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Indonesia, considered the country with the second-highest level of biodiversity in the world after Brazil, possesses extraordinary biological wealth that remains underutilized. The field of traditional medicine utilizes natural resources to prevent and treat physical and mental disorders. Periwinkle, or Catharanthus roseus, is one of the most widely used plants due to its abundance of bioactive phytochemicals, such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, and tannins. The ethanol extract from Periwinkle leaves has the potential to act as a natural antipyretic agent that can reduce body temperature during fever. The purpose of this study is to review and analyze previous research findings on the antipyretic effects of ethanol extract from Periwinkle leaves on mice (Mus musculus). According to a literature review from various sources, the ethanol extract of Periwinkle leaves demonstrates a comparable level of effectiveness to synthetic antipyretic drugs in lowering the body temperature of fever-induced mice. Furthermore, the content of active compounds and the antipyretic performance of this plant are influenced by its variety and environmental factors. Body temperature begins to decrease one hour after extract administration and reaches its peak reduction at the third hour. Therefore, Periwinkle may serve as an alternative natural antipyretic remedy. However, further research is necessary to standardize its usage and conduct clinical trials on humans.

Language plays a crucial role in the academic world as a tool for communicating ideas and information systematically. In writing academic texts such as research proposals, the use of proper grammar in accordance with academic conventions is a fundamental aspect that must be considered. Good grammar enhances the readability of a study and clarifies the author’s intentions and objectives. Conversely, grammatical errors may lead to ambiguity, reduce the credibility of the research, and hinder readers’ understanding. This study aims to analyze the grammatical structure of a research proposal titled "Innovative Mirror Neuron Approach Based on Gender for Character Development and Scientific Communication to Support the SDGs in the Era of Society 5.0", focusing on the introductory chapter. Using a qualitative approach with textual analysis, the study examines morphological, syntactic, and discourse-level aspects of the proposal. The findings reveal that while the text generally meets academic writing standards, there are several areas that require improvement, particularly in sentence structure, conjunction usage, clarity of meaning, punctuation, and terminological consistency. This research highlights the importance of grammar mastery in academic writing and offers recommendations to enhance the linguistic quality of research proposals among students.

The study looks at how elections in Nigeria and other countries set the stage for political succession. They once gave dishonest people and organizations the chance to carry out crimes of rigging to harm the electorate and other competitors. Stakeholders and the electorate are marginalized by unchecked manipulation, which results in their losing the election or having their votes stolen or canceled, all without their fault. This was the case prior to the introduction of smart card readers and permanent voter cards. The use of technology in Nigerian elections made it very difficult for results to be altered, either by dishonest people or by changing figures in an arbitrary and fraudulent manner. This electronic device is very difficult to copy or compromise due to its transparent application and built-in security mechanisms. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to examine the reasons why the smart card reader was necessary, the arguments against its usage, and its effectiveness in the 2015 presidential elections, as well as the possibility of more elections in the future.

The study examines Nigeria's resource allocation and usage as the gap in the country's pursuit of sustainable progress. The primary goal of the study is to investigate how Nigeria has struggled to achieve the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) due to inefficient use and distribution of financial, human, and material resources. Human and material resources are essential in every aspect of a company. An organization's ability to advance in all directions might be hindered by poorly managed human and material resources. Resources management offers a systematic assessment, requisitioning, and approval process for the evaluation and acquisition of products, equipment, and resources. The goal of resources management is to continuously seek opportunities to reduce costs and improve performance through the cost-effective selection and standardization of products, equipment, and related processes. A successful and efficient local government system will be preceded by well-managed human resources and material resources. while preserving or raising the standard of the services and care that are offered to the public. Subjectivism serves as the ontological orientation in this study, which employs a qualitative approach grounded in interpretivist philosophy. According to the study's findings, corruption, ethnic prejudices, poor governance, a lack of accountability, a lack of transparency, and unnecessary expenditure on pointless activities have all contributed to Nigeria's egregious inefficiency in resource allocation and use. According to the study's conclusion, Nigeria would be headed toward sustainable development if appropriate project planning, implementation, monitoring, and evaluation were done transparently and resources were used and distributed effectively. Therefore, the report suggests that Nigeria adopt economic and technical efficiencies in the distribution and use of its resources in order to achieve the aims of sustainable development.

