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This study was conducted to examine the effect of compensation on employee performance through a literature review approach. The background of this research is based on the importance of compensation as a factor that contributes to improving employee work outcomes. Compensation is not only considered as remuneration for work performed, but also as an element that can encourage motivation and productivity. The study applied a descriptive method using a literature review approach. The data used were secondary data obtained from 20 national scientific journals published since 2020, discussing compensation and employee performance. Data collection was carried out through library research by selecting, classifying, and reviewing relevant literature sources. Furthermore, the data were analyzed descriptively by interpreting findings from previous studies. The results indicate that 19 out of 20 journals reported a positive and significant relationship between compensation and employee performance. Therefore, it can be concluded that compensation plays an essential role in enhancing employee performance, making an effective compensation system a crucial aspect of human resource management.

Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita spp.) are a byproduct of pumpkin that has great potential to be developed as a functional food ingredient due to their high nutritional content and bioactive compounds. This article aims to examine the valorization (utilization) of pumpkin seeds in various food products and their potential as a functional food. The method used was a narrative literature review through a search of the Google Scholar, ScienceDirect, PubMed, and MDPI databases for the period 2016–2026. The results of the study indicate that pumpkin seeds have been applied in various food products such as cookies, crackers, bread, biscuits, cakes, muffins, and snack bars. The addition of pumpkin seeds generally increases the content of protein, fiber, unsaturated fatty acids, minerals, and bioactive compounds that contribute to antioxidant activity. However, increasing the proportion of pumpkin seeds also affects the physical and sensory characteristics of the product, such as darker color, decreased volume, and changes in texture due to reduced gluten content in the dough. Therefore, formulation optimization is needed to achieve a balance between increasing nutritional value and consumer acceptance. Overall, pumpkin seeds have the potential to be used as an ingredient in the development of functional foods.

This research is grounded in the enactment of Law Number 1 of 2023 concerning the National Criminal Code, which raises normative questions regarding the legal status of gratification within Indonesia’s anti-corruption framework. The study aims to analyze the normative position of gratification following criminal law codification and to assess its implications for evidentiary mechanisms under the Anti-Corruption Law. Employing a normative legal research method, this study applies statutory and conceptual approaches through comprehensive literature review of primary and secondary legal sources. The findings indicate that gratification remains regulated under the Anti-Corruption Law as lex specialis and is not nullified by the National Criminal Code. The reversal of the burden of proof mechanism continues to apply, although its interpretation must align with fundamental criminal law principles such as culpability and proportionality. The study concludes that systematic harmonization between both legal regimes is essential to ensure legal certainty and strengthen anti-corruption enforcement.

The implementation of local democracy in Indonesia faces challenges when the electoral and procedural mechanisms regulated in modern village administration are not fully in line with the socio-cultural traditions of indigenous communities. Many villages still strongly uphold the values, norms, and authority of traditional institutions that have historically regulated communal life, including in terms of leadership legitimacy. Tension between formal democracy and customary values arises when the village political process is perceived as not reflecting the cultural identity of the community. This situation creates a need to understand how the integration of customary institutions can strengthen the legitimacy of village leaders in the local democratic system. This study uses a literature review method with a content analysis approach because the study focuses on the concept of the role of customary institutions in strengthening local democracy and the legitimacy of village leadership. This method allows researchers to explore theories and compare previous findings to form a systematic understanding. The research data comes from 19 secondary sources in the form of scientific books and journal articles published between 2016 and 2025 that are relevant to the themes of customs, village governance, community participation, and local leadership. The search was conducted using the Publish or Perish application with purposive sampling techniques to select sources directly related to the main research issue. This study concludes that the integration of traditional institutions into local democracy produces a model of village leadership that is legally strong and culturally rooted. This integration provides a basis for strengthening local democracy based on cultural wisdom, thereby supporting village development.

