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This study examines the cultural diversity of the Batak people in North Sumatra through a systematic literature review of three core pillars: language, traditions, and social systems. Findings reveal significant inter-sub-ethnic variations (e.g., Toba, Karo, Simalungun), including linguistic diversity (V-S-O structures in Toba vs. complex affixation in Karo), distinct rituals (such as Saur Matua and Manulangi Natuatua), and kinship systems rooted in the Dalihan Na Tolu philosophy. Amid positive dynamics like digitalization of traditional arts (Tortor Martonun) and gender transformations, Batak culture faces critical threats: symbolic desacralization (commodification of ulos textiles), kinship disintegration (atomization of Dalihan Na Tolu due to urbanization), and erosion of transcendental knowledge (extinction of Hata Andung rituals). The study recommends a community-based participatory research (CBPR) preservation model, integrating local content curricula and geographical indication certification. A key limitation is the literature bias toward the Toba sub-group, necessitating urgent comparative studies across sub-ethnicities and analysis of digital media’s impact on cultural transmission.

This study aims to analyze gender representation and family dynamics in the Indonesian film Dua Garis Biru (2019), focusing on the roles, responsibilities, and social stigma experienced by teenage characters after an extramarital pregnancy. This research uses a qualitative content analysis method of scenes, dialog, and character development in the film. The study is based on gender theory and sociocultural perspectives to explore how male and female roles are shaped, contrasted, or reinforced. The results showed strong inequalities in the division of responsibilities, with female characters disproportionately bearing the emotional and social consequences. The role of the family, influenced by traditional values and social pressures, largely determines the decisions and autonomy of the teenage couple. The film also reveals the stigmatization of women's sexuality and motherhood outside the institution of marriage, but at the same time shows a change in perspective between generations. This study contributes to a deeper understanding of how contemporary Indonesian cinema reflects and challenges prevailing gender norms and family expectations. The implications of this study are important for educators and counselors in addressing gender bias and stigma among teenagers through media literacy.  

This research aims to analyze the representation of mental disabilities and the concept of justice in the film Miracle in Cell No. 7 from a gender studies perspective. The film features a main character with intellectual disabilities who is a victim of an uninclusive and patriarchal legal system. The representation of disability in the film shows a combination of empathy and infantile stereotypes that place people with disabilities as objects of pity without agency. Through Stuart Hall's representation theory approach and Crenshaw's intersectionality framework, this research reveals how class identity, gender, and disability shape the main character's subordinate position. The method used is qualitative with a descriptive-analytical approach, where data is analyzed based on symbols, narratives, and cinematic elements in the film. The results show that the film uses emotional strategies to build closeness with the audience, but risks reproducing structural biases against vulnerable groups. Nonetheless, the film still has potential as a medium for social criticism of legal injustice and representational bias in popular culture. This research recommends the need for a more inclusive and humane cinematic approach in depicting people with disabilities and gender inequality.

This study aims to identify and analyze forms of gender bias found in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) textbooks at the Senior High School (SMA) level. Using a qualitative approach with content analysis methods, grounded in a critical paradigm and gender perspective, this research found that gender representation in several teaching materials remains unequal. Gender bias in the textbooks is manifested through narratives that position men as dominant in the public sphere, while women are confined to domestic roles. The analyzed materials include topics such as pilgrimage requirements, covering the body and dressing, visiting graves, marriage guardians and witnesses, and family leadership. In these narratives, women are often portrayed as weak, in need of protection, or limited in their roles. This indicates that PAI textbooks continue to reproduce patriarchal values that may reinforce gender-based social inequalities in educational settings. The study recommends that teaching materials be revised to be more inclusive and aligned with gender equality principles as mandated by national education regulations. Thus, education can serve as a fair and equitable instrument for all students, regardless of gender. 

The Baiq Nuril case is a clear reflection of the political problems of criminal law in Indonesia, especially in the context of protecting victims of sexual violence and the application of the Electronic Information and Transaction Law (ITE Law). Baiq Nuril, a victim of verbal harassment by her superior, was criminalized through Article 27 paragraph (1) of the ITE Law after she recorded an obscene conversation as a form of self-protection. This research uses a normative juridical approach by analyzing relevant legal instruments and their application in the Baiq Nuril case. The results show that the use of the article contains structural bias and shows an imbalance of perspectives in the criminal justice system, which tends to ignore the position of victims as well as the social context and power relations that surround them. In addition, the article's multiple interpretations open space for criminalization of victims, especially women, instead of providing protection. This case emphasizes the importance of criminal law reform oriented towards substantive justice and in favor of victims, as well as the need to revise the ITE Law so that it does not become a tool of repression against vulnerable groups. The amnesty granted by the President to Baiq Nuril is a political corrective step, but has not touched the root of systemic problems in law enforcement that have not been in favor of victims of gender-based violence.