A healthy latrine is one of the essential sanitation facilities aimed at maintaining environmental health and improving public health in general. This research was conducted because the use of healthy latrines in Webetun Village remains low, where defecating in the forest has become a common practice among the community. This habit triggers the emergence of diseases such as diarrhea, malnutrition, undernutrition, dengue fever, and respiratory infections. This study aims to examine the behavior of latrine use in households in Webetun Village, Rinhat Subdistrict, Malaka Regency. This research uses a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional design. The study involved 66 housewives who owned healthy latrines, selected through simple random sampling. Data analysis was conducted using the chi-square test. The results showed that variables such as latrine ownership (p=0.000) and water availability (p=0.000) were significantly associated with latrine use, while knowledge (p=0.681), attitude (p=0.588), actions (p=0.007), community leader support (p=0.081), and health worker support (p=0.069) were not significantly associated with latrine use. The findings revealed that water availability significantly influences latrine use. The availability of water facilitates family members in utilizing latrine facilities for activities such as flushing and maintaining cleanliness. Water availability also contributes to user comfort in maintaining latrine hygiene. Conversely, water scarcity hinders optimal latrine use by family members, potentially reducing utilization levels. The study findings also identified a correlation between latrine ownership and its use. Families are considered critical factors in shaping individual health behavior. The relationship between proper latrine ownership and usage behavior can be seen through the role of education in increasing awareness levels for adopting a healthy and clean lifestyle. 

The study explores the application of bioethical aspects in the use of botanical pesticides for pest prevention in the environment at the Horticultural Seed Development Unit (UPT) under the Department of Agriculture and Fisheries. Utilizing a qualitative approach with quantitative elements, this research aims to deepen understanding regarding bioethical practices in botanical pesticide usage and evaluate its effectiveness in controlling pests. The population consists of employees and students involved in pesticide-related activities, selected through purposive sampling to ensure knowledgeable respondents. Key variables include the independent variable of botanical pesticide application and dependent variables such as pest population reduction, environmental impact, and the presence of beneficial non-target organisms like pollinators. The descriptive qualitative method combined with survey techniques provides insights into how bioethical principles are integrated into pest control strategies, promoting sustainable agricultural practices. This research contributes to advancing environmentally friendly pest management solutions while maintaining ecological balance.

This study examines the digital literacy of university students in the context of Indonesia's evolving digital landscape. In the era of Industry 4.0 and the emerging Society 5.0, higher education faces the challenge of preparing students not only academically but also as responsible digital citizens. The research explores the level of digital literacy among students, identifies factors contributing to their limited ability to critically evaluate digital information, and proposes strategies to enhance digital skills. Utilizing a quantitative approach with an online questionnaire distributed to students from various higher education institutions, the study assesses competencies in technical usage, information evaluation, and digital ethics. The findings reveal that while a majority of students exhibit basic digital awareness and a tendency to verify information through credible sources, significant gaps remain in their ability to discern misinformation and protect personal data. The study recommends integrating digital literacy into academic curricula, increasing access to reliable digital resources, and conducting regular training workshops. These measures aim to foster a more critical, informed, and digitally secure student body, better equipped to navigate the challenges of the modern information age.

This study analyzes the development of expressive language skills in children aged 4 to 5 years living in multilingual environments. The research aims to understand how exposure to multiple languages influences the expressive abilities of young children. A qualitative approach was applied, involving observation and structured interviews with parents and educators. Findings indicate that children in multilingual settings exhibit varied vocabulary usage and code-switching behaviors, with some delays in expressive fluency compared to monolingual peers, yet with enhanced pragmatic skills. The study highlights the importance of supportive linguistic environments and tailored educational strategies to foster optimal language development. These findings have implications for educators, speech therapists, and parents in managing multilingualism during early childhood.

Scientific writing is an important competency that must be mastered by students, especially in writing a thesis as a requirement for graduation at the undergraduate level. One of the problems often encountered is the weak ability of students to manage references and compile citations in accordance with academic rules. This condition has the potential to reduce the quality of scientific work and violate the principle of academic integrity. Therefore, this community service activity aims to improve students' understanding and skills in reference management through socialization of the use of the Zotero application. This activity was carried out at the Syekh Al-Hasan Ahmad Addary State Islamic University in Padangsidimpuan, involving 45 students as participants. The methods used were socialization and training, which included the delivery of conceptual material on scientific writing and citations, as well as practical assistance in using the Zotero application. The results of the activity showed that students gained a better understanding of the importance of reference management and were able to recognize the use of Zotero as a tool to systematically compile citations and bibliographies. The output of the activity was a Zotero usage guide document that can be used as a supporting reference in writing scientific papers. This activity contributes to improving students' academic and digital literacy and supports efforts to prevent plagiarism in the university environment.

