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This study aims to examine the extent to which the identification doctrine is applied in establishing corporate criminal liability for acts of corruption. The increasing number of corruption cases involving corporate entities poses a challenge for the criminal justice system in attributing legal fault to legal persons that lack independent intent or will. The objective of this research is to analyze how the identification doctrine is utilized to bridge this issue and to assess its effectiveness and fairness in judicial practice. This study employs a normative legal approach using qualitative methods through the analysis of statutory regulations, legal doctrines, and court decisions. The findings indicate that although the identification doctrine provides a logical foundation for prosecuting corporations through the actions of their directors or executives, its application still faces challenges in distinguishing between individual actions taken personally and those undertaken on behalf of the corporation. This ambiguity may result in legal uncertainty and injustice in the enforcement of criminal sanctions. Therefore, clear and firm criteria are necessary in determining corporate criminal liability to support a more just and accountable legal system.

This article aims to explore how the relationship between God and humans (Creator and creation) in relation to their responsibilities as humans to try to keep the earth free from damage that will certainly harm humans themselves. Humans as God's partners on earth are also given a mandate to keep the earth good as in the creation narrative that everything created by God is truly very good. It turns out that the narrative was ignored and turned bad. Humans who were given reason by God, turned out not to use their reason well. Humans who were given a mandate to protect nature well, instead exploited nature arbitrarily. So, nature cannot be friendly with humans, so that lately we have felt the very high heat of the sun and it stings the skin sharply. It is very clear that the heat of the sun that shines is not like the heat that was some time ago not as hot as recently. Perhaps this is the cause of global warming. The world is getting hotter because the ozone layer can no longer withstand the hot and dangerous ultraviolet rays (sun). There is no doubt, global warming will be a universal disaster that will slowly but surely destroy this "very good" world. But whether we realize it or not, this is the result of human actions: deforestation and illegal logging, the greenhouse effect, the use of air conditioning are the causes. Will the world return to chaos because of human activities? In fact, God created this world which was originally chaotic to be good, even very good, in accordance with His purpose to proclaim His glory. Therefore, let's be colleagues with Allah who has been given the mandate in this world to maintain the goodness of this world.

Revitalizing the Islamic Religious Education (PAI) curriculum is an important step towards improving the standard of Islamic Religious Education in line with contemporary demands. This research seeks to analyze the limitations of doctrinal methods and proposes a humanistic approach as a more appropriate alternative. Utilizing a literature review and qualitative methods, this article finds that the humanistic approach can effectively support the assimilation of values, encourage active engagement from students, and make learning more relevant and impactful. The development of Islamic Education curriculum through this humanistic approach paves the way for a more transformative model of Islamic Education that is in tune with students’ personal dimensions.    

Tanpa hak menjadi perantara jual beli narkotika merupakan suatu perbuatan yang bertentangan dengan hukum dan masuk dalam rumusan deli sebagaimana dirumuskan dalam Pasal 8 Undang-Undang Nomor 35 Tahun 2009 tentang Nakotika. Dengan demikian tanpa hak menjadi perantara dalam jual beli Narkotika yang dimaksud dalam Putusan Putusan Negeri Jakarta Selatan Nomor 152/Pid.Sus/2024/PN Jkt.Sel., dan Putusan Nomor 207/Pid.Sus/2024/PN Jkt. Sel., yaitu seorang yang tidak berhak atas Narkotika Golongan I atau yang menggunakannya tidak untuk kepentingan pengobatan, tidak mendapatkan izin, dan melakukan perantara jual beli dengan melawan hukum. Penelitian ini akan menganalisis dasar pertimbangan hakim dalam memutuskan perkara dan tindak pidana tersebut menurut hukum pidana. Jenis Penelitian ini termasuk dalam penelitian pustaka (library research), sehingga mengambil dan mengolah data dari sumber-sumber kepustakaan seperti buku-buku dan jurnal yang terkait dengan penelitian ini. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah penelitian hukum normatif (yuridis normatif) atau penelitian doktrinal. Metode pengumpulan data penelitian ini adalah metode dokumentasi yakni data-data yang dikumpulkan dari sumber dokumen yang ditulis atau dibuat langsung oleh subjek yang bersangkutan. Dan analisis yang digunakan adalah Teknik analisis isi (Content Analysis), yaitu suatu teknik dipergunakan dalam menganalisis terhadap isi suatu informasi secara tertulis yang bertujuan untuk menarik kesimpulan dari informasi yang dianalisis tersebut. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa pertimbangan hakim dalam memutuskan perkara didasarkan pada alat bukti dan fakta-fakta yang telah terungkap di persidangan, terdakwa melakukan tindak pidana tanpa hak menjadi perantara jual beli narkotika dengan dakwaan alternatif yaitu melanggar Pasal 114 ayat (2) Nomor 35 tahun 2009 tentang Narkotika dan didakwa dengan dakwaan kesatu. Jual beli narkotika memiliki arti perbuatan-perbuatan yang dilarang oleh undang-undang dan dari perbuatan tersebut pelaku kejahatan akan mendapatkan sanksi hukuman karena dalam perkara ini pelaku melakukan tindak pidana.

