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The rapid evolution of smart cities, driven by the integration of technologies such as the Internet of Things (IoT) and blockchain, has brought about significant advancements in urban infrastructure and services. However, these developments also introduce new cybersecurity challenges. Introduction: Smart cities are increasingly vulnerable to cyber threats due to the extensive use of interconnected devices and systems. A key security concern is the management of digital identities, which is essential for maintaining the integrity and reliability of city services. Literature Review: Traditional centralized identity management systems face significant security issues, including a single point of failure, data breaches, and limited user control over personal information. In contrast, decentralized solutions, particularly blockchain-based systems, offer enhanced security through their distributed nature, eliminating vulnerabilities associated with centralized models. Materials and Method: This research focuses on blockchain technology’s application in smart city identity management. A decentralized framework is proposed, leveraging cryptographic techniques, consensus mechanisms, and smart contracts to ensure data security, integrity, and privacy. Results and Discussion: The implementation of blockchain for identity management significantly improves attack tolerance, data integrity, and transparency. The decentralized approach mitigates the risks associated with central authorities, ensuring that user data remains secure and verifiable. However, scalability, interoperability, and regulatory compliance challenges remain. Blockchain solutions must be optimized for large-scale smart city applications and aligned with legal standards to achieve widespread adoption. Future research should focus on overcoming these challenges to create a more secure and resilient smart city infrastructure.

The problems faced in this study include (1) How does promotion affect the job satisfaction of Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit Personnel? (2) What is the effect of remuneration on job satisfaction of Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit Personnel? (3) What is the effect of promotion and remuneration on job satisfaction of Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit Personnel? This study aims to study, know, and analyze (1) The effect of job promotion on job satisfaction of Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit Personnel. (2) The effect of remuneration on the job satisfaction of Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit Personnel. (3) The effect of position promotion and remuneration on job satisfaction of Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit Personnel. The method used in this study is explanatory survey, while the technical data analysis is validity test, reliability test, descriptive statistics, Inductive Statistical Analysis (Inferential) with Multiple Regression. The results of the study inform that (1) Position promotion has a positive effect on job satisfaction in the Personnel of the Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit. This means that if the promotion of the position is increased, then job satisfaction in the Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit Personnel will also increase. (2) Remuneration has a positive effect on job satisfaction in the Personnel of the Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit. This means that if the remuneration is increased, then job satisfaction in the Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit Personnel will also increase. (3) Position promotion and remuneration have a positive effect on job satisfaction in the Personnel of the Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit. This means that if position promotions and remuneration are increased, job satisfaction in the Tasikmalaya City Police Sabhara Unit Personnel will also increase.

This research was carried out at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency. The research will begin from March to June 2024. This research aims to determine the work environment of employees at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbanparu District, Wajo Regency, to determine organizational commitment at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency, and to determine the relationship between the work environment and organizational commitment at the Office. Ugi Village, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency. The method used is a census type with a quantitative associative approach. The results of this research show that the work environment carried out at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu Subdistrict, Wajo Regency, has a score of 297 and is included in the good category of the average ideal score in the dimensions of the physical work environment and non-physical work environment. Organizational commitment at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency is included in the good category with a score of 361 from the average ideal score. This can be seen from the dimensions of organizational commitment based on personal, job characteristics, structural characteristics and work experience. To find out that the work environment has a positive and significant relationship to organizational commitment at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency.

This research was carried out at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency. The implementation of the research will start from March to June 2024. This study aims to find out the working environment of employees at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbanparu District, Wajo Regency, to find out the organizational commitment at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency, and to find out the relationship between the work environment and organizational commitment at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency. The method used is a census type with a quantitative associative approach.The results of this study show that the work environment carried out at the Ugi Kacamatan Sabbangparu Village Office, Wajo Regency, has a value of 297 and is included in the category of both the average ideal value in the dimensions of the physical work environment and the non-physical work environment. The organizational commitment at the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency is included in the good category with a score of 361 from the average ideal value. This is seen from the dimension of organizational commitment based on personalization, job characteristics, structural characteristics and work experience. To find out the work environment is positively and significantly related to the organization's commitment to the Ugi Village Office, Sabbangparu District, Wajo Regency.    

This article aims to contribute ideas in preventing phubbing behavior in young children who are addicted to gadgets and to place an active, interactive-based approach in order to help children develop social skills well in their social environment. The method used is descriptive analysis with a systematic literature review approach. The findings of this research show that the internet or digital world which is easily accessed by young children via gadgets opens up space for ignoring the person they are talking to when communicating, which is also known as phubbing which is caused by irregular use of gadgets. Additionally, children who grow up in environments where excessive gadget use is allowed or even encouraged by parents tend to experience problems with social skills, including the ability to give others their full attention without being distracted by gadgets. Therefore, parents must pay full attention to this problem through holistic assistance to prevent bad things from happening in the future.