The determination of a minimum marriage age is a central issue in Indonesian family law and Islamic legal discourse, particularly regarding the prevention of health, social, and psychological risks associated with child marriage. This study analyzes the alignment between the legal requirement of a minimum age of 19, as stipulated in Law No. 16 of 2019 and Constitutional Court Decision No. 22/PUU-XV/2017, and the framework of maqāṣid sharī‘ah, especially the hierarchical structure of dharuriyyāt, ḥājiyyāt, and taḥsīniyyāt. Employing a normative juridical method supported by extensive literature review, this research examines statutory regulations, classical and contemporary Islamic legal sources, works on maqāṣid, and empirical data from national and international institutions. The findings demonstrate that the minimum age of 19 substantively accords with maqāṣid sharī‘ah: at the dharuriyyāt level, it safeguards life, intellect, and lineage from medical, psychological, and social harm; at the ḥājiyyāt level, it prevents economic hardship, emotional instability, and the inability of young couples to assume household roles; and at the taḥsīniyyāt level, it preserves human dignity, ethical conduct, and the sanctity of marriage. Consequently, the regulation is not a departure from classical Islamic jurisprudence but rather an implementation of public interest (maṣlaḥah) adapted to contemporary societal realities. This study affirms that integrating maqasid-based reasoning into public policy strengthens the protection of families and future generations in Indonesia.

The president's prerogative is a form of power inherent in the president's position as head of state. One form of this prerogative is the granting of abolition, which is the abolition of legal proceedings against a person or group of people who are or will undergo judicial proceedings. However, in its implementation, the president's authority to grant abolition is not absolute, but is limited by the applicable legal provisions and constitutional mechanisms. This study aims to analyze the limits of the president's power in exercising the prerogative in the form of abolition and review the juridical aspects that govern the procedure and its considerations. The research method used is normative juridical research with a statutory approach and a conceptual approach. Data sources are obtained from relevant laws and regulations, legal literature, and scientific works. The results of the study show that the president's authority in granting abolition is regulated in Article 14 paragraph (2) of the 1945 Constitution of the Republic of Indonesia, which requires the president to pay attention to the considerations of the House of Representatives (DPR). Thus, this authority is not an absolute prerogative, but is limited by the principle of checks and balances in the Indonesian constitutional system. The conclusion of this study emphasizes that the restriction is a form of constitutional supervision over the use of presidential power to remain in line with the principles of the rule of law and constitutional democracy

This article examines the relationship between Islamic politics and democracy in contemporary Indonesia. As the country with the largest Muslim population in the world, Indonesia presents a distinctive dynamic in the interaction between Islamic values and modern democratic systems. This study aims to analyze how Islamic political actors, including political parties and religious organizations, interact with and adapt to democratic practices in the post-Reform era. The research employs a qualitative method through a literature review of Indonesian academic journals published within the last five years. The findings indicate that Islamic politics in Indonesia is plural and dynamic, showing an adaptive tendency toward democratic principles. Islamic values such as deliberation (shura), justice, and equality are considered compatible with democratic ideals. However, Islamic politics also faces contemporary challenges, including the politicization of religion, identity politics, and social polarization. The article concludes that the relationship between Islamic politics and democracy in Indonesia is dynamic and largely adaptive within the framework of the Pancasila state.

This study aims to explore the trends in the development of scientific publications on beauty privilege, focusing on the growth in the number of articles, citation trends, as well as keyword mapping and the dominant themes emerging in the literature. The method used is a literature review with a descriptive bibliometric approach, referring to the PRISMA model which includes four stages: identification, screening, eligibility, and inclusion. Data were collected from Google Scholar using the Publish or Perish (PoP) software, with the keyword “beauty privilege.” The analysis results show that the number of publications has increased significantly since 2021, peaking in 2023 and 2024. In terms of citations, 2023 is the most influential year, having the highest number of citations. Keyword analysis using VOSviewer generated seven topic clusters, with dominant keywords such as beauty privilege, body shaming, and social media. The conclusion of this study indicates that the topic of beauty privilege is becoming increasingly relevant and evolving, opening opportunities for further research from various social, cultural, and psychological perspectives.

