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This study analyzes the construction of Catholic identity in the digital era from the perspective of social constructivism theory. In contrast to traditional identity formation tied to physical spaces like parishes, the digital age has created a dynamic virtual space where Catholic identity is actively shaped through theological narratives on social media. This qualitative research employs critical discourse analysis (CDA) of digital narratives from various theological sources, including papal posts and content from lay Catholic influencers. The findings indicate that Catholic identity is now constructed through digital interaction and participation, which changes how the faithful perceive church authority, form communities, and express their faith. This process has led to a shift from hierarchical authority to an authority that is also built from the ground up by the participation of the laity. Additionally, Catholic communities are transcending geographical boundaries to become "digital parishes." The implication for Inter-Faith Studies is that understanding this digitally constructed self-identity is crucial before engaging in dialogue with other religions, as the resulting narratives can be either inclusive or exclusive. In conclusion, contemporary Catholic identity is a dynamic and constructed entity, woven from both offline and online experiences.

Sexual harassment is a criminal act carried out by two people by force with the intention of satisfying lust or an act of revenge. Sexual harassment in the church community is an act that violates Christian teachings where it is carried out outside the basis of marriage. Sexual harassment is carried out by force between men and women outside the husband and wife couple, namely between parents and children or between father and child. The Church has an important role in this. The Church seeks to heal, support, treat, and even accompany victims of sexual abuse through pastoral actions. Sexuality is no longer something taboo to talk about, therefore it is important for the church, government, and even families to discuss sexuality from an early age as an effort to prevent criminal acts or sexual violence. Society must have a sense of empathy and sympathy for victims of sexual violence, as an effort to heal and accept the reality experienced by victims. The church must really act in a real way in spiritual and psychological and social healing of victims.

This study examines the integration of hermeneutic learning and systematic theology in science-based discipleship based on the concept of the Kingdom of God. The background of this research is the gap between the theological understanding of the Kingdom of God and the practice of digital discipleship which tends to be pragmatic and lacks a strong doctrinal foundation. This study uses mixed methods with a sequential explanatory design, which combines a survey of 50 respondents from pastors, lecturers, teachers, and students, as well as in-depth interviews to strengthen quantitative findings. The results of the study showed a very positive response to the integration of the values of the Kingdom of God and the use of science and technology in discipleship, especially in the aspects of digital ethics, love, responsibility, and the formation of Christian character. However, the understanding of hermeneutics and systematic theology still needs to be strengthened so that theological depth is not reduced by digital media and rapid technological flows. This research produces an integrative conceptual model of digital discipleship based on the Kingdom of God that combines hermeneutics as the basis for biblical interpretation, systematic theology as a doctrinal framework, and science and technology as a means of contextual and sustainable faith transformation.

Understanding God in Christian education plays a crucial role in the moral formation of children, as the theological concept of God forms the foundation for values, character, and ethical actions, developed from an early age. In Christian education, the process of moral formation does not simply rely on rules or customs, but rather rests on the child's personal relationship with God as a loving, guiding Being, and the source of truth. This study uses qualitative methods with a library research approach to explore how the concept of God according to Christian theology can serve as a foundation for the comprehensive moral formation of children. The aim of this study is to analyze how God's attributes such as love, holiness, justice, and faithfulness can be applied in the educational process so that the moral values formed are not formalistic but grow from a deep spiritual awareness. The research findings show that a proper understanding of God helps children recognize moral standards rooted in God's character, develop ethical attitudes, and strengthen the internal drive to live according to His will. This research is also expected to contribute to Christian educators in developing theological, contextual, and effective learning strategies to continuously cultivate children's morality in accordance with the principles of the Christian faith.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji peran simbol keagamaan dalam merefleksikan maupun menutupi kesenjangan kelas sosial di masyarakat perkotaan, dengan menggunakan perspektif teori Karl Marx mengenai agama sebagai ideologi dan alat legitimasi kekuasaan. Metode yang digunakan adalah penelitian kualitatif dengan pendekatan studi kasus, melalui wawancara semi-struktural terhadap warga kota dari kelas sosial menengah ke atas dan kelas menengah ke bawah, serta tokoh agama setempat. Data dianalisis dengan teknik analisis tematik untuk melihat pola relasi antara simbol agama, posisi kelas, dan akses terhadap kekuasaan sosial-ekonomi. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa simbol agama kerap digunakan oleh kelas atas sebagai sarana pembentukan citra, legitimasi status, dan penguatan struktur sosial, sedangkan bagi kelas bawah agama berfungsi sebagai sumber harapan dan solidaritas sosial, namun tidak selalu membuka akses terhadap mobilitas ekonomi. Secara umum, agama dapat berfungsi ganda: menjadi media pemersatu sosial sekaligus cermin ketimpangan kelas yang tersembunyi dalam praktik keagamaan sehari-hari. Penelitian ini menegaskan pentingnya membaca agama tidak hanya secara teologis, tetapi juga sebagai fenomena sosial yang berkaitan dengan produksi makna, kekuasaan, dan distribusi sumber daya.

