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The purpose of this study was to determine the Role of the Election Supervisory Body in the Simultaneous Regional Head Elections in Tasikmalaya Regency in 2024. The method used in this study is a qualitative descriptive research method. This method includes observation, interviews and documentation. Data processing techniques in this study are data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The results of the study show that the role of the Election Supervisory Body (Bawaslu) has not been running optimally as seen from four dimensions. First, in the dimension of the role as an entrepreneur, Bawaslu experienced obstacles in understanding organizational issues and building relationships with the KPU, which was caused by miscommunication and weak supervision which led to a Revote. Second, in the dimension of the role as a disturbance handler, Bawaslu has not been effective in dealing with unexpected problems, hampered by the pros and cons of the community and the lack of formal and material evidence to follow up on reports of alleged violations. Third, in the dimension of the role as a resource allocator, the use of funding sources has not been optimal because the Revote resulted in the use of previous funds being inefficient. Finally, in terms of its role as a negotiator, Bawaslu has not been effective when participating in negotiations because it often takes a long time. The efforts that must be made are to strengthen communication and coordination between Bawaslu and the KPU, increase transparency and supervision during the election process, improve the system for collecting evidence of alleged violations and accelerate the negotiation process so that the decision-making process runs more efficiently. Based on the results of the study above, it can be concluded that the Role of the Election Supervisory Body in the Simultaneous Regional Head Elections in Tasikmalaya Regency in 2024, overall, is still not running optimally.    

This research investigates how students perceive the use of online transport services namely Gojek, Grab, InDriver, and Maxim as their primary means of commuting to campus. App-based transportation has become increasingly vital for addressing urban mobility issues such as traffic congestion, limited parking space, and time constraints. The study adopts a descriptive quantitative method, with data collected through a Likert-scale questionnaire distributed to 20 selected participants. The results reveal a predominantly favorable perception among students, especially regarding convenience, accessibility, efficiency, and safety. All questionnaire items were confirmed to be valid and reliable. Tests for normality and homogeneity showed the data were suitable for further analysis. Moreover, ANOVA results indicated no statistically significant differences in perception among students based on their preferred app. These findings affirm online transportation as a top choice for students to support their academic routines. This study is expected to serve as a valuable reference for developing more adaptive digital transportation services and for universities formulating inclusive and student-centered mobility policies.

This research uses a quantitative method and focuses on a cattle breeder named Nur Amin, aged 53, who has been raising sacrificial cattle since 2022 in Medan Krio Village, Sunggal Subdistrict. The purpose of this study is to analyze the breeder’s profile and the strategies implemented in developing the sacrificial cattle business. The farm consists of 12 cows—10 males and 2 females—mainly of Simmental and Brahman breeds. The study found that feed fermentation and regular vitamin administration play significant roles in improving cattle growth and health. In addition, regular stable hygiene and the application of artificial insemination are key factors in livestock management. Although no major obstacles have been encountered, limited promotion and market access remain challenges for business expansion. The research also emphasizes the importance of treating cattle farming as a primary business, not just a side activity. The inclusion of Islamic principles and religious texts reinforces that this business aligns with Islamic values, especially in providing halal and high-quality sacrificial animals for religious rites.

This study aims to examine the potential and challenges of utilizing Solar Power Plants (PLTS) in Medan City, which is geographically located near the equator and receives high exposure to sunlight throughout the year. The method used is a literature review with a narrative review approach that analyzes secondary data from various journals and relevant scientific articles. The results of the study show that Medan City has an average annual horizontal global solar radiation intensity of 463.61 W/m², with the potential for electrical power that can be generated from rooftop solar panels reaching 748.57 MW (monocrystalline), 598.85 MW (polycrystalline), and 299.43 MW (thin film). This potential is comparable to the capacity of large-scale power plants. The use of PLTS contributes to reducing carbon emissions, increasing energy security, creating jobs, and developing the local economy. However, challenges such as high installation costs, limited suitability of roof structures, and low public awareness are still major obstacles in the implementation of this technology. Therefore, synergy is needed between government policies, public education, and technological innovation to optimize the use of solar energy in urban areas such as Medan.

This study explores how social identity is constructed and represented in the promotion of traditional tuak drinking culture through the social media content of Atlas Medan, a modern lapo tuak café. Utilizing Social Identity Theory, this research investigates how cultural symbols and regional slang—particularly from Batak and Medan cultures—are employed to reinforce a local identity while appealing to a young demographic (ages 20–40). Using semiotic analysis on 50 selected Instagram posts, this study decodes how Atlas Medan merges traditional and modern elements to craft a compelling digital presence. The findings indicate that the strategic use of Batak songs, Medan slang, and community-oriented visuals fosters a sense of belonging among viewers, effectively branding the café as a hub of local cultural pride. This research contributes to a broader understanding of local identity-based branding and the role of digital media in preserving yet reinterpreting traditional cultural elements in urban settings.