Corruption cases in Indonesia often involve the recovery of state assets, including properties encumbered by mortgages (hak tanggungan). This research conducts a normative legal analysis on how current law treats such pledged assets when they become objects of state confiscation in corruption crimes. We examine Indonesian legislation (especially the Tipikor Act, TPPU Act, and Mortgage Act), judicial practice, and principles of justice and legal certainty. The Bank Perumda BPR Purworejo case is used as an illustrative case study: here fictitious loans and misused collateral led to state losses of hundreds of millions of rupiah, and investigators seized assets (including four mortgaged properties) as evidence. The analysis finds that existing rules inadequately protect good-faith creditors: courts have noted that a corruption verdict does not automatically erase a prior mortgage lien, and that a certified mortgage confers a preferential right equal to a judgment. In practice, however, law enforcement often seizes all assets of the convict without first verifying third-party rights, creating legal uncertainty and perceived injustice. We argue that fair outcomes require stricter safeguards for creditors (e.g. mandatory review of collateral status before seizure) and consideration of equitable principles. In conclusion, we recommend legal reforms or guidelines to balance the state’s recovery goals with protection of bona fide mortgagees, so as to uphold substantive justice while maintaining legal certainty.

The death of a Madrasah Tsanawiyah (MTs) student allegedly linked to police action raises significant legal issues concerning the limits of the use of force and the construction of criminal liability. This study aims to reformulate the elements of assault resulting in death by integrating the objective element (actus reus) and the subjective element (mens rea) within the framework of the doctrines of dolus and culpa. It also seeks to develop a model of criminal liability analysis that is more transparent, accountable, and oriented toward the protection of a child’s right to life. This research employs a normative juridical method using statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, supported by a literature review of legislation, court decisions, and criminal law scholarship. Data are analyzed qualitatively through grammatical, systematic, and teleological interpretation. The findings indicate that proving the act and the resulting death alone is insufficient without clearly establishing the form of fault. The distinction between dolus eventualis and culpa lata constitutes a decisive factor in determining the classification of the offense and the degree of criminal liability. Ambiguity in identifying the spectrum of fault may lead to sentencing disparities and weaken the principle of geen straf zonder schuld (no punishment without fault). Therefore, this study proposes a reconstruction of the elements of the offense that places proof of mens rea at the center of assessing police accountability while ensuring the protection of the child’s right to life.

Land conversion associated with renewable energy expansion generates profound socio-cultural transformations in agrarian communities. This study aims to analyze how wind power development reshapes agrarian identity, social capital configuration, and the meaning of land within rural society from an anthropology of development perspective. This research applies qualitative literature-based analysis supported by recent peer-reviewed scholarship on land use change, rural transformation, social capital, and political ecology. Conceptual synthesis integrates sustainable livelihood framework, identity negotiation theory, and energy landscape analysis to construct an interpretive analytical model. Findings indicate that agricultural land conversion produces deagrarianization, occupational shifts, and reconfiguration of social stratification. Land is redefined from a genealogical and productive space into infrastructure and investment asset. Social capital grounded in kinship networks, customary institutions, and local organizations functions as a resilience mechanism through risk redistribution, collective solidarity, and participatory negotiation. Energy landscapes restructure symbolic and material relations between community and territory, generating both hybrid identities and conflict dynamics. Inclusive governance determines whether renewable energy fosters adaptive transformation or deepens commodification and exclusion. Renewable energy transition in rural areas requires socio-cultural recognition beyond technical implementation. Integrating local identity, participatory governance, and community ownership strengthens just and sustainable transformation pathways.

This study was conducted to analyze the role of customary institutions in the government system in Karampuang, as well as to analyze the challenges faced by customary institutions in Karampuang. This study emphasizes the strategic role of customary institutions in the preservation of culture and management of natural resources of indigenous communities in Karampuang. The research method used is a qualitative method through a literature review to collect and analyze information related to the role of customary institutions in the Karampuang customary village. Sources used include the collection of literature such as books, journals, articles, and related documents. The results of the study are expected to provide insight related to the strategic role of customary institutions in the government system. The results of this study indicate that customary institutions in Karampuang play a dual role as pillars of culture and as important institutions in the local government structure, maintaining a balance between cultural values ​​and government administration. However, these customary institutions face many challenges, including legal recognition that must be fought for officially, the threat of confiscation of living space that threatens the sovereignty of customary territories, and the need to strengthen institutional capacity to develop amidst social dynamics and the pressures of modernization.