Gender-based violence against women and children is a serious problem in Indonesia that reflects the inequality of social structures and the weakness of legal implementation. This study aims to examine the extent to which the Indonesian legal system is able to provide fair, equal, and gender-responsive protection to victims of violence, as well as assess the challenges in its application. The type of research used is a normative-critical study with a Feminist Legal Theory approach. The results of the analysis show that although there are regulatory advances such as the TPKS Law and the Presidential Instruction on Gender Mainstreaming, their application is still biased, not victim-friendly, and lacks a gender perspective. In conclusion, the law in Indonesia has not fully guaranteed substantive justice for victims. Therefore, it is recommended that legal reforms based on victims' experiences, increasing the capacity of law enforcement officials, and strengthening victim service institutions to encourage inclusive and transformative justice.

Human rights and Islam both emphasize the value of justice and well-being for all individuals, including women. However, in practice, women's rights are often hampered by patriarchal culture and conservative religious interpretations. This study aims to analyze how human rights and Islam can work in harmony in guaranteeing women's rights. Using a qualitative method based on literature study, this research identifies various factors that cause discrimination against women, such as gender bias in religious interpretations and entrenched social norms. The results show that realizing gender equality in Islam requires inclusive education, fairer reinterpretation of Islamic law, policy reforms that protect women, as well as economic empowerment and women's participation in leadership. With these steps, women can obtain their full rights without erroneous cultural and religious barriers.

This study analyzes the representation of women in the national movement within high school history textbooks of the Merdeka Curriculum using the Discourse-Historical Approach (DHA) by Ruth Wodak. The findings reveal that women appear eight times less frequently than men, with their roles concentrated in education (30%), social organizations (25%), and health (20%), while political and military roles are minimal. Language analysis shows that active-strategic diction dominates descriptions of male figures (85%), whereas passive-emotional diction prevails for female figures (60-70%). The narrative structure applies the Great Men Theory, placing women as supplements to the main story. Visual representation marginalizes women through smaller photo sizes, peripheral placement, and domestic contexts. Ideological analysis confirms that patriarchal structures dominate all discourse production dimensions, with the state scoring 5/5 and women as subjects scoring only 1/5. The deconstruction score averages 2.2 out of 10, indicating a significant gap from the ideal inclusive representation. These findings demonstrate that despite the Merdeka Curriculum's inclusive aspirations, history textbooks continue to reproduce gender biases that marginalize women's historical contributions.

The proliferation of network information algorithms (NIAs) in contemporary society has sparked significant ethical concerns regarding their societal impact. This study investigates the influence of NIAs on social interactions, decision-making processes, and the perpetuation of structural biases through a multidisciplinary perspective (Ananny, 2023). The findings reveal that while NIAs enhance operational efficiency across various domains, they also introduce ethical challenges, including privacy infringements, systemic inequities, and algorithmic opacity, which threaten social justice. Employing Ananny’s (2023) conceptual framework—which categorizes NIAs into three dimensions: encounters, observation, and probability/temporality—this research deconstructs the operational mechanisms of these algorithms. The analysis demonstrates that NIAs not only replicate historical biases but also engender new forms of discrimination through ostensibly neutral predictive processes. For example, algorithm-driven recruitment systems may perpetuate gender disparities if their training data reflects prior discriminatory practices (Crawford, 2021). This study underscores the inextricable link between technological ethics and societal context, arguing that an overreliance on algorithmic systems risks undermining human autonomy (Zuboff, 2019). The originality of this research lies in its integration of computational ethics theory with empirical case studies, such as the deployment of NIAs in mass surveillance, where privacy is often compromised in pursuit of perceived security. To ensure academic rigor, the arguments are developed through a critical comparison with prior research (e.g., Mittelstadt et al., 2016), while avoiding redundancy in phrasing or structure. Scholars such as Floridi (2019) emphasize the necessity of algorithmic transparency in regulatory frameworks. However, critics like Noble (2018) argue that technical solutions alone are inadequate; structural reforms in data governance and corporate accountability are essential to mitigate the misuse of NIAs. In response, this study proposes an ethical framework that not only addresses technical risk mitigation but also incorporates civic participation in algorithmic decision-making processes. The ethical implications of NIAs necessitate a holistic approach that integrates principles of data justice, independent algorithmic auditing, and public digital literacy. Future research should explore inclusive models of algorithmic governance, particularly in developing nations where regulatory frameworks often lag behind technological advancements. This study concludes with a reflective inquiry: How can algorithmic accountability be ensured if developers lack transparency regarding data sources and programming logic? By addressing these questions, this research contributes to the ongoing discourse on the ethical governance of NIAs and their societal implications.

