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Data security is a critical aspect in the digital era due to the increasing exchange of sensitive information through electronic media. One widely used approach to protect data confidentiality is cryptography, particularly asymmetric encryption algorithms. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Rivest–Shamir–Adleman (RSA) algorithm as a data security mechanism through an encryption and decryption process. The research method used is an experimental approach by implementing the RSA algorithm in a text-based data security simulation. The stages include key generation, encryption, and decryption processes, followed by analysis of the correctness and effectiveness of the algorithm in maintaining data confidentiality. The results show that the RSA algorithm is capable of converting plaintext into unreadable ciphertext and successfully restoring it to its original form through the decryption process using the correct private key. This confirms that RSA provides a high level of security based on the difficulty of factoring large prime numbers. The implication of this study is that the RSA algorithm can be effectively applied to secure sensitive data transmission in information systems, especially in environments requiring strong authentication and confidentiality.

This study compares the scalability and maintainability of three prominent programming paradigms-functional programming (FP), object-oriented programming (OOP), and declarative programming (DP)-in the context of distributed data processing systems. The research aims to evaluate how each paradigm performs under increased data volume and its ability to handle complex operations, while also assessing the ease of maintenance through code readability, modularity, and the flexibility of updating and debugging. The study employs a comparative experimental design, implementing identical data processing tasks, such as data aggregation, filtering, and transformation, across each paradigm. Key findings indicate that FP and DP outperform OOP in terms of scalability, with their stateless nature and high-level abstractions enabling efficient parallel processing and task distribution. FP, with its emphasis on immutability and concurrency, and DP, with its focus on describing desired outcomes rather than implementation specifics, both demonstrate superior performance in handling large datasets. However, while OOP excels in modularity and flexibility, its reliance on mutable state and shared resources hampers its scalability in distributed environments. In terms of maintainability, both FP and DP offer clearer, more maintainable code due to their abstraction levels, making them easier to update and extend. OOP, while modular, presents challenges in managing mutable state, complicating maintenance. This paper concludes with practical recommendations for developers on when to use each paradigm based on system requirements and suggests areas for future research, such as hybrid paradigms and long-term maintainability studies in real-world applications.

Acne (Acne vulgaris) is one of the most common skin problems, affecting 80–85% of adolescents aged 15–18 years, with some cases persisting into adulthood. One of the associated bacteria is Staphylococcus epidermidis, a normal skin flora that can become an opportunistic pathogen. Bay leaves (Syzygium polyanthum) are known to contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins, saponins, and essential oils with antibacterial activity. This study aimed to formulate ethanol extract of bay leaves into ointments with concentrations of 10%, 20%, and 30%, test their antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis using the disc diffusion method, and evaluate their physical quality (organoleptic properties, homogeneity, pH, adhesion, and spreadability). Results showed that the ethanol extract of bay leaves contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The ointments met topical quality standards with pH 5.8–6.9, adhesion time 36–41 seconds, and spreadability 6.9–8.1 cm. Antibacterial activity increased with higher concentrations: 7.8 mm (10%), 12 mm (20%), and 15 mm (30%), although still lower than the positive control (clindamycin, 34 mm). In conclusion, ethanol extract of bay leaves has potential as an active ingredient in topical anti-acne ointments, but further studies with higher concentrations, in vivo testing, and optimized formulations are needed to achieve efficacy comparable to synthetic antibiotics.  