This journal examines the concept of salvation (soteriology) from the perspective of Reformed theology with a special focus on the doctrine of Sola Gratia. This research uses doctrinal and historical analysis methods to investigate the development of understanding of the gift of salvation from the time of the Reformation to contemporary interpretations. The research results show that the doctrine of Sola Gratia remains relevant in modern theological discourse and provides an important foundation for an understanding of salvation that is centered on God's sovereignty.

The Docrtrine of Man and principles discusses the definition of man in the context of the Bible, explaining that man was created by God as a special creature with a body, soul and spirit. There are three views regarding human nature, trichotomy, dichotomy, monochotomy.Sin is defined as a violation of God’s commands, which results in separation. Humans from God and the ongoing negative impacts. Sin has various types and impacts, ranging from God’s judgment to spiritual separation from him.  

Penelitian ini meneliti legalitas akta perjanjian kawin oleh anak di bawah umur berdasarkan kehendak orang tua. Metode penelitian ini menggunakan penelitian hukum doktrinal. Hasil penelitian adalah perjanjian kawin menurut Pasal 147 KUHPerdata harus dibuat sebelum perkawinan dilaksanakan serta di hadapan notaris dengan maksud agar akta tersebut autentik. Berbeda dengan perjanjian kawin menurut Pasal 29 UU Perkawinan yang memberi keleluasaan untuk membuat perjanjian sebelum, saat, dan selama dalam ikatan perkawinan. Perjanjian kawin sebagaimana dalam Pasal 1330 KUHPerdata diatur hanya bisa dibuat oleh pihak yang telah cakap hukum, bukan pihak-pihak belum dewasa, berada di bawah pengampuan, dan perempuan sesuai larangan serta ketentuan undang-undang. Pihak yang belum dewasa atau anak di bawah umur tidak diperkenankan oleh KUHPerdata membuat perjanjian kawin. Larangan demikian bisa dilaksanakan jika anak di bawah umur tersebut didampingi orang tua. Oleh karena itu, perjanjian kawin oleh anak di bawah umur bisa dibuat di hadapan notaris dengan didampingi orang tua sebagaimana ketentuan Pasal 6 ayat (2) UU Perkawinan. Legalitas perjanjian kawin akan berkurang ketika isinya didasarkan kepada kehendak orang tua bukan anak di bawah umur yang melangsungkan perkawinan serta dapat dibatalkan oleh pengadilan.

This study aims to understand and analyze the doctrine of the Bible as the foundation of Christian faith. The Bible plays a central role in various aspects of spiritual and ethical life for Christians. In the context of systematic theology, the doctrine of the Bible provides deep insights into the structure, authorship, and inspiration of this sacred text. This article examines several key issues, including the understanding of the doctrine of the Bible, the division of the books, the Bible’s authors, and the benefits and relevance of the Bible in spiritual life. Through an analytical approach to the doctrine of the Bible, this study seeks to elaborate on the role of sacred scripture in sustaining Christian faith amidst widespread false teachings and modern challenges.

Doctrine of the Holy Spirit, or Pneumatology, which is an integral part of Christian theology. The Holy Spirit acts as the third person in the Trinity, playing a significant role in the lives of believers. In the biblical context, the Holy Spirit is involved in creation, empowering Jesus, and being sent as a Helper to believers. The Pentecost event marks the outpouring of the Holy Spirit, equipping the church to fulfill God's mission. Furthermore, the Holy Spirit provides gifts to each believer, guides them in decision-making, and shapes Christian character in accordance with Christ's teachings. The intimate relationship between the Holy Spirit and believers includes presence, guidance, conviction, and empowerment for service. By understanding the role and work of the Holy Spirit, Christians are expected to live a life pleasing to God and become witnesses of Christ in the world.

The doctrine of humans and sin from a Christian theological perspective emphasizes that humans are created in the image of God, with free will and moral responsibility. However, through the fall into sin, humans experience separation from God and damage to relationships with others and creation. Sin is understood as a violation of God’s law, resulting in spiritual and physical death. This research explores the concept of original sin inherited from Adam and Eve as well as sinful acts committed by individuals. By referring to the Bible and theological views from various sources, this research provides an understanding of the importance of sin in human life and efforts to restore relationships through God’s grace.

The doctrine of God consists of five main topics, namely theological guidance, the existence of Allah, the attributes of God, the names of God and the works of God. The aim of understanding the doctrine of God is to recognize God from a Christian perspective, as well as the nature and identity of God, understanding the Triune God, and also the attributes of God. The method used is a qualitative method using a literature review containing books containing the doctrine of God, as well as several supporting journals in discussing this doctrine. From this research, there were findings regarding the view of God in Christianity in the form of a different understanding of how God manifests Himself as well as the qualities or things found in God based on the contents of the Bible. Even though God cannot truly be understood in its entirety through understanding the human mind, we can understand God's existence through the truth contained in the Bible.