Diaspora remittances are a major and relatively stable external financing source for underdeveloped and developing countries, often surpassing aid and foreign direct investment. Drawing on a narrative review of recent empirical studies, meta-analyses, and country cases, this paper examines how remittances contribute to sustainable finance by affecting economic growth, poverty and inequality, financial inclusion, and environmental outcomes. The evidence shows that remittances generally reduce poverty and enhance financial inclusion, while their growth and environmental impacts are heterogeneous and depend on factors such as financial development, human capital, and institutional quality. The paper argues that targeted policies lowering transaction costs, strengthening and digitizing financial systems, and designing instruments to channel remittances into productive and green investments are essential to fully integrating remittances into national sustainable finance and development strategies.

. The Agropolitan Program based on corn commodities in Gorontalo Province aims to enhance agricultural productivity, improve farmers’ welfare, and strengthen the competitiveness of corn. This study examines the progress of program implementation and its impact on production, quality, export volume, and competitiveness. A quantitative approach was employed, utilizing SWOT analysis and the Revealed Comparative Advantage (RCA) method. Data were obtained from the Central Bureau of Statistics, relevant institutions, as well as limited observations and interviews.The results indicate that the Agropolitan Program has contributed positively to the expansion of harvested areas and increased corn production, particularly during the 2020–2024 period. This increase is not only evident in terms of quantity but has also begun to show improvements in the quality of yields, although these improvements are not yet evenly distributed across regions. However, export performance remains fluctuating, with unstable RCA values, indicating that the competitiveness of corn in the international market still faces various challenges.This condition is influenced by limitations in logistics infrastructure, weak farmer institutions, dependence on middlemen, and the suboptimal integration of the value chain from upstream to downstream. In addition, access to technology, financing, and market information remains a significant constraint that needs to be addressed. It is concluded that the success of the program requires strengthening institutional capacity, improving distribution efficiency, and implementing sustainable and integrated export policies to support the stability and long-term competitiveness of corn.

This study aims to systematically analyze the literature on the implementation of external evaluation systems and accreditation management in improving the quality of Islamic education. It also seeks to provide a more comprehensive understanding of best practices that can be applied by Islamic educational institutions in responding to increasingly complex quality demands. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with the PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) approach, this study identifies themes, strategies, and challenges found in previous studies. Articles were identified from Google Scholar, Garuda, and ScienceDirect databases within the 2012–2024 period. The selection process involved a step-by-step screening of titles and abstracts, resulting in 15 main articles for further in-depth review. The findings indicate that external evaluation functions as a strategic instrument to enhance accountability, transparency, and quality control in educational institutions. Key themes identified include the importance of a Total Quality Management (TQM) culture, the strategic role of Management Information Systems (MIS) in data governance, and the gap between administrative compliance and substantive quality improvement. This study concludes that effective accreditation management requires a shift from a bureaucratic approach toward a culture of continuous improvement integrated with Islamic values and oriented toward overall educational quality enhancement.

The need for housing is increasingly pressing with population growth and urbanization, while affordability remains a challenge for single-income households. The purpose of this investigation is to assess the impact of price also location on home purchase decisions using a literature review. This approach involves reviewing, analyzing, and synthesizing various relevant literature sources, such as scientific journals, books, undergraduate theses, also previous investigation reports that discuss factors influencing home purchase decisions. The study concludes that price plays a positive also significant role in home purchase decisions, as consumers prefer homes with prices commensurate with their purchasing power and the quality offered. Location has also been shown to influence decisions, particularly when housing is conveniently situated at a key location  and the availability of public facilities. However, certain studies indicate that price and location are not always the primary determinants of decision-making, as other variables such as promotion, brand image, product quality, and lifestyle also play a role.