This study explores the use of contraception from a Christian perspective, focusing on the Christian Church's views on issues of sexuality and reproduction. Globalization has brought about significant cultural changes, including in how society views sexual relations, family planning, and reproductive responsibility. These changes have influenced the Christian community, giving rise to diverse theological and ethical responses regarding the use of contraception. Within the Christian Church itself, there are fundamental differences of opinion. Most schools reject the use of contraception, citing specific interpretations of biblical passages that emphasize openness to life and God's will. Meanwhile, other schools view contraception as a more complex issue, requiring contextual consideration, taking into account aspects of health, family well-being, and the moral responsibility of married couples. These differing views demonstrate the theological and social dynamics that influence the Church's stance on contraception. Therefore, this study aims to provide a deeper understanding of the decision-making process regarding contraception use within the Christian community.

Kecemasan akademik adalah isu yang meluas dalam pendidikan tinggi yang secara signifikan mengganggu kinerja dan kesejahteraan mahasiswa. Artikel ini mengembangkan model konseptual Komunikasi Intrapersonal Islami yang didasarkan pada prinsip Tawakkal (berserah diri kepada Tuhan) sebagai mekanisme untuk mereduksi kecemasan akademik. Dengan menggunakan pendekatan tinjauan literatur, studi ini mensintesis teori psikologi komunikasi intrapersonal (dialog diri dan restrukturisasi kognitif) dengan konsep teologis Islam tentang usaha (ikhtiar) dan penyerahan (tawakkal). Temuan ini mengusulkan Model Tiga Fase: 1) Fase Pra-Aksi (Ikhtiar), di mana komunikasi intrapersonal berfokus pada motivasi proaktif; 2) Fase Tengah-Aksi (Pembingkaian Ulang Kognitif Spiritual), di mana pikiran cemas negatif ditantang dan diinterpretasikan ulang menggunakan narasi spesifik Al-Qur'an dan Sunnah (misalnya, Laa yukallifullaahu nafsan illaa wus’ahaa); dan 3) Fase Pasca-Aksi (Tawakkal), di mana dialog diri beralih ke penerimaan total atas hasil yang telah ditentukan, sehingga melarutkan kecemasan sisa. Model ini berhipotesis bahwa Tawakkal berfungsi sebagai mekanisme stabilisasi inti, yang menyediakan jangkar kognitif akhir yang mengurangi ketidakpastian hasil yang dirasakan. Kerangka konseptual ini menawarkan sudut pandang teoritis yang orisinal untuk mengembangkan intervensi konseling berbasis agama guna menumbuhkan ketahanan akademik pada mahasiswa Muslim.