Salvation theology, or soteriology, is one of the fundamental doctrines in religious life. Every religion has a concept of salvation that answers questions about meaning, how to achieve it, as well as who saves and how someone can be saved. In the context of Christian theology, which is Trinitarian, soteriology is considered a development of creation theology. This doctrine emphasizes that salvation is a gift revealed by God as Savior from the beginning of creation. As part of theological studies, soteriology seeks to systematically explain the meaning of the human condition of being happy and good in unity with God after being free from any threat. Various concepts in the church tradition, such as grace, faith, justification, the church, the sacraments, and the saving work of Christ, play an important role in the understanding of salvation. With a broad scope, soteriology covers all aspects of human relationship with God.    

Biblical doctrine is the theological foundation of the Christian faith. This research uses a library study method by reviewing various theological literature and the Bible as the main source. Biblical doctrine includes the concepts of the sufficiency, inspiration, and canonization of the Bible. Biblical sufficiency states that the Bible provides everything necessary for Christian faith and life, while biblical inspiration asserts that Biblical texts were inspired by the Holy Spirit. Bible canonization describes the process by which the books of the Bible are recognized as the authoritative Word of God. This research aims to strengthen understanding of Bible doctrine and emphasize the importance of returning to the Bible as the main source in Christian life.

End-times doctrine, or eschatology, is a part of theology that discusses events that will occur at the end of life and world history, especially from a Christian perspective. This topic covers various views on death, resurrection, final judgment, and the second coming of Christ. Eschatology in the Old and New Testaments focuses on the promise of salvation and the hope of God’s Kingdom. This research was carried out using a literature study method by collecting and analyzing various theological literature, holy books and other relevant sources to study the concept of the end times. The aim is to explore developing eschatological views, both from a historical and theological perspective. Eschatology offers deep insight into the promised future, as well as the role of the presence of Jesus Christ in human history.

The doctrine of the Holy Spirit or Pneumatology, is an important teaching in Christianity related to the role, work and presence of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers. The Holy Spirit, as the third Person of the Triune God, plays an active role in providing spiritual gifts, strengthening faith, and enabling the congregation to live according to God’s will. This article uses a literature study method to explore theological views about the Holy Spirit from the Bible, theological interpretation, and historical studies. The purpose of this article is to provide a deeper understanding of the role of the Holy Spirit in the spiritual life of Christians and its essence in everyday life.

Biblical doctrine is the theological foundation of the Christian faith. This research uses a library study method by reviewing various theological literature and the Bible as the main source. Biblical doctrine includes the concepts of the sufficiency, inspiration, and canonization of the Bible. Biblical sufficiency states that the Bible provides everything necessary for Christian faith and life, while biblical inspiration asserts that Biblical texts were inspired by the Holy Spirit. Bible canonization describes the process by which the books of the Bible are recognized as the authoritative Word of God. This research aims to strengthen understanding of Bible doctrine and emphasize the importance of returning to the Bible as the main source in Christian life.

End-times doctrine, or eschatology, is a part of theology that discusses events that will occur at the end of life and world history, especially from a Christian perspective. This topic covers various views on death, resurrection, final judgment, and the second coming of Christ. Eschatology in the Old and New Testaments focuses on the promise of salvation and the hope of God’s Kingdom. This research was carried out using a literature study method by collecting and analyzing various theological literature, holy books and other relevant sources to study the concept of the end times. The aim is to explore developing eschatological views, both from a historical and theological perspective. Eschatology offers deep insight into the promised future, as well as the role of the presence of Jesus Christ in human history.

The doctrine of the Holy Spirit or Pneumatology, is an important teaching in Christianity related to the role, work and presence of the Holy Spirit in the lives of believers. The Holy Spirit, as the third Person of the Triune God, plays an active role in providing spiritual gifts, strengthening faith, and enabling the congregation to live according to God’s will. This article uses a literature study method to explore theological views about the Holy Spirit from the Bible, theological interpretation, and historical studies. The purpose of this article is to provide a deeper understanding of the role of the Holy Spirit in the spiritual life of Christians and its essence in everyday life.

The doctrine of humans and sin from a Christian theological perspective emphasizes that humans are created in the image of God, with free will and moral responsibility. However, through the fall into sin, humans experience separation from God and damage to relationships with others and creation. Sin is understood as a violation of God’s law, resulting in spiritual and physical death. This research explores the concept of original sin inherited from Adam and Eve as well as sinful acts committed by individuals. By referring to the Bible and theological views from various sources, this research provides an understanding of the importance of sin in human life and efforts to restore relationships through God’s grace.

The doctrine of Christ or Christology is the core part of Christian teaching that studies the person and work of Jesus Christ. As the core of the Christian faith, Christology discusses who Jesus is, both in His divinity as the Son of God and in His humanity who was present in the world to atone for human sins. A correct understanding of Christology is very important because it influences how Christians understand salvation, the sacrifice on the cross, and the resurrection of Jesus from the dead. However, in an increasingly modern and pluralistic era, this doctrine often faces quite complex challenges.