Racism and gender bias are two major barriers affecting the growth and business opportunities for entrepreneurs in the Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) sector in Indonesia. Despite the significant contribution of MSMEs to Indonesia’s economy, women entrepreneurs and those from minority ethnic groups often face challenges in accessing financing, business networks, and broader markets. This article examines the direct and indirect impacts of racial discrimination and gender bias on MSME entrepreneurs, while identifying strategies that can be implemented to create a more inclusive and equitable entrepreneurial ecosystem. Through a literature review and secondary data analysis, this study finds that women entrepreneurs in Indonesia access only 10% of the total loans given to MSMEs, while male entrepreneurs access over 70%. It is recommended that government policies strengthen support for women and minority entrepreneurs through more inclusive financing policies, as well as providing more open mentorship programs and business networks for marginalized groups. By reducing racial discrimination and gender bias, it is hoped that the MSME sector can grow more evenly and sustainably, thereby enhancing Indonesia’s economic competitiveness

This study applies a qualitative research method with an intersectionality approach to analyze Mark Twain's The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which explores issues related to race, gender, and class in the context of post-civil war America. The main focus of this research is how racial, gender, and class identities interact with each other in shaping the experiences of the characters, specifically Huck, a white boy from the lower class, and Jim, an escaped African-American slave. Through the analysis of their cross-racial relationship, this study highlights the complex power dynamics, where Jim is trapped in a racial and class hierarchy, while Huck struggles against social pressure from female authority figures representing patriarchy. The findings of this study suggest that character identities are shaped by the intersection of multiple factors, providing a deeper understanding of the challenges faced in maintaining or resisting oppressive systems of power. The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, a classic novel by Mark Twain, is a clear example of how literary works that criticize racial injustice can be misinterpreted and censored. Twain presents a scathing satire of American society, exposing its hypocrisy and failure to realize the promised values of equality. As such, the deep meanings contained within are buried under layers of superficial and biased interpretations.

This meta-analysis examined the relationship between social support and medication adherence among multiple sclerosis (MS) patients through a synthesis of 47 studies (N=12,356). The findings confirmed a significant positive correlation (r=0.42, p<0.001, 95% CI [0.38, 0.46]) with substantial heterogeneity (I²=84.0%). Contrary to Cohen et al.'s (2019) finding that informational support was the strongest predictor, our moderator analyses revealed emotional support as the most robust predictor (β=0.39, p<0.001). Furthermore, this research demonstrated that the effects of social support on MS medication adherence were stronger among women (β=0.18, p=0.023) and patients with longer disease duration (β=0.24, p=0.009), extending Franqueiro et al.'s (2023) findings regarding gender differences in social support effectiveness. Family support showed the largest effect (r=0.48, p<0.001), followed by friends (r=0.40, p<0.001) and healthcare providers (r=0.35, p<0.001). Moreover, mediation modeling revealed a significant role of self-efficacy (indirect effect=0.21, 95% CI [0.17, 0.25]), expanding upon Bandura's (2018) model. Supporting Lavorgna et al.'s (2018) findings, our results confirmed that online social support proved equally effective as offline support (Q=1.87, p=0.171). These findings demonstrated robustness through sensitivity analyses and trim-and-fill procedures, confirming resilience against publication bias (adjusted r=0.39, 95% CI [0.35, 0.43]). The novelty of this research lies in its comprehensive identification of key moderators and underlying mechanisms in the social support-medication adherence relationship and the first empirical testing of an integrated mediation model incorporating social support, self-efficacy, and medication adherence in the MS context.