The Tungku Bokong ritual is a traditional practice of the Manggarai people found in Reok and West Reok Districts, Manggarai Regency. This study aims to analyze the soteriological concept within the ritual, focusing specifically on its implementation in West Reok District. The research employs a descriptive qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with customary leaders and a review of relevant literature. The findings reveal that Tungku Bokong literally means “reconnecting the provision (blessing),” referring to an effort to restore the flow of blessings believed to have been disrupted an interruption that is thought to cause life problems such as illness, misfortune, or nightmares. The uniqueness of this ritual lies in its understanding that suffering and life difficulties can become a gateway to blessings or restoration. The central questions guiding this research are how the Tungku Bokong ritual is regarded as an act of attaining salvation for an individual, and what meaning it holds for the people of West Reok District. The study shows that the salvation gained through this ritual is not only material but also involves the restoration of relationships with ancestors and the Creator (Mori Kraeng). Meanwhile, suffering and various life challenges are understood as consequences of a disrupted blessing and as a means of awakening individuals to return to a balanced life.

Penelitian ini mengkaji rasionalitas pewahyuan Al-Qur’an melalui pendekatan skripturalis-filosofis guna menegaskan relevansi epistemologis wahyu dalam konteks keilmuan modern. Kajian ini berangkat dari pandangan bahwa wahyu bukan sekadar fenomena teologis, tetapi juga sumber pengetahuan yang dapat diuji secara rasional. Analisis dilakukan menggunakan kombinasi metode hermeneutik filosofis, analisis wacana, filologi Semitik, dan pendekatan komputasional berbasis pemrosesan bahasa alami. Pendekatan ini memungkinkan interpretasi mendalam terhadap struktur argumentatif teks dan konteks historisnya. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa pewahyuan Al-Qur’an memiliki koherensi internal yang kuat, dibuktikan melalui stabilitas filologis manuskrip, kontinuitas transmisi, serta konsistensi retorika dan struktur teologisnya. Wahyu terbukti berfungsi sebagai fondasi epistemik yang menuntun akal dan ilmu pengetahuan menuju kesatuan kebenaran. Penelitian ini juga mengungkap relevansi universal Al-Qur’an dalam etika, pluralisme, dan integrasi sains melalui paradigma tawhidic yang menolak dikotomi antara agama dan ilmu. Hasil analisis memperlihatkan bahwa rasionalitas wahyu memiliki nilai universal dan aplikatif dalam membangun sistem pengetahuan yang komprehensif, interdisipliner, dan berorientasi nilai. Studi ini memperkaya filsafat Islam kontemporer dengan menawarkan model epistemologi integratif yang dapat digunakan untuk mengembangkan wacana etika global, pendidikan spiritual, serta kebijakan ilmu berbasis nilai-nilai wahyu.

This article examines Moses’ leadership narrative from his divine appointment to the post-succession phase through the lenses of servant, transformational, and situational leadership. Using a qualitative narrative approach and thematic analysis, the study explores selected texts in Exodus, Numbers, and Deuteronomy to identify leadership patterns that are theologically grounded and practically relevant for churches in Indonesia. The findings show that Moses’ leadership integrates service and empowerment, vision and transformation, as well as contextual adaptation and succession preparation. Moses’ delegation in Exodus 18 reflects servant leadership that distributes responsibility and forms accountable structures. His call in Exodus 3 represents transformational leadership that shapes collective identity and mobilizes hope. His response to conflict and his public commissioning of Joshua demonstrate situational leadership and responsible succession. The article argues that Moses’ leadership offers a theological-practical model for Indonesian churches seeking leadership that is participatory, visionary, adaptive, and regenerative. This model is especially relevant amid plural social contexts, intergenerational transitions, organizational complexity, and the need for ecclesial accountability.

This study examines the theological foundations of pastoral counseling in Christian Religious Education (CRE) within the digital era, emphasizing the integration of Trinitarian theology, adolescent developmental psychology, and the Great Commission in Matthew 28:19–20. Digitalization has reshaped adolescent struggles, introducing challenges such as cyberbullying, social media addiction, and virtual identity crises that demand contextual and transformative pastoral responses. Using a qualitative library research approach, this study synthesizes systematic theology, developmental psychology, and transformative pedagogy to construct a conceptual framework for CRE teachers in guiding the digital generation. Findings reveal that Trinitarian theology provides a holistic foundation: God the Father affirms authentic identity beyond digital validation, Christ the Redeemer restores identity from digital trauma, and the Holy Spirit guides character formation for wise engagement in the digital world. Integrating theology with developmental psychology enables a deeper understanding of the digital generation’s struggles and highlights the need for both theological depth and psychological insight. The proposed framework includes five components: Trinitarian foundation, contextual diagnosis, therapeutic intervention, supportive community formation, and the use of digital media as a ministry tool. This integrative and transformative model aims to foster holistic transformation—cognitive, affective, behavioral, and spiritual—preparing adolescents to become mature disciples who bear witness to Christ in digital spaces.

