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The enactment of Law No. 1 of 2023 concerning the Criminal Code (KUHP) has brought a number of controversies, one of which is related to the revival of provisions regarding the criminal act of insulting the President and Vice President. This article aims to critically examine these provisions in the perspective of the freedom of expression guaranteed by the Indonesian constitution and international human rights instruments. This research uses a normative juridical approach with an analysis of the norms in the new Criminal Code, the 1945 Constitution, as well as international treaties such as the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (ICCPR). The results of the study show that although the provision of insulting the President in the Criminal Code is only referred to as a complaint offense and is framed to protect the dignity of state institutions, the provision still has the potential to limit freedom of opinion excessively. In addition to risking opening a loophole for criminalization of legitimate public criticism, this rule also has the potential to contradict the principles of non-discrimination and accountability of public officials in a democratic country. Therefore, an in-depth evaluation of the formulation of norms and their application is needed so that they do not conflict with the spirit of democracy and the protection of human rights.   Keywords: , , , , .

This study aims to analyze the forms of learning difficulties experienced by students in understanding the path independence theorem in the Vector Calculus course. The focus of the research is a group of students who had previously presented this material in class. Data were collected through a questionnaire containing both open- and close-ended questions to explore conceptual understanding, difficulties in distinguishing between conservative and non-conservative fields, and challenges in solving application problems. The analysis revealed that although students reported having a fair grasp of the basic concepts, they still expressed uncertainty in understanding the relationship between path independence and the conditions for conservative fields. Difficulties were also found in spatial visualization and in connecting concepts with the fundamental theorem of calculus. In addition, students showed a preference for worked example problem sets and visual learning media as the most effective learning supports. These findings indicate the need for an interactive, contextual, and visually supported instructional approach to enhance students’ conceptual understanding and application skills related to this topic.

This study aims to examine how university students perceive freedom of expression in Indonesia within the context of democracy and the digital age. A descriptive quantitative method was employed by distributing questionnaires to students from various universities. The findings reveal that most students view freedom of expression as a fundamental right in a democratic society. However, concerns were raised regarding potential restrictions through ambiguous regulations and the threat of legal sanctions. Social media platforms serve as the primary medium for expressing opinions, although risks such as digital harassment and criminalization persist. In conclusion, while students generally have a positive view of freedom of expression, they remain cautious about its possible repercussions. These findings suggest the need for stronger legal protections and improved digital literacy to ensure that freedom of expression remains safeguarded in a democratic system.

The principle of freedom of contract is a fundamental tenet in contract law that grants parties the autonomy to determine the content, form, and subjects of an agreement. In the context of business contracts in Indonesia, this principle plays a vital role in providing flexibility for business actors to regulate their legal relationships independently. However, in practice, the implementation of this principle often faces various challenges, such as unequal bargaining power between parties and legal interventions aimed at protecting weaker parties. This study aims to analyze how the principle of freedom of contract is applied in the practice of business contracts in Indonesia, as well as the legal boundaries that limit such freedom. A normative juridical method is employed, using statutory and case study approaches. The findings indicate that contractual freedom in Indonesia is not absolute but is restricted by positive law, propriety, and public order. Therefore, a balance is required between contractual freedom and legal protection in the drafting of business contracts.  

This paper examines human actions within social media interactions, with a particular emphasis on the phenomenon of cyberbullying from the perspective of ethical philosophy. The focus of this study is not on the entire scope of ethics in human life, but specifically on evaluating whether cyberbullying can be categorized as morally good or bad according to ethical principles. In everyday life, such actions are often carried out unconsciously by the perpetrators, and many even deny having committed them, due to a lack of understanding about the various forms of cyberbullying. This study employs a qualitative method in the form of a literature review, analyzing various scholarly works and previous studies to explore how ethical philosophy can serve as a framework for assessing the moral value of human behavior in digital spaces. Through this approach, the paper aims to provide a deeper ethical understanding of cyberbullying and to foster critical awareness within society in evaluating and reflecting upon online behavior in contemporary social life.