This study traces the historical and intellectual processes that enabled Plato's ideas to enter the tradition of Islamic philosophy and subsequently influence Islamic boarding school education in Indonesia. Starting from the increasing openness of Islamic boarding schools to classical humanities, this study aims to understand how Plato's ideas were transferred from the context of Ancient Greece, reinterpreted by Muslim philosophers, and integrated into traditional learning practices. Using a library-based qualitative approach with hermeneutic, historical-intellectual, and thematic methods, this study analyzes the transmission pathways that include the Abbasid translation movement, the interpretive contributions of figures such as Al-Kindi, Al-Farabi, and Ibn Sina, and the absorption of concepts through literature on ethics, logic, and adab. The findings show that Islamic boarding schools did not inherit Plato's ideas directly, but rather through the Islamic philosophical tradition that reshaped Platonic elements to fit the Islamic intellectual framework. Concepts related to spiritual education, character building, and ethical rationality are in line with the orientation of tazkiyah al-nafs, which is the foundation of Islamic boarding school pedagogy. This study confirms that the relationship between Plato's ideas and Islamic education emerged through a long creative process, not merely a transfer of texts. Practically, these findings highlight opportunities to develop a more reflective, critical, and virtue-centered pesantren curriculum, while encouraging further ethnographic research to explore how the classical philosophical heritage is reinterpreted in contemporary santri learning practices.

The rapid growth of digital financial technology has introduced new economic instruments that require re-evaluation through the lens of Islamic economic law, one of which is Bitcoin. This study aims to analyze the legal standing of Bitcoin as a means of transaction and investment using a normative legal approach. Data were obtained through extensive literature review involving primary and secondary sources, including Islamic jurisprudence, maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah, qawā‘id fiqhiyyah, official fatwas, and contemporary technological and economic studies. The analysis employed normative and reconstructive methods to assess the compatibility of Bitcoin’s characteristics with the principles of Islamic law. The findings indicate that Bitcoin may be classified as a form of digital māl because it possesses utility, can be lawfully owned, and is tradable within open market mechanisms. However, its extreme price volatility, limited public acceptance, and absence of state-backed legitimacy make it unsuitable as a lawful medium of exchange in Islamic transactions. Conversely, Bitcoin may be permitted as an investment instrument under strict conditions, provided the activity avoids speculative motives, ensures transparency, and follows prudent financial conduct. Based on these assessments, this study concludes that Bitcoin is more appropriately categorized as a digital commodity rather than a transactional currency. This research contributes conceptually to the development of sharia-compliant crypto-asset regulations and opens avenues for further exploration on designing more stable and ethically aligned digital financial instruments.

The danger of cadmium contamination in water sources remains a crucial environmental issue due to its persistent nature and high toxicity level, which poses serious risks to human health and ecosystems. Cadmium is a non-biodegradable heavy metal that can accumulate in living organisms over time. The presence of these toxic Cd²⁺ ions is known to trigger damage to vital organs such as the liver and kidneys; therefore, reducing their concentration in aquatic environments is of paramount importance for environmental protection and public health safety. Among various treatment methods, adsorption is considered one of the most effective and economical techniques for removing heavy metal ions from contaminated water. In this study, the capability of mesoporous silica MCM-48-NH₂ as an adsorbent for Cd²⁺ ions was systematically evaluated. The adsorption performance was examined by investigating several important parameters, including contact time, solution acidity level (pH), and initial Cd²⁺ concentration. Furthermore, the adsorption mechanism and interaction between Cd²⁺ ions and the adsorbent surface were analyzed using Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The results demonstrate that the adsorption process of Cd²⁺ ions onto MCM-48-NH₂ tends to follow the Langmuir isotherm model, indicating monolayer adsorption behavior, with a maximum adsorption capacity of 0.66 mmol g⁻¹.