This study aims to explore in depth the role of God in the creation of humanity as depicted in the Book of Genesis and its relevance to contemporary Christian life. Using a qualitative method with a literature study approach, this research analyzes the texts of Genesis 1:26–28 and 2:7–8, supported by systematic theological perspectives from scholars such as Louis Berkhof and J. J. Davis. The findings reveal that God’s role is multidimensional: God as the Sovereign Designer, who initiates and perfectly orchestrates the creation process; the Personal Creator, who forms humans from the dust of the ground with purpose and intimacy; the Giver of Life, who breathes the breath of life into humanity; and the Mandate Giver, who delegates authority and responsibility to humans to govern His creation. This understanding has profound theological and ethical implications, particularly for the formation of Christian identity rooted in the image and likeness of God (imago Dei), the strengthening of ecological responsibility toward environmental stewardship, and the cultivation of a transformative spirituality centered on living out God’s will in daily life. Therefore, this study concludes that the doctrine of creation is not merely a historical truth but an existential foundation that guides the faith, morality, and practical life of believers in responding to contemporary spiritual and social challenges.

This paper discusses the theological study of tortor somba in the death ceremony of saur matua in the Batak Toba community. Tortor somba is believed to be able to realize the bond of brotherhood between those present in the death ceremony of a perfect person in kinship. The person is called saur matua, which means complete or perfect, namely a person who has had children and grandchildren, and has succeeded in life both socially and materially. Tortor somba is also believed to be a sign of respect, welcoming those who have a higher position, with this respect can receive blessings. The purpose of this study is to explore the meaning of tortor somba in the death ritual of saur matua in the Batak Toba community, as well as to determine the theological views on the death ritual of saur matua in the Batak Toba community. The research method in this researcher uses a qualitative research method with an ethnographic approach by conducting interviews with one of the village officials, three people representing the Batak Toba community, three traditional leaders, one HKBP Pastor, one GKPI Pastor, and one Catholic Tomok Pastor. The data was studied to examine theological studies regarding tortor somba in the saur matua death ceremony in the Toba Batak community.The results of the research show that the meaning of tortor somba in the Saur Matua death ceremony in the Toba Batak community is a form of pride, respect, and also gratitude. Tortor somba in death ceremonies is not only a child's form of respect for their deceased parents, but also to honor the spirits of ancestors or forefathers. This expression of respect is intended for ancestors. It is also important to provide new knowledge to the younger generation that tortor somba must be based on and illuminated by the word of God in order to maintain and respect culture, because if understood properly and correctly, religion and culture will complement each other.

