Publication Search

This study aims to analyze the phytochemical profile of Sambung Nyawa (Gynura procumbens) leaves as a potential herbal candidate for mild hypertension therapy using in silico methods. Plant samples were examined to identify active compounds documented in the PubChem database. The identified compounds were further analyzed using PASS Online to predict their pharmacological activities, ProTox-II to evaluate toxicity levels, and pkCSM to assess ADMET (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion, and Toxicity) characteristics. The findings reveal that several bioactive compounds present in Sambung Nyawa leaves demonstrate strong predicted anti-hypertensive activity accompanied by minimal toxicological risk. PASS Online analysis indicates potential mechanisms of action, including vascular receptor modulation and mild diuretic properties that may support blood pressure regulation. ProTox-II classification places most compounds in the low-toxicity category, while pkCSM predictions confirm acceptable bioavailability and favorable pharmacokinetic properties. Overall, these results provide a preliminary scientific foundation for the development of Gynura procumbens as an alternative herbal therapy for mild hypertension and support the need for further validation through in vitro and in vivo experimental studies.

The development of the cosmetics industry has had both positive and negative impacts on consumers, particularly in Medan City. The high demand for cosmetics has driven irresponsible business actors to produce and distribute cosmetics without distribution permits from the National Agency of Drug and Food Control (BPOM). This study aims to analyze the role of BPOM in supervising illegal cosmetics, examine criminal sanction enforcement, and identify obstacles faced by PPNS investigators at BBPOM Medan. A qualitative empirical juridical approach with field research method was used, employing in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The primary informant is the Head of BBPOM Medan. Results show BPOM supervises through pre-market and post-market control, enforcement, and public education. Criminal sanctions under Article 435 of Law No. 17 of 2023 impose up to 12 years imprisonment or Rp5 billion fine. Key obstacles include limited investigator legal expertise, budget constraints, low public participation, fleeing suspects, and files returned by prosecutors. Strengthening investigator capacity, improving inter-agency coordination, and increasing public awareness are urgently needed.

The use of medicinal plants has been an important part of people's lives since the time of our ancestors. Before the advent of modern medicine, people used various types of plants to treat mild to severe illnesses, such as fever, cough, wounds, digestive disorders, and skin diseases. Inventory of medicinal plants plays a very important role in exploring the potential of existing natural resources, especially as an effort to support the development of traditional medicine. The purpose of this study is to identify the types of medicinal plants used by local communities in traditional medicine. The method used in this study is a descriptive method through direct surveys at the research location. The findings obtained in the field concluded that all types of plants mentioned in this study are very beneficial for the people of Duhiadaa District, because they can help in treating various types of diseases experienced by the community. The types of diseases that can be treated include hypertension, gout, stomach acid, cholesterol, kidney disease, diabetes, inflammation, cancer, wounds, diarrhea and digestive disorders.

Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease with an increasing prevalence and requires long-term therapy, resulting in a significant economic burden on healthcare systems. This study aimed to analyze the cost-effectiveness of antidiabetic drug use among Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus patients in the inpatient unit of Dr. R. Hardjanto Hospital, Balikpapan. This research employed an observational analytic design with a cross-sectional approach and retrospective data collection from medical records and administrative data for the period January–December 2023. A total of 54 patients who met the inclusion criteria were included as study samples. Therapeutic effectiveness was assessed based on the achievement of random blood glucose levels ≤200 mg/dL, while the analysis focused on direct medical costs. Cost-effectiveness was evaluated using the Average Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ACER) and Incremental Cost-Effectiveness Ratio (ICER). The results showed that Metformin–Apidra therapy achieved higher clinical effectiveness (92%) with an average cost of IDR 3,636,721 and an ACER value of IDR 39,529. Meanwhile, Glimepiride–Sansulin therapy demonstrated 81% effectiveness with a lower average cost of IDR 2,519,259 and an ACER value of IDR 31,101. The ICER value of IDR 10,158 indicates the additional cost required to achieve a 1% increase in effectiveness. In conclusion, Metformin–Apidra therapy is more clinically effective, whereas Glimepiride–Sansulin therapy is more cost-effective economically.