Urban communities in Surakarta City tend to have high mobility which has an impact on rapid growth.  They need a safe, comfort and efficient transportation system. Surakarta City Transportation Agency presents Batik Solo Trans (BST) to answer these needs. However, the presence of BST is not balanced with user comfort at the BST permanent shelter. The incompatibility of shelter facilities with established standards causes users especially the disabled can’t access independently. This research aims to analyze user assessments and needs using Kansei Engineering and Administrative Law methods to determine the components to create a user-friendly BST permanent shelter. Purposive sampling was used to obtain data from 130 respondents based on interviews, questionnaires and observations. The results showed that comfort and equality are mandatory standards for creating a user-friendly BST permanent shelter. There are 5 aspects that have a significant influence on these standards. Those aspects are clean shelter, clear shelter, strategic location, appropriate shelter width and appropriate of shelter’s access height.

The rapid population growth in South Tangerang City has led to an increasing demand for housing, public facilities, and adequate community activity spaces. This phenomenon presents a challenge in providing proper and multifunctional spaces efficiently. This study aims to formulate architectural design strategies through a mixed-use development approach as a solution to mitigate the impact of population density in satellite urban areas. A mixed-methods approach, combining both quantitative and qualitative methods, was employed. Data were collected through questionnaires, field observations, spatial analysis, and in-depth interviews with residents and area users. Quantitative analysis was used to measure spatial needs and activity patterns, while qualitative analysis aimed to understand social preferences and local cultural contexts. The findings indicate that integrating residential, commercial, and public facility functions within a single area can improve land-use efficiency, reduce daily mobility, and strengthen inclusive social interaction spaces. The proposed design strategies include vertical spatial organization, flexible zoning, and the provision of green open spaces that support social and ecological sustainability. This research provides a foundation for the development of adaptive, participatory, and sustainable architectural designs for high-density urban areas such as South Tangerang City.

The increasing use of gadgets among medical students raises concerns about the health impacts, especially on sleep quality and eye health. Medical students have a high intensity of digital device use due to academic demands, which has the potential to cause excessive exposure to blue light (blue light), sleep disturbances, and eye fatigue (eye strain). This study aims to explore the relationship between the duration of gadget use with sleep quality and eye strain in medical students and to understand the factors that strengthen or weaken its impact. The research method used is qualitative descriptive based on a literature study by reviewing literature from scientific journals, books, and relevant documents. The results of the study showed that exposure to blue light can reduce melatonin production, disrupt circadian rhythms, and cause sleep disorders such as insomnia. In addition, long-term use of gadgets without sufficient rest increases the risk of digital eye strain, characterized by symptoms such as dry eyes, blurring, pain, and headaches. Medical students who are susceptible to intensive exposure to digital screens are at higher risk of this disorder. In conclusion, there is a strong interconnection between gadget use, sleep quality, and eye fatigue. Preventive efforts such as screen time management, use of blue light filters, and education about healthy visual habits are important to maintain the health and productivity of medical students.

This study investigates the implementation and effectiveness of artificial intelligence-driven adaptive learning platforms in English as a Foreign Language (EFL) classrooms across urban and rural Indonesian educational settings. Through a mixed-methods approach involving 247 students and 12 teachers from eight institutions, this research comparatively analyzes three prominent AI language learning platforms: LinguaLearn AI, AdaptEd English, and AI Tutor Pro. The findings reveal significant differences in learning outcomes, with AI-enhanced platforms demonstrating a 27% improvement in language proficiency compared to traditional methods. However, implementation challenges including digital literacy barriers, internet connectivity issues, and cultural adaptation requirements were identified, particularly in rural contexts. The study proposes a contextually responsive framework for integrating AI language learning technologies in developing EFL environments, contributing to the growing discourse on educational technology in linguistically diverse settings. This research highlights the potential of AI to personalize language acquisition while emphasizing the necessity of culturally and infrastructurally appropriate implementation strategies.

Green Open Space (GOS) plays a strategic role in modern urban planning, serving not only as an ecological element but also as a social, educational, and recreational space that supports the sustainability of urban life. Its presence is a vital necessity in addressing the challenges of urbanization and environmental degradation. This study examines and redesigns Taman Mandiri in Jayapura City as a sustainable urban park capable of accommodating various ecological and social functions. Field observations reveal that the existing condition of the park does not yet meet adequate public facility standards, such as the availability of interaction space, playgrounds, toilets, and parking areas. Through a sustainable landscape design approach, the park is directed to become an inclusive, efficient, and environmentally friendly green open space. The proposed design integrates the use of local vegetation, natural water management systems, and the enhancement of the park’s social functions. It is expected that this design can serve as a model for urban park development in tropical regions facing urbanization pressures and contribute to improving the quality of life in a sustainable manner.

