QRIS regulation within Indonesia’s payment system as well as the forms of legal protection for consumers in cross-border QRIS transactions. The research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, historical, and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that QRIS does not yet have a Bank Indonesia Regulation as a primary regulatory framework and is regulated solely through a Regulation of Members of the Board of Governors, which hierarchically functions as an implementing regulation. Consequently, QRIS regulation refers to several different Bank Indonesia Regulations, resulting in regulatory fragmentation. This condition has implications for legal uncertainty and the suboptimal legal protection of consumers in cross-border QRIS transactions.

Tujuan penelitian adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh promosi, kemudahan transaksi dan kepercayaan terhadap menggunakan SPayLater. Populasi dalam penelitian ini adalah seluruh masyarakat Generasi Z (usia 18-29 tahun) di Kota Semarang yang menggunakan layanan SPayLater. Jumlah sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 100 orang yang tersebar di 5 kecamatan yaitu Gunungpati, Banyumanik, Gajahmungkur, Tembalang, dan Pedurungan dengan menggunakan metode purposive sampling dan proporsional random sampling. variabel eksogen (bebas) terdiri dari promosi, kemudahan transaksi,dan kepercayaan,yang mempengaruhi variabel endogen (terikat), yaitu keputusan pembelian. Teknik analisis yang digunakan untuk mengidentifikasi pengaruh tersebut adalah analisis regresi linier. Hasil analisis data, diketahui bahwa variabel eksogen yang meliputi promosi, kemudahan transaksi, dan kepercayaan memiliki dampak searah dan berarti secara statistik terhadap penggunaan SPayLater dengan nilai signifikansi lebih kecil dari 0,05. Artinya Peningkatan promosi, kemudahan transaksi, dan kepercayaan terbukti mendorong penggunaan SPayLater di kalangan Gen Z Kota Semarang.

Pasar merupakan bagian penting dalam perkembangan arsitektur pembangunan sebuah kota di Indonesia. Tidak hanya berperan dalam aspek ekonomi, pasar juga berperan dalam aspek sosial budaya masyarakat di wilayahnya. Pentingnya peran pasar tradisional ini direspon pemerintah melalui pelbagai program revitalisasi agar lebih mengikuti konteks zaman dan tidak kalah bersaing dengan jenis pasar yang lain. Namun permasalahan yang baru muncul setelah program revitalisasi dilaksanakan terutama menurunnya transaksi ekonomi dan tingkat keramaian di pasar. Revitalisasi Pasar Prawirotaman menjadi kasus yang diteliti pada permasalahan ini. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi pola perilaku pengguna pasar tradisional untuk mengetahui tingkat optimalisasi fungsi ruang bangunan pasar. Metode yang digunakan pada penelitian ini adalah pemetaan perilaku pengguna pasar melalui place-centered mapping dengan pendekatan kualitatif. Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa pola perilaku pengguna memiliki jumlah frekuensi kegiatan berbeda di setiap lantainya dan pemilihan elemen aksesibilitas oleh pengguna bersifat langsung dan terarah sehingga mempengaruhi tingkat optimalisasi fungsi ruang.

This research is motivated by the rise of online sales fraud cases on the island of Bali that are detrimental to consumers, the purpose of this research is to analyze it from the aspect of juridical studies and the basis of judges' decisions in deciding cases, this research uses a normative method with a library approach, the results of the study show that online fraud crimes utilize digital technology to manipulate data, here the defendant uses fake transfer evidence as a tool to deceive the store that meets the elements in Article 378 of the Criminal Code, namely the intention to benefit oneself unlawfully, and Article 35 of the ITE Law concerning manipulation of electronic information with the aim of making the data considered authentic, the basis for the judge's consideration to pass a verdict because the existence of photos of transfer evidence and the victim's account balance is sufficient to convince the judge that the defendant is guilty. Legal protection for victims of online fraud has been regulated in the Consumer Protection Law, the ITE Law and government regulations related to electronic transactions, but to strengthen preventive and systemic efforts, public education and increased capacity of law enforcement officers are needed, With the latest regulations such as Law No. 1 of 2024 concerning the second amendment to the ITE Law, Presidential Decree No. Law No. 49 of 2024 concerning the National Strategy for Consumer Protection and Minister of Trade Regulation No. 17 of 2024 concerning the National Action Plan for Consumer Protection have implications for strengthening legal protection for victims of online fraud, which is expected to provide a sense of security in digital transactions.