Pemanfaatan tanaman obat sebagai sumber fitofarmaka terus berkembang seiring meningkatnya kebutuhan akan agen terapeutik berbasis bahan alam yang aman. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi dikembangkan adalah daun soliti (Wrightia arborea), yang diketahui mengandung senyawa bioaktif seperti flavonoid, alkaloid, saponin, terpenoid, dan glikosida. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui pengaruh pemberian ekstrak daun soliti terhadap respons fisiologis dan perilaku mencit sebagai model hewan uji. Penelitian menggunakan desain eksperimental laboratorik dengan rancangan post-test only. Ekstrak daun soliti diperoleh melalui metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut etanol dan dibuat dalam konsentrasi 1%, 2%, dan 4%. Hewan uji berupa mencit putih jantan dibagi ke dalam kelompok perlakuan, kemudian diamati respons fisiologis dan perilakunya. Parameter yang diamati meliputi parasimpatomimetik, stimulasi dan depresi sistem saraf pusat, simpatolitik, relaksasi otot, parasimpatolitik, serta analeptik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun soliti memberikan pengaruh yang bervariasi terhadap respons fisiologis dan perilaku mencit dengan pola dosis-respons yang tidak linier. Konsentrasi 1% menunjukkan efek tertinggi pada beberapa parameter, konsentrasi 2% menunjukkan penurunan respons, sedangkan konsentrasi 4% meningkatkan kembali respons tertentu, khususnya sistem saraf otonom. Temuan ini mengindikasikan adanya efek bifasik. Penelitian ini menyimpulkan bahwa ekstrak daun soliti berpotensi dikembangkan sebagai kandidat fitofarmaka, namun diperlukan penelitian lanjutan untuk mengkaji mekanisme kerja dan aspek keamanannya.  

Compliance with taking medication is very important for pulmonary tuberculosis patients because it can ensure that the tuberculosis infection is controlled and does not spread to other people. Motivational interviewing counseling can help tuberculosis patients increase medication adherence with an empathetic and supportive approach to providing information. Through this technique, counselors can foster the patient's internal motivation to overcome obstacles that arise related to taking medication regularly. This research has gone through an ethical process with No. 000.9/002/KEPKRSUDBTG/1/2025. This type of research is quantitative, a quasi-experimental method with a one group pretest-posttest without control design. The sampling technique in this research used purposive sampling of 30 respondents. Data analysis used univariate and bivariate analysis with the Wilcoxon rank test. The research results show: The patient's level of compliance with taking TB medication before Motivational Interviewing counseling is in the medium category and the low category. The level of patient compliance in taking TB medication after Motivational Interviewing counseling has increased, namely the high category and the medium category. There is an influence of motivational interviewing counseling on medication adherence in pulmonary tuberculosis patients at Batang Regional Hospital. There is a significant difference between the results of compliance with taking TB medication before and after counseling motivational interviewing at Batang Regional Hospital.