As a democratic legal state, Indonesia is obligated to guarantee press freedom as an information source for the community and as a social watchdog. The ITE Law, a response to technological developments, affects the existence of press media, which now present information digitally. This research focuses on two main issues: First, it examines the implications of the ITE Law on press freedom using Lawrence M. Friedman's theory. Second, it explores how to ideally guarantee press freedom through the legal protection of journalists. This study aims to examine the extent to which the ITE Law restricts press freedom. This study employs a normative juridical approach with a literature review and case analysis of the criminalization of journalists in Indonesia. The results show that the ITE Law creates legal ambiguity, thus triggering the abuse of vague articles, particularly Article 26, paragraph 3, which contradicts press freedom as protected by the 1945 Constitution. The study concludes that there is a need for a fundamental revision of the ITE Law to create a balance between individual rights and public interests. Alternative solutions include synchronizing the law with the press law and strengthening the role of the Press Council.

Press criminal law has significant implications in the case of sending a pig's head to the editorial office of Tempo, an event that has drawn attention regarding press freedom and the limits of expression. This research aims to analyze how the provisions of press criminal law can be applied in the context of acts of intimidation against the media as occurred in this case. Employing a normative juridical study method with a case approach, this research will examine potential criminal violations and the relevance of the Press Law in providing protection for press freedom. The main focus of the analysis is to understand the limitations that can be imposed on expression, especially when such actions have the potential to threaten or create fear among journalists. This case is important to evaluate in order to maintain the dignity of the press as a free and independent pillar of democracy. Furthermore, this research is expected to contribute to a deeper understanding of how the legal system responds to actions that can undermine press freedom in Indonesia, as well as provide recommendations for more effective law enforcement in protecting press freedom without neglecting the principles of justice.

This study aims to analyze the state's authority in organizing electronic systems related to freedom of expression in the digital world. The development of technology that gives rise to a dilemma between the needs or activities of society and regulations to protect public interests and individual human rights, especially freedom of expression, makes it necessary to have regulations that accommodate both of these things. Through a prescriptive normative legal research method with a statutory approach, through an analysis of laws and regulations, legal literature, and international human rights instruments, this study examines the state's authority in regulating the implementation of electronic systems that are pro-freedom of expression. The results of the study indicate that the state has the authority to regulate the implementation of electronic systems to determine and enforce restrictions on a person's human rights, which in this case is shown through the ability to terminate access to content. However, the implementation of the provisions that have been in effect has the potential to violate the right to freedom of expression because of the possibility of restrictions on rights that do not meet the principles of legality, legitimate purposes, and proportionality as regulated by laws and regulations, especially the constitution and international human rights standards.

One of the human rights protected by several national and international legal instruments is freedom of opinion. In a democratic country like Indonesia, it is protected under Article 28e Paragraph (2) and (3) of the 1945 Constitution and Article 19 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. However, in Islam, freedom of opinion is not absolute, meaning that it has a basis based on Sharia principles to uphold the common good. This study uses a qualitative literary analysis method in conjunction with a descriptive-analytical approach with relevant aspects of Islamic law and national regulations. According to the results of the study, Islam encourages behavior that is consistent with the law and does not conflict with Sharia principles, such as not requiring slander, hoaxes, or division. As stated in positive legal regulations, the state also has an obligation to maintain harmony between individual rights and public welfare. Therefore, it is necessary to align Sharia law and the right to freedom of opinion to create a democratic society that still respects religious norms.