The development of information technology has significantly transformed commercial activities, particularly through the emergence of electronic transactions or e-commerce. The convenience offered by digital trading systems provides various benefits for both consumers and business actors, such as time efficiency, ease of access, and broader market reach. However, behind these advantages, there are also several risks that may harm consumers, including discrepancies between product descriptions and actual goods, delivery delays, and potential online fraud. This study aims to analyze the legal protection for consumers in electronic transactions and the responsibilities of business actors within digital commerce systems. This research employs a normative legal research method using statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that consumer legal protection in electronic transactions has been regulated in various laws and regulations; however, in practice, several challenges remain in its implementation. Therefore, strengthening regulations, enhancing supervision of business actors, and increasing public legal awareness are necessary to create a safer electronic transaction system and ensure legal certainty for consumers.

This study aims to design a drug inbound and outbound transaction application that can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of drug data management at the UPTD Pharmacy Installation of Tanjungbalai City. The research method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection was carried out through direct observation at the research location, interviews with pharmacy staff, and documentation studies of documents related to drug management. The data obtained were then analyzed to identify weaknesses in the current system and determine the system requirements to be designed. The results of the study indicate that the existing manual recording system has not been able to support optimal drug management because it is less effective and prone to errors. The drug inbound and outbound transaction application designed in this study can assist pharmacy staff in recording incoming and outgoing drug data, monitoring drug stock in real-time, and generating reports automatically.

The development of electronic commerce (e-commerce) in Indonesia has grown rapidly alongside the increased use of digital technology by the public. While offering convenience and efficiency in transactions, e-commerce also presents various legal challenges that may harm consumers, such as unclear product information, personal data breaches, and weak dispute resolution mechanisms. These conditions highlight the importance of consumer legal protection in digital transactions. This study aims to analyze consumer legal protection in e-commerce transactions, focusing on existing challenges and legal remedies based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 on Trade Through Electronic Systems. The research employs a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. Data were collected through literature review of primary legal materials, including laws and regulations, as well as secondary materials such as journals, books, articles, and other relevant sources. The findings indicate that consumer legal protection in Indonesian e-commerce transactions has an adequate legal foundation. Law Number 8 of 1999 serves as the main basis for protecting consumer rights, while Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 strengthens regulations in response to digital commerce developments. However, implementation remains challenging, particularly regarding supervision and consistent law enforcement. Therefore, stronger government involvement, increased responsibility of e-commerce businesses, and improved consumer awareness are needed to achieve effective and sustainable consumer protection.

This research aims to analyze legal protection for consumers related to the use of standard clauses in e-commerce transactions in Indonesia. The rapid growth of the digital economy has encouraged the widespread application of “take-it-or-leave-it” contracts, which often include exoneration clauses that place consumers in a disadvantaged position. This study employs a normative legal research method using a statutory approach to examine the conformity of such clauses with existing consumer protection regulations. The findings reveal that many digital platforms continue to apply standard clauses that unilaterally transfer liability to consumers, which contradicts Article 18 of Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. As a result, these clauses are legally invalid and have no binding force. Consumer legal protection is implemented through preventive measures in the form of government supervision of business actors, as well as repressive measures through legal remedies and dispute resolution mechanisms provided by the Consumer Dispute Resolution Agency (BPSK). These mechanisms aim to ensure fairness and balance of interests between business actors and consumers in e-commerce transactions.