This article explores the reframing of holistic education by integrating spirituality and ethics as core components to achieve transformative impact. The study highlights the limitations of conventional education systems that prioritize cognitive development while neglecting moral and spiritual dimensions. The objective is to propose a more comprehensive educational paradigm that nurtures learners as whole individuals—intellectually, emotionally, morally, and spiritually. Using qualitative literature analysis, this study identifies the role of spiritual and ethical integration in shaping character, enhancing empathy, and fostering social responsibility. The findings suggest that embedding these values within curriculum design and instructional practices contributes to meaningful personal development and community transformation. By addressing the growing need for a more inclusive approach to education, the article emphasizes how integrating spirituality and ethics can bridge gaps in traditional educational models. The research underscores the importance of fostering emotional and moral intelligence alongside intellectual growth, particularly in a world where global challenges require not only intellectual problem-solving but also ethical decision-making and empathy. The implications emphasize the need for inclusive and humanistic approaches in education, encouraging educators to act as facilitators of life values and agents of change. Through the integration of spirituality and ethics, education can help shape a new generation of compassionate leaders and engaged citizens. By reimagining holistic education through this lens, the article offers a framework that aligns academic achievement with ethical consciousness and spiritual growth, ultimately fostering a more just and compassionate society. This transformative approach offers a comprehensive model for educators and policymakers aiming to prepare students not only for professional success but also for meaningful lives rooted in integrity and responsibility.

This article discusses holistic education in Catholic schools as a means of forming Christian character. Holistic education integrates spiritual, moral, intellectual, and social dimensions to build a whole person according to the values ​​of the Gospel. Case studies in several Catholic schools show that holistic education encourages students to actively participate in church and community life. This article also discusses challenges in its implementation, such as differences in student backgrounds, and strategies to overcome them.

The digital era brings new challenges for Christian religious education, especially in the role of teachers as spiritual guides. This article highlights the important role of teachers in accompanying students to understand and live the Christian faith amidst the rapid flow of information. This study uses qualitative methods through interviews and observations of Christian religious education teachers. The results show that the use of digital technology can be an effective tool when combined with a personal pastoral approach. This article provides recommendations for strategies to strengthen the role of teachers in the digital era.

Indonesia requires Islamic Religious Education (PAI) as an important part in making students competent in cognitive, affective and psychomotor aspects (IQ and EQ). PAI functions to shape students' personalities so that they become virtuous and noble human beings (SQ). To increase competence in Islamic religious education, it is necessary to develop varied learning strategies. Varied learning strategies function to design learning methods and models, so that they are able to design teaching and learning environment systems and implement effectively and efficiently what has been planned in the learning objectives. Learning strategies are classified into 5 types: (1) direct learning strategies, (2) indirect learning strategies, (3) interactive learning strategies, (4) empirical learning strategies, (5) independent learning strategies.

Pancasila education plays a very important role in efforts to achieve the national mission to shape the nation's personality amid the challenges of the current globalization era. The value of character towards Pancasila Education is increasingly fading, especially among the younger generation such as students and college students. The purpose of this study is to provide a clear picture in building the character of special students in the current era of globalization. The research method used is a literature study method sourced from journals, the next method is a qualitative method with data collection techniques through observation. The results of this study indicate that Pancasila education has an important role in building and developing the character of students so that later it will produce a young generation that is noble and critical. The impact of the phenomenon of globalization can actually cause the decline of the nation's identity, so it is increasingly important to include Pancasila education in the curriculum. This research contributes to raising awareness of the importance of Pancasila education as a means to strengthen and maintain national identity in the face of increasing globalization.

Alcohol abuse is a growing problem around the world. Especially in adolescents, alcoholic beverages are often consumed excessively for specific purposes. Looking at the problem, the question arises what influences adolescents to become addicted to alcohol, so this paper aims to find out what factors influence adolescents in Indonesia to become addicted to alcohol. This research was conducted using a descriptive literature review method. Literature was searched and found through Google Scholar with the keywords "addiction", "alcohol", "adolescents", and "alcohol". The inclusion criteria based on these keywords were (1) presenting articles in Indonesian or English, (2) published in 2018-2023, (3) discussing factors affecting alcohol addiction, and (4) downloadable. The exclusion criteria used were (1) the article was a thesis, thesis, case study, scoping review and (2) published before 2018. The results found that adolescents who are addicted to alcohol are influenced by various factors. Namely, environmental, cultural, and personal factors. Often teenagers who are addicted to alcohol are influenced by the environment.