Penyimpanan obat merupakan salah satu aspek penting dalam pelayanan kefarmasian di apotek yang berperan besar dalam menjamin kualitas, stabilitas, dan keamanan obat sampai ke tangan pasien. Khususnya pada obat-obatan yang termasuk kategori High Alert dan Look-Alike Sound-Alike (LASA), penyimpanan yang tidak sesuai standar dapat meningkatkan risiko kesalahan penggunaan obat (medication error) yang berpotensi menimbulkan efek samping serius hingga membahayakan nyawa pasien. Oleh karena itu, diperlukan sistem penyimpanan yang sesuai dengan standar yang berlaku. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengocok penyimpanan obat High Alert dan LASA di Apotek Kaligelang, Kabupaten Pemalang, berdasarkan standar yang tercantum dalam Peraturan Menteri Kesehatan Republik Indonesia Nomor 73 Tahun 2016 tentang Standar Pelayanan Kefarmasian di Apotek. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode deskriptif dengan pendekatan observasional langsung dan wawancara terstruktur kepada tenaga kefarmasian yang bekerja di apotek. Evaluasi dilakukan terhadap aspek identifikasi, penandaan khusus, dan pemisahan fisik pada penyimpanan obat High Alert dan LASA. Hasil pengamatan Kesesuaian penyimpanan obat High Alert dan obat LASA di Apotek Kaligelang yang mengacu pada Permenkes RI No. 73 Tahun 2016, diperoleh bahwa sebagian besar aspek penyimpanan telah sesuai. Untuk obat High Alert, diperoleh Jumlah Total Prosentase 80% sudah sesuai, Sedangkan untuk obat LASA, diperoleh Jumlah Total Prosentase 75% sudah sesuai. Secara keseluruhan, tingkat kesesuaian penyimpanan obat High Alert dan LASA di Apotek Kaligelang mencapai rata-rata 77,5%, menunjukkan bahwa sistem pengelolaan obat berisiko tinggi di apotek ini telah berjalan dengan baik. Namun demikian, masih diperlukan beberapa perbaikan untuk meningkatkan keselamatan pasien (patient safety) serta mencegah terjadinya kesalahan pengobatan di lingkungan Apotek.

Pemanfaatan tanaman obat sebagai sumber terapi berbasis bahan alam masih menjadi fokus penting dalam penelitian, khususnya pada tanaman yang telah lama digunakan secara empiris namun memiliki keterbatasan bukti ilmiah. Rambutan (Nephelium lappaceum L.) merupakan salah satu tanaman yang secara tradisional dimanfaatkan untuk mengatasi berbagai gangguan kesehatan, tetapi kajian farmakologis terhadap efek daun rambutan pada sistem saraf masih terbatas. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengevaluasi aktivitas neurofarmakologis serbuk simplisia daun rambutan terhadap sistem saraf pusat dan sistem saraf otonom pada berbagai konsentrasi. Penelitian ini merupakan studi eksperimental laboratorium yang menggunakan mencit sebagai hewan uji. Serbuk simplisia daun rambutan diberikan secara oral pada konsentrasi 1%, 2%, dan 3%. Parameter neurofarmakologis yang diamati meliputi aktivitas parasimpatomimetik, parasimpatolitik, simpatomimetik, simpatolitik, aktivitas analeptik, stimulasi dan depresi sistem saraf pusat, serta relaksasi otot. Pengamatan dilakukan berdasarkan perubahan perilaku dan respons fisiologis hewan uji.

Pemanfaatan tanaman obat sebagai sumber agen neurofarmakologis alami semakin mendapat perhatian seiring meningkatnya prevalensi gangguan sistem saraf dan keterbatasan penggunaan obat sintetis. Salah satu tanaman yang berpotensi namun masih terbatas kajian ilmiahnya adalah Kesambi (Schleichera oleosa), yang secara tradisional digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan pengobatan. Penelitian ini bertujuan mengevaluasi pengaruh variasi konsentrasi ekstrak daun Kesambi terhadap efek neurofarmakologi, serta mengidentifikasi pola respons dosis dan konsentrasi paling efektif dalam memodulasi sistem saraf pusat dan otonom. Penelitian ini menggunakan desain eksperimental dengan hewan uji yang dibagi ke dalam kelompok kontrol dan kelompok perlakuan. Ekstrak daun Kesambi diperoleh melalui metode maserasi menggunakan pelarut akuades dan diberikan secara per oral pada konsentrasi 1%, 2%, dan 4%. Evaluasi efek neurofarmakologis dilakukan melalui skrining perilaku terhadap delapan parameter, yaitu parasimpatomimetik, stimulasi sistem saraf pusat, depresi sistem saraf pusat, simpatolitik, relaksasi otot, simpatomimetik, parasimpatiolitik, dan analeptik. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa ekstrak daun Kesambi menimbulkan variasi respons neurofarmakologis yang dipengaruhi oleh konsentrasi. Konsentrasi 4% memberikan efek paling dominan pada sebagian besar parameter, khususnya depresi sistem saraf pusat, relaksasi otot, dan modulasi sistem saraf otonom, sedangkan konsentrasi 2% menunjukkan efek stimulasi sistem saraf pusat yang optimal. Temuan ini menunjukkan potensi ekstrak daun Kesambi sebagai neuromodulator.  