The rapid growth of Sharia-based e-commerce reflects the increasing demand among Muslim consumers for transactions that comply with Islamic principles. However, digital transaction practices still raise various concerns, particularly regarding the clarity of contracts (akad), payment security, and information transparency. This study aims to explain Muslim consumers’ perceptions of the application of the legal maxim al-yaqīn lā yazūlu bi al-shakk in Sharia e-commerce transactions, with a focus on students of the State Islamic University of North Sumatra. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach, using in-depth interviews with 10 informants as the primary data source, supported by questionnaire data to identify general tendencies in respondents’ perceptions. The findings reveal that although most respondents understand the maxim theoretically, they have not been able to apply it effectively in digital transaction contexts. The uncertainties experienced by respondents are predominantly triggered by technical factors, such as delays in payment confirmation, rather than shakk in the fiqh sense. Moreover, limited understanding of digital contract mechanisms contributes to uncertainty regarding the moment when a contract is considered legally valid. Information transparency emerges as a key factor in fostering yaqīn, particularly in relation to the clarity of product descriptions and transaction procedures. This study concludes that the application of al-yaqīn lā yazūlu bi al-shakk in Sharia e-commerce remains suboptimal due to limited digital fiqh literacy and insufficient technological reliability, highlighting the need for enhanced digital muamalah education and improved information quality on Sharia e-commerce platform.

Because it directly impacts revenue, customer loyalty, and long-term business sustainability, customer churn is a critical issue for the e-commerce industry. High churn rates indicate that a business is unable to retain existing customers, which means it is more expensive to acquire new customers. Therefore, a precise analytical approach is needed to identify customer behavior patterns that are likely to churn. Using machine learning methods, this study analyzes and predicts customer churn. For this study, the E-Commerce Customer Churn 2025 dataset, obtained from Kaggle, was used. This dataset consists of 10,000 customer data and contains fifteen variables covering transaction behavior, customer characteristics, and churn status. Data preprocessing, descriptive analysis, exploratory data analysis (EDA), and classification model development using Logistic Regression and Random Forest algorithms were part of the research project. Model evaluation was conducted using a Confusion Matrix and Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) Curve to evaluate the model's accuracy and ability to distinguish between churned and non-churned customers. The results showed that the Random Forest model performed better than Logistic Regression, with an ROC-AUC of 1.00. Furthermore, feature importance analysis revealed that the days_since_last_purchase variable was the most dominant factor in predicting customer churn. These findings are expected to help e-commerce companies design more effective, data-driven customer retention strategies.  

The rapid growth of digital transactions through marketplace platforms has driven significant changes in the consumption patterns of Indonesian society. Behind the convenience and efficiency offered, online transactions also pose various legal risks for consumers, including product mismatches, fraudulent practices, and weak personal data protection. This situation creates an urgency to assess the effectiveness of the implementation of consumer legal protection in digital transactions. This study aims to analyze the level of effectiveness of consumer legal protection in digital transactions in Indonesian marketplaces and to identify obstacles in its implementation. The method used is normative legal research with an approach based on legislation and literature studies, particularly on the Consumer Protection Law, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019. The research results indicate that although a legal framework for consumer protection is normatively available, its implementation has not been optimal. This is influenced by low consumer legal literacy, weak supervision and law enforcement, unclear responsibilities between business actors and marketplace platforms, and the suboptimal personal data protection system. Therefore, there is a need to strengthen regulations that are adaptive to digital transactions, enhance the role of marketplace platforms, and develop effective online dispute resolution mechanisms to ensure protection and legal certainty for consumers.

Pratama clinics, as first-level healthcare facilities, play a crucial role in providing healthcare services to the community and are also subject to tax obligations for their business activities. However, many clinics still lack a thorough understanding of Value Added Tax (VAT) and Income Tax (PPh) provisions for their transactions, particularly regarding the tax treatment of medical services, drug sales, and tax withholding and reporting obligations. This Community Service activity aims to improve Harapan Jaya Pratama Clinic's tax understanding and compliance through outreach and mentoring on VAT and PPh for clinic transactions. The implementation method includes outreach on relevant tax regulations, training in tax accounting-based transaction recording, and mentoring in identifying taxable objects, calculating, depositing, and reporting VAT and PPh in accordance with applicable regulations. The expected outcomes of this activity are increased tax literacy and awareness among clinic managers, more orderly transaction recording, and increased compliance of Harapan Jaya Pratama Clinic in fulfilling its tax obligations. This activity is expected to support better and more sustainable clinic financial governance.