. In the city of Surabaya, a large number of female online ojek drivers face problems such as prejudice, non-disclosure, and dangerous working conditions. While there are laws against violence, the quantity of sexual incidents suggests a lack of consistency in their application. By providing skills development, legal support, and psychological counseling, the Gerakan Sayang Perempuan Ojek Online (GASPOL) initiative seeks to strengthen safety and self-determination for female online ojek drivers. This research uses descriptive qualitative methodology and collects data through observation, documentation, and interviews. William N. Dunn developed evaluation criteria for the GASPOL program, which include effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, alignment, responsiveness, and accuracy. The GASPOL program met the needs of the participants, was efficient in using resources, and effective in improving the safety and competence of women drivers. In addition, the program was sensitive to feedback from participants and successfully distributed benefits equitably. Despite the success of the program, there are still challenges that influence public opinion, such as gender bias. To increase acceptance of women drivers, more outreach and education is needed.   Keywords: , , , , (Times New Roman, size 10 font Italic)

Management of human resource (HR) diversity in organizations. HR diversity includes differences in race, ethnicity, gender, age, religion, disability, sexual orientation and cultural background. There are several challenges faced by organizations in managing HR diversity, including potential conflicts between employees, bias and discrimination, as well as difficulties in building cohesive teams. However, diversity also brings various opportunities, such as increased creativity and innovation, market expansion, and the ability to attract the best talent from various backgrounds. To maximize the benefits of HR diversity, organizations need to implement inclusive management strategies, such as diversity awareness training, anti-discrimination policies, and mentoring programs. In conclusion, effective HR diversity management not only helps organizations create a harmonious and productive work environment, but also provides a competitive advantage in an increasingly global and dynamic market.  

This study examines the intersection of gender and leadership within public administration, focusing on the barriers faced by women aspiring to leadership roles in government institutions. The research evaluates gender bias, cultural perceptions, and institutional policies that shape women's career progression in public administration. Through case studies and comparative analysis, the study explores how these factors impact women's representation in leadership positions. Findings indicate that despite progress, persistent gender bias and structural limitations hinder women’s full participation in public administration leadership roles, necessitating systemic changes and supportive policies.

This article examines the socio-legal impact of gender-based violence legislation on survivors and societal perceptions of justice. By evaluating the effectiveness of various legal protections and support systems for victims, the study assesses challenges such as enforcement, social stigma, and cultural attitudes. Findings suggest that while legal protections are essential, achieving gender justice requires broader social reforms to address deeply rooted biases and to empower survivors.

Masyarakat Indonesia merupakan komunitas yang telah ada sejak dahulu kala. Dalam perjalanannya, terdapat seperangkat nilai yang dijunjung oleh masyarakat Indonesia yang biasa juga disebut sebagai kearifan lokal. Salah satu bentuk dari kearifan lokal tersebut adalah memprioritaskan wanita dibanding pria dalam berbagai urusan. Akan tetapi, dalam sudut pandang Hak Asasi Manusia (HAM), posisi pria dan wanita adalah setara yang berarti pria tidak memiliki keharusan untuk menyerahkan haknya kepada wanita dalam keadaan tidak darurat. Di Indonesia, HAM sudah dicantumkan di UUD 1945 sehingga memiliki dasar hukum yang jelas. Paper ini disusun dengan tujuan memberikan pemahaman pengaruh norma dan kebiasaan lokal masyarakat Indonesia terhadap fenomena memprioritaskan wanita dalam berbagai aktivitas dan kaitannya dengan kesetaraan gender yang terkandung dalam Hak Asasi Manusia. Penelitian ini dilakukan dengan metode semi kuantitatif dengan menyebarkan survey online dan dilakukan pendekatan deskriptif dengan studi literatur. Hasil yang diperoleh adalah fenomena ini bukan merupakan pelanggaran HAM. Namun, dapat menyebabkan konflik sosial apabila tidak ditangani dengan baik.

Dana pensiun merupakan salah satu bentuk perencanaan dana di masa depan untuk menjamin kesejahteraan finansial bagi karyawan yang telah pensiun. Studi ini bertujuan menguji secara empiris pengaruh bias konfirmasi dalam keputusan investasi dana pensiun pada karyawan PT. Pearland. Sampel yang digunakan dalam penelitian ini adalah 32 karyawan yang berada pada level manajemen. Teknik analisis data yang digunakan adalah Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA). Studi ini membuktikan bahwa karyawan tidak dipengaruhi oleh bias konfirmasi dalam keputusan investasi dana pensiun. Gender juga tidak memoderasi pengaruh bias konfirmasi dalam keputusan investasi dana pensiun.