Diabetes melitus tipe 2 (DMT2) merupakan salah satu masalah kesehatan global dengan beban ekonomi dan klinis yang sangat tinggi. Beragam pilihan terapi antidiabetes telah tersedia, mulai dari obat konvensional seperti metformin dan sulfonilurea hingga obat generasi baru seperti inhibitor dipeptidyl peptidase-4 (DPP-4i), agonis reseptor glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1 RA), dan inhibitor sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 (SGLT2i). Perbedaan harga dan efektivitas terapi menuntut adanya kajian farmakoekonomi, khususnya cost-effectiveness analysis (CEA), untuk mendukung pengambilan keputusan klinis dan kebijakan kesehatan. Literature review ini bertujuan untuk merangkum bukti CEA pada berbagai obat antidiabetes yang dipublikasikan dalam lima tahun terakhir, baik di Indonesia maupun internasional. Hasil telaah menunjukkan bahwa obat generasi baru umumnya memberikan manfaat klinis yang lebih baik, terutama dalam pencegahan komplikasi kardiorenal, namun biaya yang lebih tinggi sering menjadi kendala dalam penilaian efektivitas biaya. Sementara itu, obat konvensional tetap menjadi terapi yang relatif cost-effective pada banyak konteks, terutama di negara berpendapatan menengah. Perbedaan hasil antarstudi sangat dipengaruhi oleh harga obat, perspektif analisis, serta asumsi manfaat jangka panjang. Kajian ini menegaskan pentingnya evaluasi farmakoekonomi dalam menentukan pilihan terapi yang rasional dan efisien untuk pasien DMT2.

Work engagement is a crucial factor that supports organizational effectiveness, particularly within public institutions that bear significant responsibilities in delivering public services. This study aimed to examine the relationship between Perceived Organizational Support (POS) and Work Engagement among Civil Servants (Pegawai Negeri Sipil PNS) at the Medan Center for Drug and Food Control (Balai Besar Pengawas Obat dan Makanan BBPOM). A quantitative approach with a correlational research design was employed. The study population consisted of 127 civil servants, all of whom were included as research participants using a total sampling technique. Data were collected using the Survey of Perceived Organizational Support (SPOS) and the Utrecht Work Engagement Scale (UWES). Data analysis was conducted using the Pearson Product-Moment Correlation test. The findings revealed a positive and significant relationship between Perceived Organizational Support and Work Engagement (r = 0.266; p = 0.002). These results indicate that higher levels of perceived organizational support are associated with higher levels of employee work engagement. Descriptively, the majority of respondents reported high levels of POS (66.9%) and high levels of work engagement (73.2%). The findings suggest that organizational support manifested through fairness, concern for employee well-being, supervisory support, and recognition of employee contributions plays an important role in enhancing employees’ vigor, dedication, and involvement in their work. This study provides practical implications for BBPOM Medan to continuously strengthen organizational support as a strategic effort to improve employee work engagement and optimize the performance of civil servants.

Waktu tunggu pelayanan resep obat merupakan salah satu hal penting dalam pelayanan kefarmasian di puskesmas. Waktu menunggu dapat mempengaruhi kepuasan pasien ketika mendapatkan pelayanan, sehingga berdampak pada kualitas pelayanan di puskesmas. Tujuan dari penyusunan artikel ini adalah untuk memberikan gambaran terkait informasi pelayanan waktu tunggu resep obat racik dan non racik yang ada di puskesmas. Pencarian artikel ini mencakup berbagai publikasi mengenai waktu tunggu resep di puskesmas melalui Google Scholar dengan metode Boolean Operator (AND, OR) Kriteria inklusi dalam pencarian artikel yang relevan terdiri dari artikel yang dipublikasikan antara tahun 2016-2026 dan tersedia dalam teks lengkap gratis. Hasil seleksi artikel yang dilakukan, diperoleh 9 artikel jurnal yang memenuhi kriteria inklusi. Berdasarkan 9 artikel tersebut, sebanyak 3 artikel menunjukkan bahwa waktu tunggu pelayanan resep obat racik atau non racik sudah sesuai standar, dan sebanyak 6 artikel menyatakan masih terdapat waktu tunggu pelayanan resep obat racik atau non racik yang belum sesuai standar berdasarkan Permenkes atau puskesmas terkait.