The digital era presents challenges as well as opportunities for business actors, especially Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Accelerating the adoption of digital technology-based payment systems is an urgent need so that MSMEs are able to compete and improve transaction efficiency. This Community Service (PKM) activity was carried out in Cendoro Village, Tuban Regency, with the aim of providing assistance to MSME actors through the implementation of a QRIS-based digital payment system. The method of implementing PKM consists of three stages, namely preparation, implementation, and evaluation. In the preparation stage, needs are identified and socialization of QRIS benefits are carried out. The implementation stage includes technical training on the use of QRIS as well as direct assistance in the implementation of non-cash transactions. The evaluation stage was carried out to measure the level of understanding and application of QRIS by participants. The results of the activity showed that participants understood the concept of digital payment and were able to apply QRIS in daily transactions. In addition, this activity encourages an increase in the adoption of QRIS which has an impact on efficiency, transaction security, expansion of market access, and local economic growth. The main obstacles faced include limited technological knowledge, uneven internet access, and operational costs. Thus, this PKM contributes to strengthening digital literacy and supporting technology-based economic transformation in Cendoro Village, Tuban Regency.

The rapid growth of digital financial technology has introduced new economic instruments that require re-evaluation through the lens of Islamic economic law, one of which is Bitcoin. This study aims to analyze the legal standing of Bitcoin as a means of transaction and investment using a normative legal approach. Data were obtained through extensive literature review involving primary and secondary sources, including Islamic jurisprudence, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, qawā‘id fiqhiyyah, official fatwas, and contemporary technological and economic studies. The analysis employed normative and reconstructive methods to assess the compatibility of Bitcoin’s characteristics with the principles of Islamic law. The findings indicate that Bitcoin may be classified as a form of digital māl because it possesses utility, can be lawfully owned, and is tradable within open market mechanisms. However, its extreme price volatility, limited public acceptance, and absence of state-backed legitimacy make it unsuitable as a lawful medium of exchange in Islamic transactions. Conversely, Bitcoin may be permitted as an investment instrument under strict conditions, provided the activity avoids speculative motives, ensures transparency, and follows prudent financial conduct. Based on these assessments, this study concludes that Bitcoin is more appropriately categorized as a digital commodity rather than a transactional currency. This research contributes conceptually to the development of sharia-compliant crypto-asset regulations and opens avenues for further exploration on designing more stable and ethically aligned digital financial instruments.

Penelitian ini mengevaluasi efisiensi tiga algoritma sorting hybrid, yaitu TimSort, IntroSort, dan Merge-Insertion Sort, pada dataset skala menengah yang memiliki jumlah elemen antara 10.000 hingga 1.000.000. Tujuan utama penelitian adalah untuk menganalisis performa algoritma berdasarkan waktu eksekusi, konsumsi memori, dan stabilitas, dengan pengujian dilakukan pada berbagai jenis dataset, termasuk data acak, terurut, hampir terurut, dan data dengan banyak elemen duplikat. Pengujian dilakukan melalui simulasi komputasi menggunakan bahasa pemrograman Python dalam lingkungan terkontrol untuk memastikan hasil yang konsisten. Dataset sintetis dibuat untuk mencerminkan kasus dunia nyata, seperti pengolahan log sistem, pengurutan data pelanggan dalam aplikasi e-commerce, atau pengolahan data sensor dalam sistem Internet of Things (IoT). Hasil pengujian menunjukkan bahwa TimSort memiliki performa unggul pada dataset hampir terurut dengan waktu eksekusi rata-rata 0,12 detik untuk 1.000.000 elemen, sedangkan IntroSort lebih cepat pada dataset acak dengan waktu 0,09 detik dan konsumsi memori rendah sekitar 120 MB. Merge-Insertion Sort menonjol dalam hal stabilitas, tetapi memerlukan memori lebih besar, yaitu sekitar 180 MB untuk dataset yang sama. Analisis mendalam menunjukkan bahwa pemilihan algoritma yang optimal sangat bergantung pada karakteristik dataset dan kebutuhan aplikasi, seperti kecepatan untuk data acak atau stabilitas untuk pengurutan data berurutan. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan TimSort untuk aplikasi yang memerlukan stabilitas tinggi, seperti pengolahan data transaksi keuangan, dan IntroSort untuk aplikasi yang mengutamakan kecepatan pada data acak, seperti analitik data real-time. Untuk pengembangan lebih lanjut, penelitian ini menyarankan eksplorasi optimasi paralel atau implementasi algoritma pada perangkat dengan sumber daya terbatas guna meningkatkan skalabilitas dan efisiensi.