Freedom of the press is a fundamental part of a democratic system, including in Indonesia. However, in a society that is predominantly Muslim, there are challenges in balancing freedom of the press with Islamic values. One form of Islamic influence on the world of journalism in Indonesia is the fatwa of the Indonesian Ulema Council (MUI) on Islamic journalism. This study aims to analyze how the fatwa regulates journalistic practices, the extent of its influence on press freedom, and the challenges that arise in its implementation. This study uses a qualitative approach with a document analysis method, including a study of the MUI fatwa, press regulations in Indonesia, and related literature. The results of the study show that the MUI fatwa emphasizes the principles of honesty, moral responsibility, and compliance with Islamic teachings in journalistic practice. This fatwa encourages Muslim journalists to present news that is not only accurate but also in accordance with religious norms. Although it does not have binding legal force, this fatwa still has a major influence, especially for Islamic-based media and Muslim journalists. However, this study also found the potential for conflict between the principle of press freedom which prioritizes independence and the principle of Islamic journalism which demands limitations according to religious norms. Therefore, dialogue is needed between stakeholders, such as the MUI, the press, and the government, in order to find a balance between press freedom and Islamic values ​​in journalistic practices in Indonesia.

Descriptive research involving 75 Gen Z on Gen Z's concerns about their parents' economic and financial conditions in retirement concluded that 86.7 percent of Gen Z were worried about their parents' economic and financial conditions in retirement, while 13.3 percent of Gen Z were not worried. As many as 66.7 percent of Gen Z were not sure that their parents would be financially free in old age, while 33.3 percent of Gen Z were sure that their parents would be prosperous in retirement. The implication is that if Gen Z is already working and is forced to help their parents' economy, then 53.3 percent of Gen Z are willing to help their parents' retirement by 10% of their salary. This means that 1 in 2 Gen Z are only willing to set aside 10% of their salary to help their parents in retirement. As a solution to Gen Z's concerns about their parents' economic conditions during retirement, ways to overcome this include: 1) the need to have sufficient retirement savings, 2) maintaining health so that it does not decline during retirement, 3) avoiding a consumptive lifestyle, 4) not depending on their children, and 5) avoiding the occurrence of a sandwich generation.

. Perancangan dan pemodelan struktur merupakan unsur yang esensial pada suatu bangunan agar dapat menghasilkan struktur yang kuat, stabil, dan awet. Pada dasarnya struktur adalah benda kontinum yang memiliki derajat kebebasan tak terhingga sehingga harus dinyatakan sebagai model derajat kebebasan banyak. Tujuan Penelitian ini dilakukan untuk menganalisis kinerja struktur Gedung 2 Universitas Muhammadiyah Bima. Metode yang digunakan yaitu dengan melakukan pendekatan secara analisis menggunakan pemodelan struktur yang meliputi pemilihan jenis struktur yang digunakan, penentuan material dan dimensi elemen struktur, sistem pembebanan pada struktur (beban mati, beban hidup, beban gempa dan lain-lain), analisis struktur, pengecekan kekuatan struktur. Hasil Analisis tegangan azial yang terjadi pada kolom sebesar -1475,761 kN, Gaya geser yang dihasilkan oleh balok dan kolom masing-masing sebesar 72,430 kN dan 62,080 kN. Momen lentur yang dihasilkan oleh balok dan kolom masing-masing sebesar 63.0184 kN-m dan 120,1879 kN-m. Momen torsi yang dihasilkan oleh balok sebesar 9,5972 kN-m. Lendutan yang terjadi pada balok dan sebesar 2,085599 mm lebih kecil dari L/360 batas yang diijinkan. Dari hasil perhitungan analisis struktur bahwa dimensi balok, kolom dan pelat layak digunakan untuk struktur konstruksi gedung. 

This journal discusses the role of Pancasila in maintaining the balance between individual freedom and public order in Indonesian constitutional law. Pancasila, as the state foundation and ideology of the nation, occupies a central position in the formation of the legal system in Indonesia and serves as the source of all sources of law. In the context of constitutional law, Pancasila regulates how individual freedom is recognized as a constitutional right that is not absolute, but must be balanced with social responsibility and certain restrictions in order to maintain public interest and public order. This discussion highlights the challenges faced in maintaining this balance. This journal also provides suggestions for strengthening the normative foundation consistent with Pancasila, applying the principle of proportionality, strengthening the check and balance mechanism, and increasing public participation and legal education. Through the Historical Approach method, it is expected to examine the development of the rule of law and the principles of Pancasila from the past to the present.