Character formation is a fundamental component of Islamic education, particularly in responding to the growing challenges of moral decline and the weakening of students’ manners in contemporary learning environments. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the classical text Risalat Adab Suluk al-Murid in shaping student character through the integration of seven good habits at SMPIQu Al-Bahjah Cianjur. Employing a descriptive qualitative approach, data were collected through in-depth interviews, observations, and documentation to explore how the values of adab are internalized and reflected in students’ daily behavior. The findings indicate that the learning of this classical text strengthens students’ discipline, respect toward teachers, sense of responsibility, and enthusiasm for learning. The internalization process occurs not only during classroom activities but also through daily routines such as morning habits, worship practices, time management, and social interactions within the school environment. The seven good habits function as a practical framework that reinforces the application of sufistic values taught in the text, allowing students to translate moral teachings into consistent actions. Teachers play a crucial role as role models who guide, demonstrate, and cultivate these values through continuous supervision and exemplary conduct. The study concludes that classical Islamic text-based learning offers an effective strategy for enhancing student character within modern Islamic educational settings. The implications highlight the need for schools to strengthen adab-centered curricula, cultivate ethical school culture, and promote collaboration among teachers, institutions, and families to ensure sustainable character development.

This article thoroughly examines Imam Al-Ghazali's views on Islamic education and adab, with an emphasis on a holistic framework that combines knowledge, faith, charity, and morals to form an insān kāmil (perfect human being).  Al-Ghazali, a scholar from Tus, Persia, in the 11th century, defined education as a process of moral development and purification of the soul. The main goal of education is to obtain worldly and spiritual happiness. He opposes the educational paradigm of modern philosophers which focuses only on rationality. He emphasized that knowledge without adab is like fire which has no light.Adab is the main pillar of the educational process and helps children learn noble qualities such as patience, humility and honesty. This is implemented from an early age through spiritual practices such as dhikr and muhasabah.  In his great works, such as Iḥyā' 'Ulūm ad-Dīn, Ayyuhal Walad, and Tahāfut al-Falāsifah, Al-Ghazali combines rationalism with Sufism. He opposed the dichotomy between worldly knowledge (such as medicine and mathematics) and the hereafter, claiming that revelation provides a balance to prevent misguidance. His educational methods, based on internalizing values, examples, and ethical discussions, support the role of teachers as moral and spiritual role models and students as ethical learners. This thinking is highly relevant to modern education, especially in Indonesia, where a character-based curriculum is implemented by the Ministry of Education and Culture and institutions such as the State Islamic University (UIN) use a holistic approach to address the moral crisis caused by technological advancements. The main challenge lies with educators who lack an understanding of Sufism, which requires intensive training.

The spiritual crisis among students in the digital age is increasingly evident through a decline in interest in worship, low moral awareness, and an increase in individualistic lifestyles that affect the formation of faith and moral competence. This condition requires the development of Islamic Religious Education (IRE) learning that is not only oriented towards cognitive understanding, but also fosters a deep spiritual awareness among students. This study aims to analyze the role of reflective-based PAI learning as a solution in strengthening students' faith and moral competence amid digital challenges. The method used is library research by examining books, curriculum policies, and relevant national and international journal articles over the last ten years. The results of the study show that the reflective approach, through activities such as muhasabah, personal journals, value dialogues, and tadabbur experiences, is able to increase self-awareness, faith appreciation, and strengthen social morals more effectively than conventional learning, which is one-way and teacher-centered. In addition, the integration of reflective values has been proven to support the achievement of basic PAI competencies as mandated in KMA No. 183/2019, especially in the spiritual and affective domains. These findings imply that PAI learning in the digital age needs to adopt a more participatory, contemplative, and experience-based design in order to foster character building.