This study analyzes the management of facilities and infrastructure at SMP Negeri 35 Medan in an effort to improve education quality. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through observations and interviews conducted at the school. Observations focus on assessing the condition of classrooms, laboratories, libraries, and supporting infrastructure, while interviews with key informants, including a science teacher and the vice principal for facilities, provide deeper insights into the management and challenges of school infrastructure. The findings indicate that although the school meets the minimum facility standards as stipulated in Government Regulation No. 19 of 2005, several challenges remain, including budget constraints, lack of facility maintenance by students, and limited human resources. To optimize facility usage, the school needs to implement strategies such as regular maintenance, budget optimization through external collaborations, enhancement of the digital inventory system, and strengthening Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs). Additionally, integrating technology in learning and increasing student awareness of facility maintenance are crucial solutions. By implementing these recommendations, facility and infrastructure management is expected to become more effective, creating a more comfortable and supportive learning environment for both students and educators.

Learning German at level A1 is designed for beginners, with the aim of introducing the basics of vocabulary and sentence structure used in everyday life. The material taught includes work and daily activities. Grammar, as a fundamental aspect of learning, is very important to help learners understand sentence structure, verb usage, as well as case systems in German. German Grammar Learning Books that use linguistic approaches such as Error Analysis and Contrastive Analysis aim to make it easier for learners to understand the differences between German and Indonesian grammar. The study analyzed the book with reference  to the Profile Deutsch standard  issued by the Goethe-Institut, which assesses the suitability of the material with the German language learning objectives at A1 level. The focus of the analysis is on the material  of Der Adjective and Modal Verben, with results that show the shortcomings and advantages in the presentation of the material. Some example sentences use more complex structures, such as comparisons that don't correspond to beginner levels. The use of complete conjugation for Modalverben is also considered too heavy, and negation sentences with Modalverben are often confusing for A1 learners. In addition, the vocabulary used in this book is not very well known at the A1 level, so it needs to be adjusted to more basic vocabulary.    

Copyright of songs or music has proven to be able to open up almost limitless financial opportunities. It is difficult to determine how much a song is used for commercial purposes by parties other than the original creator. A major challenge in the music industry is the fair and transparent distribution of copyright royalties for songs. To address this issue, it is important to explore international best practices and case studies that reveal successful royalty distribution models and technology-based solutions for accurate tracking and payment. Important aspects of a fair and transparent royalty distribution model include transparency in revenue sharing, fair allocation based on popularity and usage of songs, and simplification of the royalty collection process through technology. The research method used is normative legal research. This research is prescriptive and applied. The method of collecting legal materials is by means of literature study and the legal materials used are primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. This study evaluates the effectiveness of the implementation of Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright and Government Regulation Number 56 of 2021. This study also identifies the legal, technical, and social challenges faced in protecting the rights of songwriters and ensuring fair royalty payments.

This study aims to identify and analyze language errors at the syntactic level in the article entitled "Improving the Literacy Culture of Reading and Writing Through Students' Habituation in the Classroom." The focus of the research is on errors in sentence structure, punctuation, and other syntactic issues that may hinder effective communication in academic writing. This study employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method, aimed at providing a systematic, factual, and accurate description of a particular object. The data collection technique used in this research is reading and recording techniques, where the article is analyzed thoroughly to identify any linguistic mistakes. The findings of the study revealed several types of errors in the analyzed article, including spelling errors, improper use of punctuation, ineffective sentence structures, mischoices of words (diction), and inconsistencies in language usage. These errors affect the clarity and professionalism of the article. Based on these findings, this study emphasizes the importance of understanding and applying the Indonesian language rules as outlined in the General Guidelines for Indonesian Spelling (PUEBI). By adhering to these guidelines, writers can improve their writing skills, making their academic papers more effective, clear, and in accordance with established language norms. This research contributes to enhancing the quality of academic writing by highlighting areas where language proficiency is crucial in conveying ideas clearly and accurately.

The development of language skills in children is an important factor in their growth. However, not all children experience language development appropriate for their age, one of which is speech delay. This study aims to analyze the factors that influence speech delay in children at RA Nurul Iman School, Beringin Jaya Village. The method used was direct observation of children experiencing speech delay, along with the delivery of educational materials to parents and teachers regarding the importance of verbal stimulation and the regulation of gadget usage. The research results show that the main factors causing speech delay in children at this school are excessive use of gadgets and a lack of verbal stimulation from parents. The study concludes that regulating gadget usage and increasing verbal stimulation from parents can help address speech delay issues in children and support their language development optimally. Therefore, it is important to raise awareness among parents about their role in supporting their children's speech development

Health is a basic human need, so it requires high awareness so that people maintain their health. One way to protect yourself and your family from the financial risks arising from health care costs is by having health insurance. The impact of this insurance provides protection against possible future losses and invests part of the funds collected from policyholders. Health insurance is important not only for reducing the financial burden of health services but also for ensuring that individuals have access to timely and quality medical care. The purpose of this theoretical study is to determine the impact of health insurance on the utilization of health services from a public health perspective. The method used is a theoretical study, which analyzes existing theories and previous research to understand the effects of health insurance. This approach is intended to draw conclusions regarding how insurance affects public health and health service usage. The results of this theoretical study indicate that, from a public health perspective, health insurance has a positive impact in various ways. It helps reduce the risk of disease, minimizes the economic burden when individuals fall ill, reduces financial risks, provides peace of mind, and facilitates access to quality medical services. Furthermore, insurance contributes to preventive care and early treatment. Accessibility to health services is identified as a crucial factor in enhancing the positive impact of insurance on the welfare and health of the community in Indonesia.