This photographic work showcases the everyday expriences of the punk youth community in Glugur Dara I Subdistrict, East Medan District, by employing a human interest documentation approach. The photography’s subject and main focus was the punk community, drawn from the author’s daily life in Medan City, where street musicians frequently perform at traffic intersections. The writer became interested in a set of entertainers whose looks and traits were remarkably unique—they belong to the Glugur punk community. These punk youths generally work as street performers and showcase their preferred lifestyle through punk clothing and adornments. The goal of this work is to artistically depict the symbols, attire, and identity of the punk community from a humanistic visual angle. The creative process consists of three main stages: pre-production, production, and post-production. The outcome of this project is a series of twelve photographic pieces under various titles, each capturing the punk community’s everyday life filled with freedom of expression, solidarity, and creative endeavors—highlighting their subcultural identity within an urban context.

Climate change has had a significant impact on various aspects of life, including air temperature in urban areas such as Medan City. This study aims to analyze changes in air temperature in Medan City during and after the COVID-19 pandemic, especially related to social restriction policies such as PPKM. Temperature data was obtained from UPT BMKG Medan for the period 2020 to 2025 and analyzed using I-MR (Individual-Moving Range), Cusum, and EWMA (Exponentially Weighted Moving Average) methods. The results of the analysis are expected to be able to show significant temperature differences as a result of the decline in human activities during the pandemic as well as the trend of post-pandemic temperature changes. This study is important as a basis for future environmental planning and climate change mitigation policies.

This study aims to analyze how the implementation of collaborative governance in the Nutritious Food Yard Program (P2B) strengthens community-based food security in Sidoarjo Regency. A qualitative approach with a case study method was used to explore the social dynamics in depth. The research was conducted in Kampung Edukasi Sampah, Sekardangan Sub-district, one of the active areas in P2B implementation. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and document analysis involving key stakeholders such as the Sidoarjo City Food and Agriculture Office, Sidoarjo Police Sector, village officials, farmer groups, and environmental cadres. The analysis applied the collaborative governance model by Ansell and Gash (2008), which includes five indicators: face-to-face dialogue, trust building, commitment to the process, shared understanding, and intermediate outcomes. The findings show that most indicators of collaboration have been realized, particularly in communication and trust-building aspects. However, some challenges remain, including the absence of formal agreement documents among actors, inconsistent communication, lack of program outreach, and overlapping roles between the police and related agencies. This research contributes to strengthening cross-sectoral collaboration models in community-based food security programs in urban areas.

Assault is a criminal act intentionally committed to cause pain, physical injury, or damage to another person. As a state governed by law, efforts to address assault crimes are necessary as part of law enforcement. However, existing regulations focus mainly on the perpetrators, and there is a need for regulations that also focus on the victims, examined through the perspective of victimology. The purpose of this study is to give greater consideration to the victim's side in a criminal act, how victims are more heavily impacted, and the legal protection that remains insufficiently fulfilled. This research uses a theoretical study with the approach of victimology theory and restorative justice theory. It employs a normative empirical method with secondary data, based on legislation. The results of this study show that victims of assault crimes suffer impacts in every aspect, including physical injuries, psychological disturbances, economic effects, and social life disruption. Victims of assault should receive protection from the victimology perspective, such as restitution or compensation, counseling assistance, medical aid, and legal support. However, these protections have not been adequately fulfilled. This is illustrated by case number 695/Pid.B/2024/PN SRG, where the defendant was sentenced under Article 351 paragraph (2) for assault causing serious injury to the victims, with a prison sentence of 1 year and 10 months plus a court fee of Rp. 2,000 (two thousand rupiah). Considering the victims experienced terror before the incident and multiple stabbing actions resulting in physical and psychological harm, the victims are entitled to restitution, counseling, and adequate legal assistance. Yet, in reality, such protections remain unmet.

This study aims to examine and compare the expenditure and income patterns between traditional market traders in Sukaramai Market and MMTC with street vendors operating around the State University of Medan (UNIMED). This study is based on the main differences between the two groups, especially related to business legality, sales location, and operational costs, which have the potential to affect business effectiveness and the economic welfare of the actors. The comparative quantitative method was used to collect data through questionnaires and Simple Random Sampling sampling techniques on 45 respondents, consisting of 30 market traders and 15 street vendors. The collected data were then analyzed using statistical inference techniques to obtain accurate and reliable parameter estimates. The results of the study show that market traders have an average income of IDR 9.37 million with expenses of IDR 6.7 million per month, so that the net profit obtained reaches IDR 2.67 million. Meanwhile, street vendors have an average income of IDR 7.2 million and expenses of IDR 5.53 million, so that their net profit is around IDR 1.67 million. Although market traders' expenses are higher, they still get a greater net profit. This study confirms that business location, legality, and management system factors significantly affect the efficiency and economic success of traders. This finding is very relevant as a basis for formulating fair and sustainable policies for empowering the informal sector, especially for small and micro traders in urban areas, in order to optimally improve their economic welfare.