This study aims to examine Ibn Khaldun’s concept of character education and its relevance in shaping the personality of Generation Z in the digital era. The background of this research stems from the growing moral and social challenges faced by young people due to rapid technological advancement and the influence of globalization. This research employs a qualitative method using a library research approach by analyzing Ibn Khaldun’s works and related literature on Islamic character education. The findings reveal that Ibn Khaldun’s perspective on character education emphasizes the balance between ‘ilm (knowledge), adab (morality and ethics), and ‘ashabiyyah (social solidarity) as the foundation for forming a civilized individual. These values are highly relevant to be applied in modern education through teacher role modeling, habituation of positive behavior, and the integration of moral values into the curriculum. The implication of this study highlights that internalizing Ibn Khaldun’s principles of character education can serve as an effective strategy to develop a knowledgeable, ethical, and resilient generation capable of facing contemporary challenges.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of PT. Marga Mandala Sakti's digital communication to improve public services for toll road users through the implementation of digital communication. PT. Marga Mandala Sakti's non-cash payment service, Tapcash, was used in this study using descriptive qualitative methods and case studies. Data collection techniques included interviews, observation, and documentation with four informants selected using purposive sampling. The theory used was digital communication. The results show that PT. Marga Mandala Sakti's digital communication is effective and well-supported by users of the Tangerang-Merak toll road. The innovation and launch of this digital-based application have received a positive response from toll road users. Although many remain unaware, PT. Marga Mandala Sakti continues to strive to introduce and enhance its customer service products. The benefits (value) of digitalization increase efficiency and convenience, but there are criticisms calling for a downloadable application to facilitate access. Furthermore, service limitations, technical issues such as server disruptions, and low public participation reduce its effectiveness.

This study aims to determine the feasibility, practicality, and effectiveness of Electronic LKPD Supporting on PjBL on  in improving creative thinking skills and environmental literacy of students at SMAN 1 Tarakan. This type of research is research and development (Research and Development) with the ADDIE model (analyze, design, development, implement, evaluate). The analyze stage includes initial analysis, competency analysis, constructional analysis, and content analysis. The design stage includes compiling an electronic LKPD outline and designing learning content in the LKPD. The development stage includes developing data collection instruments. The data collection instruments in this study were a feasibility sheet for expert lecturers, a practicality sheet for biology teachers, a student readability sheet, and pretest and posttest questions for creative thinking skills and environmental literacy. This instrument was developed based on the review of the supervisor, assessment of expert lecturers, biology teachers, and trials on students. The implement stage includes the application of electronic LKPD that has been developed on class X students of SMAN 1 Tarakan. The experimental design used is the pretest-posttest control group design. The evaluate stage includes the form of evaluation carried out at each stage of ADDIE. The data analysis technique uses the manova test. The results of the study show: (1) The electronic LKPD supporting PjBL that was developed meets the criteria of being very valid for use in learning activities with an average value according to media experts of 3.55, material experts of 3.89 and learning experts of 3.96. (2) Practicality with a very practical category for use based on the results of student and teacher responses. (3) Effectiveness based on the Multivariate Analysis of Variance test with a significance level of 5% shows that there is an influence on students' creative thinking skills and environmental literacy after treatment using electronic LKPD supporting PjBL.

The formation of manners from an early age is crucial in building children's character with noble morals. Children at the Al-Quran Educational Park (TPA) often face challenges in understanding and applying adab values ​​in everyday life. This service activity aims to implement the Five Basic ABC Media as an intervention effort to increase understanding and application of etiquette among TPA children. This media is based on five main principles: Accept, Belief, Confidentiality, Empathy and Respect. The method used in this service is an interactive learning method involving 12 TPA children as subjects. Intervention is carried out through various educational activities, such as interactive games, manners simulations, discussions that focus on building positive character. The results of this service activity show that the application of the Five Basic ABC Media can provide practical understanding and ethical behavior to children, which is demonstrated through FGD activities. The conclusion from this service activity is that the Five Basic ABC Media is a fairly effective method in guiding TPA children to understand and apply etiquette in everyday life. It is hoped that this media can be a guide for TPA educators in developing character education based on Islamic values ​​in a comprehensive and enjoyable manner