This study analyzes and optimizes production systems in the Industry 4.0 context, examining the fundamental shift from centralized, push-based production models to decentralized, adaptive, pull-based approaches. The research employs a mixed-method approach combining comprehensive literature review and multiple case studies across manufacturing sectors. Findings reveal that integration of Internet of Things (IoT), cyber-physical systems, artificial intelligence, and big data analytics enables real-time communication between production components, product personalization, and faster decision-making. Despite significant benefits in efficiency, flexibility, and competitiveness, implementation challenges persist, including high initial investment, employee resistance, technical expertise limitations, and integration complexity. Optimization approaches such as mixed-integer linear programming, digitally-integrated Lean Six Sigma, and digital twin simulations effectively enhance performance indicators including flexibility, reliability, and energy efficiency. The study concludes that successful production system transformation requires an integrated strategy encompassing process engineering, digital competency development, change management, and continuous evaluation to ensure sustainable optimization in the digital era

One of the consequences of poor nutritional management in toddlers is stunting. One nutritious alternative food to prevent stunting at a relatively cheaper price is sweet corn. Sweet corn is increasingly popular and widely consumed because it has a sweeter taste than regular corn (Kartika, 2019). Siswono (2004 in Surtinah, 2013) reported that the sugar content of the master sweet variety is 16 – 18%, close to the sugar content of cane, namely 19%. Sweet corn contains 96 cal Energy, 3.5 g Protein, 1.0 g Fat, 22.8 g Carbohydrates, 3.0 mg Calcium, 111 mg Phosphorus, 0.7 mg Iron, Vitamin A 400 SI, Vitamin B 0, 15 mg, Vitamin C 12.0 mg, and water 72.7 g Iskandar, 2006). This service activity was carried out at the Kampung Jawa Village Hall, Blangkejeren District, Gayo Lues Regency. The parties involved in this activity were lecturers from the Agrotechnology and Forestry study program, PSDKU Gayo Lues, Faculty of Agriculture, Syiah Kuala University as resource persons, as well as the Agrotechnology and Animal Husbandry study program, Faculty of Agriculture, Gunung Leuser University, Aceh Kutacane, village midwives as partners, village heads as facilitators and the village community. Javanese Village as a participant. Survey of activity locations, socialization of service activities, implementation of service activities, evaluation of service activities. The conclusions from this activity are: 1. Regarding the causes, characteristics, dangers and prevention of stunting by related parties, this is one of the first steps in efforts to improve the nutrition of pregnant women and toddlers in the Kampung Jawa Village community. 2. Sweet corn is an alternative food source that can be consumed by pregnant women and toddlers to prevent stunting. 3. This activity attracts the attention of mothers participating in socialization and Posyandu in Kampung Jawa Village and can increase their knowledge about preventing and handling stunting.

The pre-mass catechesis is a continuation of the apostolic tradition practiced by the Apostles. Pre-mass catechesis today has a wider understanding than ever before. This is not limited to brief teachings about the Catholic faith but also seeks to prepare Catholics spiritually, intellectually, and personally so that Catholics can attend mass more meaningfully and actively participate. The author uses data collection techniques in the form of observation and interviews. Some of the important roles of pre-mass cateteche are preparing people, deepening understanding of faith, building a strong and effective Christian community. In carrying out pre-mass catechesis does not take a long time, usually 5 to 10 minutes. Pre-Mass catechesis is a form of religious teaching that aims to prepare Catholics spiritually so that they can celebrate the Eucharist with deep understanding, active involvement, and passion. Pre-Mass catechesis is not only the delivery of information, but also the formation of the hearts of Catholics to receive Jesus Christ in the celebration of the Eucharist.

This article discusses the theological foundations of Christian religious education, which not only includes understanding religious concepts, but also shapes a person's character and spirituality. This theological foundation is strengthened by biblical principles, where Christian religious teachings are seen as an important mission based on the great mission of the Lord Jesus in Matthew 28:19-20. This foundation places the Bible as the highest authority and main source of truth and elevates the character of Jesus Christ as the main example. understand the theological basis of Christian religious teachings. The research results show that the aim of Christian religious education is to develop human potential according to the teachings of the Bible, with a focus on developing character, values ​​and spirituality according to the teachings of Christ. The Bible is considered. the highest authority in all areas of life, including Christian education, and is the basis of Christian religious education. The character of Jesus Christ who was caring, merciful, humble and lived a simple life is an example for Christians in their daily lives. Moreover, this article also helps develop individual spirituality. The teachings of Christianity, whose main focus is awareness of a transcendent relationship with God. The role of the Holy Spirit is also considered important to strengthen understanding of Bible teachings and guide Christians to live according to God's will.