This study aims to identify and analyze language errors in the Discrete Mathematics book, which may affect the clarity and comprehension of the presented material. The analysis focuses on capitalization, punctuation, word usage, and sentence structure. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study approach. Data were collected through in-depth reading and recording of linguistic errors found in the book's text. The results indicate that errors such as improper capitalization, punctuation mistakes, inaccurate word choices, and ineffective sentence structures can hinder the understanding of discrete mathematics concepts. Therefore, linguistic improvements are necessary to enhance the book's effectiveness and quality as a teaching material. These revisions are also expected to increase the book’s academic credibility as a reference for students and scholars.

This study aims to identify and analyze language errors in the Discrete Mathematics book, which may affect the clarity and comprehension of the presented material. The analysis focuses on capitalization, punctuation, word usage, and sentence structure. The research employs a qualitative descriptive method with a literature study approach. Data were collected through in-depth reading and recording of linguistic errors found in the book's text. The results indicate that errors such as improper capitalization, punctuation mistakes, inaccurate word choices, and ineffective sentence structures can hinder the understanding of discrete mathematics concepts. Therefore, linguistic improvements are necessary to enhance the book's effectiveness and quality as a teaching material. These revisions are also expected to increase the book’s academic credibility as a reference for students and scholars.

PayLater services are increasingly popular as a payment method that offers ease of transactions and financial flexibility for its users. However, this convenience can also increase consumptive behavior that has the potential to affect individual financial stability. This study aims to analyze the impact of PayLater service on consumption interest and lifestyle of PT Tripatra employees. This research uses a quantitative approach with a survey method. Data was collected through questionnaires distributed to PT Tripatra employees who use PayLater services. Data analysis was performed with descriptive statistical tests and linear regression to measure the relationship between PayLater usage, consumption behavior, and financial stability. The results showed that the PayLater service provided significant benefits in the ease of transactions and increased employee purchasing power. However, there is a positive correlation between the use of this service and an increase in consumptive behavior, including impulse purchases. This has the potential to reduce individual financial stability in the long run, especially for those who lack good financial literacy. Uncontrolled use of PayLater services can increase financial risk. Therefore, awareness and good financial literacy are needed so that the benefits of this service can be optimized without causing negative impacts. As a recommendation, companies are advised to provide financial education to their customers. 

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of using an Arabic dictionary in enhancing the vocabulary of students at SMK Tarbiyatus Salafiyah Pesawahan Tiris Probolinggo. The main focus of this research is to identify the factors influencing the use of dictionaries in vocabulary acquisition and the impacts resulting from their use. The research problem formulation includes identifying the supporting and inhibiting factors in dictionary utilization and analyzing the effects of dictionary use on students’ vocabulary mastery. This study employs a qualitative descriptive approach. Data were collected through direct classroom observation to examine students’ interactions with dictionaries, in-depth interviews with students and educators to explore their experiences and perceptions, and documentation in the form of field notes and student work to analyze vocabulary development. The findings indicate that the effectiveness of dictionary use is influenced by both inhibiting and supporting factors. Inhibiting factors include the limited availability of dictionaries, a lack of understanding regarding their proper use, and restricted access to digital technology. Meanwhile, supporting factors involve teachers’ patience in providing guidance, students’ high enthusiasm and motivation, and their Arabic language proficiency. The positive impact of effective dictionary use is not limited to an increase in vocabulary acquisition but also contributes to students’ confidence in communicating in Arabic, enhances memory and cognitive skills, and improves reading and writing abilities. Thus, this study concludes that using Arabic dictionaries is effective in enriching students’ vocabulary, especially when supported by conducive factors.

The Arabic language is closely linked to the Qur'an, Hadith, and Islamic teachings, which continue to evolve over time. This study aims to explore the contemporary dynamics of how these three aspects influence the development and usage of Arabic. A qualitative approach with a descriptive-analytical method is employed to examine lexical and grammatical changes, as well as language usage in various contexts, including education, preaching, and media. The findings indicate that the Qur'an and Hadith remain the primary references in shaping Arabic vocabulary and structure, while the development of Islam in the modern era also influences the adaptation and expansion of meanings across different fields. The study highlights the importance of a deep understanding of the relationship between language and religion in preserving the authenticity and relevance of Arabic in the era of globalization.