Chronic diseases such as chronic kidney disease (CKD), diabetes, and heart disease remain major causes of mortality worldwide, highlighting the need for accurate and interpretable diagnostic models. However, conventional machine learning methods often face challenges of limited generalization, feature redundancy, and class imbalance in medical datasets. This study proposes an integrated classification framework that unifies three complementary feature paradigms: classical tabular attributes, deep latent features extracted through an unsupervised Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) encoder, and quantum-inspired features derived from a five-qubit circuit implemented in PennyLane. These heterogeneous features are fused using a feature-wise attention mechanism combined with an AdaBoost classifier to dynamically weight feature contributions and enhance decision boundaries. Experiments were conducted on three benchmark medical datasets—CKD, early-stage diabetes, and heart disease—under both balanced and imbalanced configurations using stratified five-fold cross-validation. All preprocessing and feature extraction steps were carefully isolated within each fold to ensure fair evaluation. The proposed hybrid model consistently outperformed conventional and ensemble baselines, achieving peak accuracies of 99.75% (CKD), 96.73% (diabetes), and 91.40% (heart disease) with corresponding ROC AUCs up to 1.00. Ablation analyses confirmed that attention-based fusion substantially improved both accuracy and recall, particularly under imbalanced conditions, while SMOTE contributed minimally once feature-level optimization was applied. Overall, the attention-guided AdaBoost framework provides a robust and interpretable approach for clinical risk prediction, demonstrating that integrating diverse quantum, deep, and classical representations can significantly enhance feature discriminability and model reliability in structured medical data.

The use of plastic as planting containers remains a serious environmental issue due to its non-biodegradable nature, which can contaminate soil and water. One solution is to utilize rice straw waste as a raw material for biodegradable pots. This innovation can reduce dependence on plastic pots while providing ecological and economic benefits. Rice straw-based pots offer several advantages, including easy decomposition in soil, enhancing soil fertility, and reducing pollution caused by straw burning. This study aims to utilize rice straw waste to produce environmentally friendly biodegradable pots as an alternative to plastic containers. The method employed is Participatory Action Research (PAR), emphasizing collaboration between students and teachers through hands-on learning. The activities include socialization, practical training on making rice straw pots, participatory evaluation, and the use of the pots as planting media. The results showed that 100% of participants successfully produced high-quality rice straw pots, with positive responses reflected in high satisfaction and increased understanding of recycling concepts. The rice straw pots decompose within 2–3 months, add organic matter to the soil, and create opportunities for a circular economy. The main challenge identified is the relatively short durability of the pots, requiring innovations using natural adhesives or material combinations to enhance resilience. These findings reinforce the potential of rice straw as a solution for agricultural waste management and community empowerment toward sustainable agriculture.

This study examines the role of Integrated Islamic Schools (SIT) in the formation of the Qur'anic generation in Indonesia, with a special focus on the Ar-Risalah boarding school as a case study. SIT, which integrates general education and Islamic religion, has been an important educational model since the late 1980s, although its roots date back to the early 20th century in various Islamic institutions in Indonesia. This study uses a qualitative approach with field methods to understand how Ar-Risalah boarding schools contribute to forming students with strong Qur'anic values. This study uses a qualitative method. Data in this study were obtained by referring to existing literature in books, journals, questionnaires or interviews. The results of the study indicate that SIT, through programs such as memorizing the Qur'an and strengthening spiritual values, plays a significant role in shaping students' characters. However, challenges still exist in the internalization of Qur'anic values ​​and the application of adab towards the Qur'an, with data showing that only a portion of students truly understand and practice these values. This study emphasizes the importance of innovation in more applicable teaching methods and parental involvement and a supportive school environment in increasing the effectiveness of Qur'anic generation education.

Chicken and processed products like dimsum are susceptible to rapid spoilage due to their high water and nutrient content. This makes it difficult for consumers to directly assess a packaged product's freshness. To address this, a novel smart packaging solution using a biodegradable film infused with anthocyanin extract from butterfly pea flowers (Clitoria ternatea) as a visual freshness indicator was developed. The primary objective of this research was to evaluate the effect of three different anthocyanin concentrations (3%, 5%, and 7%) on the film's physical properties and its ability to change color in response to spoilage over a three-day storage period. The research results showed that the film with a 7% anthocyanin concentration had the best physical properties, with a thickness of 0.092 mm, a tensile strength of 8.66 MPa, 14.99% elongation, 62.59% water resistance, and 100% biodegradation. The anthocyanins successfully changed color in response to the freshness level of both chicken meat and dimsum throughout the storage period.