This research aims to find out and analyze freedom of opinion in social media in Indonesia. This research is a normative research supported by empirical juridical research methods. In this study, the research approach used by the researcher is the Statute Approach, the Comparative Approach, and the Case Approach. The data of this research is sourced from primary data in the form of observations and secondary data in the form of primary, secondary and tertiary legal materials collected using literature studies and observations and this research is analyzed in a qualitative descriptive manner. The results of the study show that (1) Freedom of opinion in social media in Indonesia is an independence in expressing feelings, thoughts, ideas, and expressions in virtual form that is accommodated by digital platforms such as social media but limited by the responsibility to maintain ethics, not harm others, and follow the applicable laws and regulations in Indonesia. (2) The implementation of freedom of opinion in social media in Indonesia still faces problems due to a lack of understanding of the limits of freedom of opinion, especially in social media, such as the spread of misinformation and defamation that can trigger chaos.

Indonesia adalah negara demokratis yang mempunyai hak kebebasan berpendapat bagi warga negaranya. Salah satu wujud dari demokrasi tersebut adalah pelaksanaan pemilihan umum (Pemilu). Tujuan utama pemilihan umum (pemilu) adalah memberikan kesempatan kepada masyarakat untuk memilih pemimpin yang akan mewakili mereka dalam pemerintahan. Pengabdian masyarakat ini berupa sosialisasi pemilu untuk meningkatkan partisipasi pemilih pemula. kegiatan pengabdian ini dilaksanakan dengan metode workshop dimulai dengan menyampaikan materi dari pengertian demokrasi, pemilu, pemilih pemula sampai peserta diajak untuk praktek cek DPT secara online di https://cekdptonline.kpu.go.id/  melalui HP masing-masing peserta. Dari acara sosialisasi ini tim mengajak peserta untuk menjadi pemilih pemula yang cerdas dengan indikator sebagai berikut : 1). Memastikan terdaftar sebagai pemilih, 2). Mengetahui kapan pelaksanaan pemungutan suara, 3). Mengetahui caleg yang berkompetisi serta rekam jejak mereka, 4). Mengetahui tata cara mengunakan hak suara dengan benar. Kegiatan ini menunjukan adanya peningkatan pemahaman peserta sosialisasi 30% sesebelum mengikuti sosialisasi pemahamanya tentang pemilu cuma 45% dan sesudah mengikuti sosilalisasi menjadi 75 %. Sehingga terjadi peningkatan pemahaman peserta sosialisasi pemilu di SMKN Nglegok dan MA Syeh Subakir.

Children are the future leaders of a nation's development, thus they have the right to special treatment in the form of protection and child rights. Accelerating the Convention on the Rights of the Child, the Child-Friendly City (CFC) policy was initiated in 2006. In its implementation, CFC is divided into 5 clusters of children's rights that must be fulfilled, one of which is civil rights and freedoms. Surabaya City is recognized as a Child-Friendly City and has maintained this status for the past six years. Given this achievement, it is interesting to analyze the implementation of the CFC in Surabaya concerning the cluster of Civil Rights and Freedoms. This study employs a descriptive qualitative research method, gathering both primary and secondary data, which are comprehensively analyzed through data reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research findings reveal strong commitment demonstrated by Surabaya City in its Child-Friendly City policy to fulfill children's civil rights and freedoms, evidenced by easy access to birth certificates and identity cards for children, as well as the establishment of the Child Friendly Information Center (Pusat Informasi Sahabat Anak - PISA) enabling children to access information and exchange ideas freely. There is a need for enhanced collaboration among government, NGOs, and the community to ensure the equitable implementation of the Child-Friendly City initiative, extending to suburban areas.   Keywords: Public Policy, Child-Friendly City, Children's Civil Rights and Freedoms