The aim of this research is to find out how to surviveTemptation According to James 1:12-15 and to know Reflection on surviving trials according to the letter James 1:12-15 towards the Sangga Beru GKPPD Congregation". The research method used used in writing this scientific work is a qualitative method, namely the approach exegesis by Gordon D. Fee. The interpretation method used is of course by using terms and steps for interpreting the Bible, the steps used by the author are: including text, analyzing text, translating text, comparing translations, criticizing apparatus, grammatical and syntactic analysis, data and analysis of historical situations (cultural historical background), results of exegesis, application. The results of the study stated that everyone was able to survive then he will stand the test, and when he has stood the test he will receive the crown of life God promises to whoever loves Him. And when someone experiences temptation, let no one say this is a trial comes from God because God Himself cannot be tempted by evil and God Himself does not tempt anyone, and on the other hand, temptation comes when someone tests himself because has been enticed by evil so that desire has been fertilized and will give birth to sin and sin will bring death in his life, temptation also brings holy life when someone is able to withstand trials and persevere in life. It's the same with the GKPPD Sangga congregation Beru, who was able to withstand trials and persevere, was patient for years when he experienced trials from the outside in the form of a large-scale demolition of the church so that until now it doesn't have one a proper house of worship. Even so, the Sangga Beru GKPPD congregation continued to implement it duties and responsibilities as a Christian congregation that grows and perseveres in fellowship.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memberikan pemahaman mendalam mengenai Konsili Trente (1545–1563) sebagai respons resmi Gereja Katolik terhadap tantangan Reformasi Protestan, sekaligus sebagai tonggak pembaruan internal Gereja. Masalah yang diangkat dalam studi ini adalah ketegangan teologis dan historis antara tuntutan pembaruan dari dalam Gereja serta kritik keras yang dilancarkan oleh para reformator Protestan terkait Kitab Suci, sakramen, dan otoritas Gereja. Penelitian ini menggunakan pendekatan kualitatif dengan metode studi literatur melalui analisis data sekunder dari dokumen konsili, literatur teologi, serta penelitian historis sebelumnya. Kebaruan dari penelitian ini terletak pada penegasan peran Konsili Trente bukan hanya sebagai instrumen “kontra” terhadap Reformasi, melainkan juga sebagai wadah refleksi teologis yang menghasilkan reformasi internal mendalam dalam bidang liturgi, sakramentologi, formasi imam, dan disiplin gereja. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Konsili Trente berhasil mengokohkan identitas Katolik melalui penegasan ajaran iman sekaligus memperbarui praksis pastoral, yang pada akhirnya menjadi landasan teologi dan kehidupan Gereja Katolik hingga Konsili Vatikan II. Oleh karena itu, studi ini menekankan pentingnya melihat Konsili Trente secara seimbang: sebagai benteng iman sekaligus sumber pembaruan yang relevan bagi dinamika Gereja sepanjang sejarah.

Karya tulis ini, "MERAWAT RUMAH BERSAMA: INTEGRASI SPIRITUALITAS KRISTIANI DAN TEOLOGI EKOLOGIS LAUDATO SI' SEBAGAI PARADIGMA BARU BAGI KAUM AWAM," menyajikan argumen yang relevan dan vital untuk mengkontekstualisasikan panggilan universal Ensiklik Laudato Si' dalam realitas ekologis dan budaya akut di Kalimantan. Menggunakan Tinjauan Literatur Sistematis (SLR) dengan protokol PRISMA sebagai metode, penulisan karya tulis ini mengusulkan model tiga pilar yang jelas dan menjanjikan (liturgis, asketis, dan sosial) sebagai paradigma operasional baru bagi kaum awam. Karya tulis ini bertujuan untuk mengintegrasikan data granular tentang krisis sosio ekologis Kalimantan dan detail etnografis Dayak yang sangat kaya, memperkuat klaim empiris dengan bukti yang dapat diverifikasi, dan secara eksplisit mengartikulasikan kontribusi uniknya dalam lanskap teologi ekologis dan inkulturasi di Indonesia yang jauh lebih luas. Kerangka kerja ini berupaya memberdayakan aksi ekologis akar rumput dengan menjembatani teologi tingkat tinggi dengan praksis pastoral awam yang praktis, menggunakan kearifan lokal Dayak sebagai material arsitektural utama. Temuan dari karya tulis ini ialah menyintesiskan panggilan universal Laudato Si' dengan kearifan relasional masyarakat Dayak yang kaya, kerangka kerja ini menawarkan sebuah jalan bagi Gereja di Kalimantan untuk bergerak melampaui aktivitas-aktivitas yang terfragmentasi menuju sebuah misi ekologis yang terintegrasi, mendalam secara teologis, dan transformatif secara sosial, yang dipimpin oleh kaum awam.