Mangupa is a traditional ritual that is still preserved by the people of South Tapanuli as a form of gratitude to Allah SWT for success or avoidance of danger. This tradition also aims to return the tondi (soul/spirit) to the body so that a person can return to health. In the Mangupa procession, food is served and "hata pasu-pasu," which is an expression of prayer, advice and hope conveyed by family and traditional leaders. This procession is held at certain moments such as sirian (joy) and siluluton (sorrow), and uses traditional materials that have been determined. This research is descriptive analytical in nature which aims to explain the view of Islamic law regarding the implementation of Mangupa. Through a qualitative approach, the author tries to understand how this ritual is practiced in people's lives and how Islamic law views this tradition. From the research results, the implementation of Mangupa in Paringgonan Village was declared permissible (allowed) as long as it did not contain elements of shirk, superstition, lies or excessive waste. If in the future Mangupa violates religious principles, such as destroying beliefs or causing waste, his legal status could change to makruh or haram. The essence of Mangupa is an expression of gratitude, prayer and advice, which is in accordance with Islamic teachings, so that its practice is still acceptable as long as it does not conflict with the Shari'a.

This article was created to provide information about the right attitude and should be taken by the community when interacting with Persons with Special Needs. With so many types of people with special needs in society, such as the blind, deaf, mentally retarded, quadriplegic, and disabled, the treatment that can be done and provided by the general public should also be carried out differently by adjusting the constraints and needs needed by those with special n (Rosmawati, 2019) (Alim, 2019; Rahayu & Marheni, 2020; Suprapmanto, Nuralifa, Albela, & dkk, 2022; Purba, 2016; Dewi, 2019)eeds. As one of them is the CSOM technique which can be a guide not only for blind people, but also for the wider community when interacting with someone who has visual impairments. The adoption of this topic itself is based ons the experience that researchers have and experience when they are confused about what to behave, whether the person with special needs needs assistance, and if they do need assistance, what kind of assistance and how should be given when meeting with persons with special needs in public place. The research method used in this research itself is a quantitative survei method involving respondents to further strengthen the research that waswas made. The results of the research show that there are many things that can be found and done as an effort to increase the confidence of the general public to interact with Persons with Special Needs in their daily activities. The hope is that this research can dispel doubts that may arise and be experienced when we are going to help or interact with persons with special needs in the future in community activities and can provide information about what to do when interacting with persons with special needs.

The island of Bali is a paradise for culture, every activity in Bali will never escape its cultural touch. Not only marriage, birth, but until death. Almost all Indonesian people and even foreign countries must have known and are familiar with every ritual that is owned by the people who live on the island of Bali. An example is the cremation ritual. Ngaben is one of the Balinese Hindu traditions to carry out death ceremonies. According to Tattwa, a person is considered dead if his atma has been separated from the five maha bhuta, this is mentioned in vrasphati tattwa (Swastika: 2008). The Ngaben ritual is carried out with a long series of activities and invites many people. In addition, this ritual also requires a relatively large range of costs. Because this death ritual is different from death rituals with other tribes, where most of the death rituals in various tribes in Indonesia are only carried out by directly burying the body. However, cremation is done by burning the corpse.    

Simalungun is one of the ethnic groups that maintains aspects of its culture. Ahap, which has become an identity for the Simalungun people, initially had positive aims and had a positive impact. According to the Simalungun people, Ahap has enormous power to determine human behavior. GKPS Tarutung is proof of the large number of Simaungun people who live in an area where the majority of the population is the Toba Batak tribe. Ahap became an important factor in the history of the founding of the Simalungun Protestant Christian Church (GKPS) Tarutung. The research aims to find out the meaning of Ahap for the Simalungun people of the Tarutung diaspora and to what extent the value of Ahap is in the history of the founding of GKPS in Tarung. The approach used by the author in completing this paper is to use a descriptive approach, namely writing that describes the actual situation of the object under study. According to the actual situation during direct research, the data collected is not in the form of numbers but the data comes from manuscripts, interviews, field notes, personal documents, memos and other documents. According to St. Mardinus Sinaga, SH, Ahap as the initial trigger for the formation of the PKSTS Organization. This is evident from the fact that the PKSTS organization was started by a meeting between two young men from the Simarmata clan and the Purba clan, who talked about relatives and family from the Simalungun tribe.

The high purchasing power of society and within lengthy periods will cause the state falls into inflation. Inflation has its influence on domestic savings. Hence, the government tries to limit the amount of money which circulates and reduces inflation risk by offering higher interest rates for the people who deposit their money in national banks. The socialization program of early saving is carried out with the purpose of creating national program in creating a generation who isable to manage their finances well. Other than that, the program hopefully has the ability to leverage the interest in saving for children. The children may develop the habit into an insurance for their later life, and autonomously learn to save and to be responsible in managing the money,hence the goals of the program.Teaching the children to save early may also develop positive personality; to save means teaching the children how to be patient, and saving is useful for future savings.