This study aims to analyze the spatial distribution patterns and business characteristics of Coffee Shops in Wai Mhorock Sub-district, Abepura District, Jayapura City. The rapid growth of Coffee Shops in this area is influenced by its strategic location, situated near educational institutions, shopping centers, and social activity hubs. The research employs a quantitative approach with spatial mapping techniques using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and field surveys to identify the characteristics of each business. The results show that the spatial distribution of Coffee Shops in Wai Mhorock tends to be clustered, with a high concentration along main roads and community activity centers. The characteristics of the businesses vary in terms of venue concept, types of menus offered, operational hours, supporting facilities, and target consumers. Most Coffee Shops target young people such as students and university attendees by offering a cozy atmosphere and free internet access. In conclusion, understanding the spatial patterns and business characteristics of Coffee Shops can serve as a foundation for sustainable urban spatial planning and business development. This study also provides recommendations for entrepreneurs and local governments to consider location, accessibility, and environmental impacts in managing commercial space.

The rapid growth of social media among university students raises concerns regarding its impact on health, particularly sleep patterns. This research investigates the link involving social media usage intensity and students’ sleep patterns. A descriptive quantitative approach was employed through a survey method involving 30 active undergraduate students from various universities in Indonesia, using a survey based on Likert items. The analysis applied Pearson’s correlation to assess the intensity and orientation of the link between variables. The results revealed a strong and affirmative link between social media engagement and sleep pattern disturbances, indicated by a correlation score of 0.655. This reflects that greater intensity in using social media is associated with increased likelihood of disrupted sleep patterns, including irregular sleep schedules, reduced sleep duration, and decreased sleep quality. These findings emphasize the importance of better digital time management and educational interventions regarding healthy sleep habits, both for students and higher education institutions.  

Abstract. Amino acids are indispensable components of human metabolism, playing essential roles in proteinsynthesis, energy production, and cellular regulation. Branched-chain amino acids (BCAAs)-leucine, isoleucine,and valine—are particularly significant due to their involvement in muscle repair, metabolic signaling, andinsulin sensitivity. While BCAAs are vital under normal physiological conditions, multiple studies have shownthat elevated plasma BCAA levels are linked to insulin resistance, obesity, and type 2 diabetes. This associationhas led researchers to investigate whether these elevations are a cause or consequence of metabolicdysfunction. Recent findings have revealed that impaired BCAA catabolism in tissues such as adipose and livercontributes to their accumulation in circulation. If skeletal muscle becomes insulin resistant, it may shift BCAAmetabolism further, exacerbating the imbalance. Moreover, the modulation of specific enzymes and transportershas been proposed as a therapeutic avenue to mimic the beneficial effects of dietary protein restriction.Although several mechanisms have been proposed, including mTOR activation, fatty acid oxidationinterference, and altered neurotransmitter synthesis, no single pathway fully explains BCAA-induced metabolicdisturbances. Therefore, a comprehensive understanding of amino acid metabolism is crucial, particularly ifdietary and pharmacological interventions are to be optimized for preventing or treating age-related andmetabolic diseases.

This study aims to analyze the power of sentence structures in constructing conflict narratives in news reports about a foreign national (WNA) causing a disturbance in Kalibata City. Through a syntactic analysis approach, this research examines how sentence structures, lexical choices, and information hierarchies influence public perception of the incident. The data is analyzed using modern syntactic theory and critical discourse analysis, referencing the works of Fairclough (2020) and Halliday (2021), which emphasize the relationship between language structures and media power. The findings reveal that the use of passive constructions, subordinate clauses, and repetition of conflict-related elements intensify the dramatization and tension within the narrative. Thus, syntactic power in news texts does not merely convey information but also constructs a social perception of the reported conflict. These findings contribute to critical linguistic studies and media literacy.

This study aims to analyze the power of sentence structures in constructing conflict narratives in news reports about a foreign national (WNA) causing a disturbance in Kalibata City. Through a syntactic analysis approach, this research examines how sentence structures, lexical choices, and information hierarchies influence public perception of the incident. The data is analyzed using modern syntactic theory and critical discourse analysis, referencing the works of Fairclough (2020) and Halliday (2021), which emphasize the relationship between language structures and media power. The findings reveal that the use of passive constructions, subordinate clauses, and repetition of conflict-related elements intensify the dramatization and tension within the narrative. Thus, syntactic power in news texts does not merely convey information but also constructs a social perception of the reported conflict. These findings contribute to critical linguistic studies and media literacy.