This study aims to examine the concept of servant leadership based on Matthew 20:20-28 and its relevance to the leadership of pastors in the Pakpak Dairi Protestant Christian Church (GKPPD). The background of this research stems from the dynamics of church leadership, which still faces challenges in realizing the values of service, humility, and relational closeness as taught by Jesus Christ. This research uses a qualitative method with a literature review approach, focusing on the analysis of biblical texts and literature on biblical theology, Christian leadership, and pastoral spirituality. The results of the study show that Jesus introduced a leadership paradigm that is different from the world's pattern, namely leadership that is rooted in service, sacrifice, and love. This principle requires spiritual transformation in church leaders so that their ministry reflects the character of Christ. In the context of GKPPD, the application of servant leadership is important because of the influence of local culture, which emphasizes social structure, and the congregation's need for authentic, relational, and humble leaders. This research confirms that servant leadership is not only theological but also contextual in responding to the challenges of church life, as well as providing theoretical and practical contributions in building a leadership paradigm that is in line with the Gospel and relevant to the local church today.

Penelitian ini mengkaji integrasi nilai-nilai budaya Huma Betang masyarakat Dayak Kalimantan Tengah sebagai fondasi spiritualitas ekologis bagi kaum muda Katolik. Melalui pendekatan diskursus teologis-kultural, studi ini mengeksplorasi bagaimana nilai belom bahadat (hidup bersama secara harmonis), handep (gotong royong), dan filosofi huma betang dapat diintegrasikan dengan prinsip ekologi integral Laudato Si'. Temuan menunjukkan nilai budaya lokal menjadi jembatan efektif antara iman Katolik dan identitas kulturan, menghasilkan spiritualitas ekologis kontekstual yang relevan. Strategi integrasi mencakup: transformasi paradigma iman dari antroposentris ke ekosentris, rekonstruksi pembinaan pastoral berbasis kearifan lokal, dan penguatan komunitas kaum muda sebagai agen perubahan ekologis. Penelitian berkontribusi pada pengembangan teologi kontekstual Indonesia yang mengangkat kearifan Dayak sebagai medium pewartaan iman sekaligus advokasi pelestarian lingkungan, menawarkan model inkulturasi yang responsif terhadap krisis ekologis kontemporer.

Women in traditional societies often face complex challenges, particularly within patriarchal social systems. In Batak Toba culture, women are frequently placed in subordinate positions and regarded merely as complements within the household. However, social realities reveal a different dynamic, where women are able to emerge as key actors in sustaining family economies while also preserving cultural identity. This study aims to examine the resilience of female ulos weavers in Siraja Hutagalung Village from a socio-theological perspective. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive approach. Primary data were obtained through in-depth interviews with five main informants who work as ulos weavers, while secondary data came from literature studies related to women’s resilience issues. The analysis refers to resilience theory and gender role theory. The findings show that female ulos weavers hold a central role in family life. Their weaving is not only a cultural product but also symbolizes spiritual strength, loyalty, and independence. Thus, women’s resilience is not merely a social reality but also a tangible expression of spirituality embedded in daily life.

Believers, both in the time of Jesus and in today’s context, live in situations shaped by social, political, economic, religious, and cultural influences that often give rise to anxiety and doubt about God’s providence. In Luke 12:22–32, Jesus delivers a teaching that prohibits worry and calls His followers to direct their hearts toward the Kingdom of God. For those living under Roman rule, these words were a source of comfort and encouragement to remain steadfast in their faith in God’s power, and for believers today, the same message continues to be relevant as guidance for managing worry with trust and hope. This study seeks to analyze Luke 12:22–32 from the perspective of the theology of God’s providence and to explain its implications for contemporary Christian life. The findings emphasize three key points: first, the passage affirms God as a sovereign, loving Father who cares deeply for His people; second, God’s providence includes both physical and spiritual needs, thus framing faith as an active trust that combines prayer, hope, and concrete action; and third, reflection on God’s providence strengthens believers to face modern anxieties by prioritizing the Kingdom of God, practicing spiritual discipline, and embodying solidarity with others. Although limited in scope as a textual study without cultural or empirical application, this research contributes significantly to understanding God’s providence in Luke 12:22–32 and underlines its relevance for addressing contemporary challenges while encouraging Christians to live out their faith in tangible ways.