This study aims to design a drug inbound and outbound transaction application that can improve the effectiveness and efficiency of drug data management at the UPTD Pharmacy Installation of Tanjungbalai City. The research method used in this study is a descriptive qualitative method with a case study approach. Data collection was carried out through direct observation at the research location, interviews with pharmacy staff, and documentation studies of documents related to drug management. The data obtained were then analyzed to identify weaknesses in the current system and determine the system requirements to be designed. The results of the study indicate that the existing manual recording system has not been able to support optimal drug management because it is less effective and prone to errors. The drug inbound and outbound transaction application designed in this study can assist pharmacy staff in recording incoming and outgoing drug data, monitoring drug stock in real-time, and generating reports automatically.

Community service with the theme of Expired Date (ED) and Beyond Use Date (BUD) aims to improve knowledge and understanding of proper medication storage as an effort to enhance the health of the Gagak Sipat community. Knowledge about medication usage limits and checking product expiration dates educates the public to be more cautious and to avoid health risks that may arise from consuming products that have exceeded their usage period or have expired. The use of medicines beyond their ED and BUD indicates that the drugs may have experienced reduced stability related to storage conditions. Decreased stability of pharmaceutical preparations can affect their physical quality, which in turn impacts the effectiveness and safety of the medication. The educational method used in this program included lectures accompanied by the distribution of leaflets, followed by practical simulations on checking ED and calculating BUD for various dosage forms. The results of this educational activity showed that community members were able to determine the ED and BUD for several pharmaceutical preparations such as tablets, powders, capsules, syrups, eye drops, ear drops, and others. The community in Gagak Sipat village gained an understanding of the risks associated with using medications beyond the BUD, including reduced effectiveness, the risk of microbial contamination, and potentially harmful chemical reactions. It was emphasized that some medications that are expired or used beyond their BUD can pose more serious health risks, especially when used to treat severe diseases.

Hypertension is a chronic condition that requires long-term management due to its strong association with an increased risk of serious complications when blood pressure is not adequately controlled. One of the key factors influencing the success of hypertension management is patient adherence to antihypertensive medication. However, suboptimal adherence remains a common problem and may lead to poor therapeutic outcomes. This literature review aimed to examine the relationship between adherence to antihypertensive medication and blood pressure control among patients with hypertension. A systematic search of the literature was conducted using the PubMed and Google Scholar databases with relevant keywords combined through Boolean operators. The selected articles were screened based on predefined inclusion and exclusion criteria, including original research articles published within the last ten years, accessible in full text, and addressing the association between medication adherence and blood pressure in hypertensive patients. The findings of the reviewed studies indicate that most articles reported a significant relationship between medication adherence and blood pressure levels. Patients with higher adherence to antihypertensive therapy tended to achieve better blood pressure control compared to those with lower adherence. Although variations in the strength of the reported associations were observed across studies, the overall direction of the relationship was consistent. These results suggest that adherence to antihypertensive medication plays an essential role in achieving optimal blood pressure control. Therefore, this review highlights the importance of continuous efforts to improve patient adherence as part of effective hypertension management strategies aimed at reducing the risk of long-term complications.

Schizophrenia is a chronic mental disorder that requires long-term medication adherence to prevent relapse and improve patients’ quality of life. Caregivers play a crucial role in encouraging medication adherence through emotional, informational, instrumental, and supervisory support. This descriptive quantitative study with a cross-sectional design aimed to describe caregiver support and medication adherence among schizophrenia patients at the South Denpasar Public Health Center. A total of 100 respondents, who were family members or caregivers of schizophrenia patients, were selected using a consecutive sampling technique. Data were collected through structured interviews using questionnaires and analyzed descriptively. The results showed that most caregivers provided good support (63%), particularly in accompanying patients during medication intake, actively interacting with them, and following health workers’ recommendations. Furthermore, patients’ medication adherence was mostly in the moderate (45%) and good (35%) categories. These findings indicate that caregiver support plays a significant role in improving medication adherence among schizophrenia patients. Strengthening caregiver knowledge and optimizing health education by healthcare workers are essential to further enhance adherence.