This study aims to analyze the comparison of the impact of financial and non-financial compensation effectiveness on turnover intention among Generation Z employees. The high turnover rates within Generation Z, despite receiving adequate financial compensation, indicate a shift in their preferences regarding the workforce. Generation Z tends to seek more than just financial compensation, such as flexibility, a supportive work environment, and opportunities for growth. The method used in this study is a literature review, analyzing various relevant scholarly journals related to strategic compensation, Generation Z characteristics, and turnover intention. The research findings show that non-financial compensation has a more significant impact in reducing turnover intention among Generation Z compared to financial compensation. Therefore, companies need to focus on aspects such as work-life balance, career development opportunities, and an inclusive and supportive work culture. These findings provide valuable insights that companies should adopt a more holistic reward approach through the total rewards concept, which includes both financial and non-financial compensation, in order to enhance loyalty and retention of Generation Z employees in the long term.

Facies analysis and thin-section petrography are complementary and essential approaches for determining the lithological characteristics of deep-water deposits. Deep-water sediments are formed by diverse depositional processes such as turbidity currents, debris flows, slumps, and pelagic suspension settling, producing a wide range of lithofacies with distinctive textural, compositional, and sedimentary structural attributes. This literature review synthesizes studies that apply facies analysis and thin-section petrography to characterize deep-water deposits across various basins and geological ages worldwide. Field-based facies analysis emphasizes lithology, sedimentary structures, bed geometry, and vertical–lateral facies relationships to reconstruct depositional environments. In contrast, thin-section petrography provides microscopic insights into mineral composition, grain texture, cement types, porosity, and diagenetic features that are not observable in the field. The integration of these methods, often combined with advanced techniques such as XRD, SEM, and geochemical analyses, has proven effective in distinguishing lithofacies, understanding sedimentary processes, and evaluating reservoir quality. The review highlights that grain size, sorting, cement type, pore-throat size, and diagenetic processes are key controls on lithological characteristics and reservoir potential in deep-water systems. Therefore, the combined application of facies analysis and thin-section petrography provides a comprehensive framework for interpreting deep-water sedimentary systems.

The rapid advancement of digital technology has fundamentally altered the landscape of public governance, compelling local governments to adapt and embrace digital transformation. This study investigates the challenges and opportunities faced by local governments in Indonesia in implementing digital governance transformation within the framework of Society 5.0. Using a systematic literature review and case study methodology, this research analyzes governance transformation policies, institutional readiness, digital infrastructure, and human resource capacity across selected Indonesian regional governments. The findings reveal that while significant opportunities exist including enhanced public service delivery, improved transparency, citizen participation, and inter-agency coordination substantial challenges persist in digital infrastructure disparities, limited human resource capacity, regulatory ambiguity, and cybersecurity vulnerabilities. The study identifies five critical success factors for effective digital governance transformation: strong political commitment, adequate digital infrastructure investment, comprehensive human resource development, adaptive regulatory frameworks, and inclusive citizen engagement mechanisms. This research contributes to the theoretical discourse on e-government and digital governance in the context of developing countries, while offering practical policy recommendations for local governments navigating the transition to Society 5.0. The implications extend to policymakers, practitioners, and scholars engaged in public administration reform in the digital age.

The digital era has fundamentally revolutionized human interaction and information processing, particularly for Generation Z as digital natives. This research aims to identify the characteristics of digital information consumed by Generation Z and evaluate their long-term memory (LTM) capacity in the digital age. Using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method with a qualitative approach, 15 relevant studies published between 2021 and 2026 were analyzed from databases such as Scopus, Google Scholar, and ScienceDirect. The findings indicate that digital information characteristics—which are often "bite-sized," visual, and rapidly consumed—tend to encourage shallow encoding and digital amnesia. However, the study also found a dual impact: while high cognitive load and constant multitasking can hinder memory consolidation, structured digital use and interactive learning modules can significantly enhance memory retention. These results imply that optimal cognitive function in the digital era highly depends on digital literacy and effective information management strategies to balance technological use with natural cognitive sharpness.