This research aims to analyze the use of phrases in opinion texts on detik.com media. This analysis focuses on the phrases used, as well as their impact on readability and conveying information to readers. The research method used is a qualitative method. This data was obtained from several opinion articles published in October 2024 on detik.com media. The results of this research show that the use of phrases in opinion texts on detik.com media, shows several discussions on the identification of verbal and nominal phrase forms found in a total of 9 verbal phrases and 11 nominal phrases in several opinion texts. This article is useful to help evaluate the readability of opinion texts published on detik.com. By analyzing opinion text phrases, this article can provide an overview of the quality of information conveyed in detik.com media. Is the information conveyed in appropriate, clear and effective language? This article helps identify whether an opinion is expressed in an objective manner. This analysis is expected to provide insight into the importance of using appropriate phrases in writing opinion texts in online media.

Health education important role in raising public awareness of health, particularly in adopting a healthy lifestyle. With the advancement of digital technology, online health portals such as alodokter.com have become key sources of health information. To ensure effective message delivery, the sentences in expository texts must be clear, concise, and easily understood, preventing any misinterpretation by the public as the readers. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of sentences in expository text on a healthy lifestyle published on alodokter.com from January-June 2024 as part of public health education efforts. The effectiveness of sentences is assessed based on several aspects, including structure and grammar, word choice, clarity of information and readability for the general public. This research employes a qualitative descriptive approach and a syntactic approach as its theoretical framework. Data collection techniques involve the observe and note method. Data analysis is conducted using the distributional method (agih technique) to examine syntactic structure and sentence coherence, as well as the referential method (padan technique) to evaluate meaning clarity and reads comprehension. The research process is carried out in three steps: (1) data collection, (2) data analysis, and (3) presentation of research findings. The research object consists of expository text on online health portals discussing healthy lifestyles. Several articles are selected and analyzed in depth. The data presentation technique in this research uses formal and informal methods. The analysis result reveal the ineffectiveness of several sentences in the expository texts, particularly in terms of their inconsistency with the characteristics of effective sentences, such as unity, coherence, emphasis, and conciseness. The result of this study contribute to a deeper comprehension of the topic being explored. Furthermore, the study is beneficial for the public as a form of health education and awareness.

Health education important role in raising public awareness of health, particularly in adopting a healthy lifestyle. With the advancement of digital technology, online health portals such as alodokter.com have become key sources of health information. To ensure effective message delivery, the sentences in expository texts must be clear, concise, and easily understood, preventing any misinterpretation by the public as the readers. Therefore, this study aims to analyze the effectiveness of sentences in expository text on a healthy lifestyle published on alodokter.com from January-June 2024 as part of public health education efforts. The effectiveness of sentences is assessed based on several aspects, including structure and grammar, word choice, clarity of information and readability for the general public. This research employes a qualitative descriptive approach and a syntactic approach as its theoretical framework. Data collection techniques involve the observe and note method. Data analysis is conducted using the distributional method (agih technique) to examine syntactic structure and sentence coherence, as well as the referential method (padan technique) to evaluate meaning clarity and reads comprehension. The research process is carried out in three steps: (1) data collection, (2) data analysis, and (3) presentation of research findings. The research object consists of expository text on online health portals discussing healthy lifestyles. Several articles are selected and analyzed in depth. The data presentation technique in this research uses formal and informal methods. The analysis result reveal the ineffectiveness of several sentences in the expository texts, particularly in terms of their inconsistency with the characteristics of effective sentences, such as unity, coherence, emphasis, and conciseness. The result of this study contribute to a deeper comprehension of the topic being explored. Furthermore, the study is beneficial for the public as a form of health education and awareness.