Low public awareness of eye health and rational use of eye medications may increase the risk of eye disorders and infections. This community service activity aimed to improve public knowledge and awareness regarding the importance of maintaining eye health and applying the DAGUSIBU principle (Get, Use, Store, and Dispose of medicines properly) in the use of eye drops. The activity was conducted at the Klinik Pratama Nusantara Kesehatan through interactive counseling, demonstrations of proper eye drop administration techniques, and education on the prevention of common eye disorders and the role of healthcare professionals. Pre-test and post-test evaluations showed a significant increase of approximately 35% in participants’ knowledge regarding eye hygiene and correct eye medication use. This educational program is expected to contribute to long-term improvements in rational eye medication use, reduce the risk of misuse, and serve as a model for sustainable eye health education in a primary healthcare settings.

This community service program aims to enhance the knowledge and skills of the community in Pulau Akar, Setokok Village, Batam City, in utilizing Family Medicinal Plants (TOGA) for optimizing health based on traditional methods. The program was carried out through training involving housewives, community leaders, and local health cadres. The methods used include an initial survey, practical training on types of medicinal plants, their benefits, processing methods, and the distribution of TOGA seedlings to be planted at participants' homes. Additionally, group discussions were held to reinforce understanding and organize TOGA utilization within the community. The results of this program showed a significant increase in participants' understanding and skills regarding the use of TOGA for treating minor ailments and disease prevention. The community began planting TOGA around their homes, creating herbal gardens that can be used as a source of natural medicine. Furthermore, the emergence of local leaders actively disseminating knowledge about TOGA was an important outcome of this service. Social change was also evident as the community became more aware of the importance of managing health independently using local resources. It is hoped that this program will continue with regular training and the strengthening of TOGA utilization groups to ensure the sustainability of this program in the future.

Advances in technology and research in the field of pharmacy have driven innovation in drug formulation and administration methods to improve the effectiveness and safety of therapy. One of the most widely developed dosage forms is suspension injections, which are sterile preparations containing particles of active ingredients that are insoluble in the carrier fluid. This study aims to review the effects of various administration routes, such as intra-articular, intramuscular, and subcutaneous, on the efficacy and safety of suspension injections. The method used is a literature study analyzing various scientific journals from databases published in the last ten years. The results of the review show that the route of administration has a significant effect on the therapeutic effect, where the intra-articular route provides a strong local effect with low systemic risk, the intramuscular route produces long-term effects and is relatively easy to perform, while the subcutaneous route provides stable drug release over a long period of time. Overall, the choice of injection route for suspension injections should be tailored to the characteristics of the drug, the patient's condition, and the therapeutic goals to achieve optimal, safe, and comfortable treatment outcomes for the patient.

Drug storage is not only carried out in health facilities but can also be done independently by the community that consumes drugs, either as an emergency supply or leftover medication from previous use. Drug storage is often done without paying attention to the condition after the packaging is opened or understanding the drug's usage limit/Beyond Use Date (BUD). The community generally only looks at the expiration date/Expired Date (ED) on the drug packaging as a reference for safe drug use, and does not understand the safe usage limit for drugs after the primary packaging is opened. The purpose of this community service is to evaluate the community's knowledge and practices regarding the implementation of BUD/ED, as well as to provide education. This community service was carried out with an educational approach involving 21 people in Rejosari Village. This activity was carried out by distributing questionnaires to the community about the knowledge and practice of BUD/ED daily, then continued with the delivery of education using posters. The results of this activity indicate that the community has good knowledge of ED and BUD, but has not yet implemented ED and BUD in the storage and use of drugs independently.