This article examines Paul's perspective on slavery in early Christianity with a focus on the concept of spiritual equality and views on spiritual freedom. Although Paul did not explicitly call for the physical liberation of slaves, the concept of spiritual equality in Christ became a moral basis that highlighted the dignity of every individual regardless of social status. Paul's view of spiritual freedom was interpreted as a potential encouragement to support physical and social liberation, although it did not propose direct changes in law or policy. This research also details possible responses of early Christian communities to this concept in practical contexts, including efforts to support human rights and create an ethical environment that respects the values ​​of freedom and human dignity.  

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui dan menganalisis tanggungjawab PPAT dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi penghadap, upaya PPAT dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi penghadap pada peralihan hak tanah melalui jual beli. Hasil penelitian ini adalah : 1. Bentuk tanggungjawab khusus PPAT adalah melakukan pemeriksaan dokumen tanah dengan cermat, memverifikasi kepemilikan tanah dan bebanhukum yang mungkin terdapat pada property tersebut, memberikan penjelasan dan konsultasi hukum kepada klien, memberikan jaminan hukum kepada klien terkait keabsahan transaksi, kepemilikan tanah, dan kebebasan dari beban hukum atau sengketa yang dapat merugikan mereka, dan jika terjadi masalah hukum setelah transaksi, PPAT dapat memberikan bantuan dalam menangani sengketa atau permasalahan yang muncul. 2. Upaya PPAT dalam memberikan perlindungan hukum bagi penghadap pada peralihan hak tanah melalui jual beli melibatkan proses pembuatan akta tanah yang sah dan lengkap yaitu dengan melakukan pemeriksaan dokumen-dokumen terkait dengan kepemilikan dan status tanah yang akan dijual, melakukan penelitian untuk memastikan bahwa status tanah yang akan dijual adalah legal dan tidak terlibat dalam masalah hukum, menyusun akta jual beli, memverifikasi identitas para pihak yang terlibat dalam transaksi, mendaftarkan akta tersebut di Badan Pertanahan Nasional (BPN), memberikan salinan akta tanah kepada semua pihak yang terlibat dalam transaksi, memberikan penjelasan kepada para pihak mengenai hak dan kewajiban yang timbul dari transaksi jual beli tanah, dan PPAT dapat bekerja sama dengan pihak terkait lainnya, seperti notaris, bank, dan pihak berwenang lainnya, untuk memastikan keseluruhan proses transaksi berjalan dengan lancar dan sesuai dengan hukum. 3. Akta Jual Beli tidak memenuhi syarat materil sehingga menjadi batal demi hukum.

This article reviews the concept of destiny in Islamic aqeedah with an emphasis on understanding and in-depth study of it. Beginning with an introduction to the concept of destiny, the article discusses the definition of destiny according to Islamic teachings and explains the concepts of divine decree and human freedom. Aspects of divine provisions such as Al-Qadar and destiny are accompanied by the importance of sincere obedience to destiny. Meanwhile, the aspect of human freedom highlights the wisdom behind the granting of freedom and the role of humans in determining their own destiny through choices and actions. The article also explores the relationship between divine decree and human freedom and how this relationship can be understood in the context of everyday life. The article concludes by emphasizing the importance of applying the concept of destiny in daily life and maintaining a balance between accepting destiny and exercising human freedom responsibly.

The revival of thinking about religious freedom as an integral part of human rights has become an increasingly important topic of discussion in the current global context. Human Rights are rights that are very inherent in every human being, especially every individual. In Indonesia, religious freedom which is linked to human rights has been regulated in statutory regulations. The content of the law is to emphasize that a country can guarantee the freedom of every resident to practice their own religion. Some regions may have certain rules or norms that limit religious freedom, even though they are legally constitutional. Indonesia guarantees religious freedom, this still occurs in cases of human rights violations related to religious freedom in several places in Indonesia.