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Public service plays a fundamental role in fulfilling citizens’ rights and needs within modern governance systems. The increasing complexity of social, economic, and technological changes has encouraged the transformation of public administration paradigms. This study aims to analyze the evolution of public service paradigms from Old Public Administration to Network Governance, identify the key characteristics of each paradigm, and explain the shift in values and the role of the state in public service delivery. This research employs a qualitative approach using a literature review method by examining various academic sources related to public administration theories and public service governance. The analysis was conducted through content analysis and comparative analysis to identify conceptual developments and paradigm differences in public administration. The results indicate that public service paradigms have evolved from hierarchical and rule-based governance toward more collaborative and participatory governance models. Old Public Administration emphasizes bureaucratic hierarchy and administrative control, New Public Management focuses on efficiency and performance-based management, while New Public Service highlights citizen participation and democratic values. The most recent paradigm, Network Governance, promotes collaboration among government, private sector, and civil society in addressing complex public issues. These findings suggest that contemporary public administration increasingly adopts a hybrid governance approach that integrates elements of various paradigms to enhance the effectiveness and responsiveness of public service delivery.

Background: Thel postpartum periodl is al recovery phase involving lphysical and psychologicall changes, during which mothersl often experience fatigue due to increased cortisol levels. Excessive fatigue can interfere with the breastfeeding process and reduce motivation for exclusive breastfeeding. Lavender aromatherapyl is al non-pharmacologicall therapy containing linalool with sedative effects to provide relaxation and reduce fatigue levels. lObjective: This studyl aimed tol determine thel effect ofl lavender aromatherapy onl reducing fatigue in postpartuml mothers atl Puskesmas Ibu, West Halmahera Regency. Methods: Thisl study was al Pre-Experimentall study withl a Onel Group lPretest-Posttest lDesign. The studyl population consisted of lall postpartum mothersl at Puskesmas Ibu, with a total sampling technique of 30 respondents. The research instrument used anl observation lsheet, and ldata analysis wasl performed usingl the Paired Sample T-Testl (α = 0.05). Results: The majorityl of lrespondents' characteristics were inl the agel range of 20-35 yearsl (76.7%), had Senior High School education (60%), were unemployed/housewives (70%), and were primiparous (60%). The resultsl of thel Paired Samplel T-Testl showed al mean fatigue score before the intervention of 27.33, which decreased to 11.50 after the intervention (mean difference 15.833) with a lp-value = l0.000. lConclusion: There isl al significant effectl ofl lavender aromatherapyl administration on reducing fatigue lin postpartum lmothers at Puskesmas Ibu, Halbar Regency. Lavender aromatherapy is effective as a complementary therapy to aid postpartum maternal recovery.

The rapid development of digital technology in the 21st century has brought significant changes to various aspects of life, including education. One of the emerging innovations in the educational field is the use of Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a tool to support the learning process. The integration of AI in history education offers new opportunities to create more interactive, adaptive, and contextual learning experiences through access to various digital historical sources. This study aims to analyze the integration of Artificial Intelligence in history learning and its implications for improving students’ digital historical literacy. This research uses a qualitative approach with a descriptive method through a literature study by reviewing various scientific articles related to the use of AI in education and digital literacy in history learning. The findings indicate that the use of Artificial Intelligence can assist students in accessing, analyzing, and understanding various digital historical sources more broadly through interactive media such as online archives, historical simulations, and technology-based learning platforms. In addition, the integration of AI can increase student engagement in the learning process, encourage critical thinking skills, and support more personalized learning based on students’ needs and abilities. However, the implementation of this technology must be accompanied by the strengthening of digital historical literacy as well as the application of academic integrity, ethical principles, and responsible use of technology. Therefore, the proper integration of Artificial Intelligence can serve as an innovative strategy to enhance the quality of history education in the digital era.

This study discusses the importance of family-focused Christian theology in building children's character in the digital era through the Christian Religious Education (PAK) approach. The transformation of information and communication technology has brought major changes, including in the fields of education and character formation. The digital era provides opportunities to increase knowledge and access to learning, but also raises challenges in the form of weakening moral values, integrity, and relationships within the family. The family as a divine institution has a primary role in teaching Christian values ​​through role models, communication, and direct experience. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive-analytical approach, which reviews literature and observations of Christian education practices both in families and schools. The results show that families have an important role in developing children's faith and character, while PAK serves as a link between faith education at home and formal education at school. PAK is considered relevant because it can unite students' cognitive, affective, and conative aspects in facing the influence of digital culture. Overall, family-based Christian theology supported by PAK has great relevance in shaping a young generation with integrity, critical thinking, and character. This approach not only instills knowledge of faith but also prepares students to become responsible and wise leaders in utilizing technology in accordance with Christian values.

Law Number 17 of 2023 concerning Health (the 2023 Health Law) serves as a fundamental regulation governing various aspects of health services in Indonesia, including the operations of private hospitals. For private hospitals whose shares are listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX), the implementation of the 2023 Health Law has brought significant changes in both legal and operational dimensions. This study aims to examine the legal aspects of implementing the 2023 Health Law on the operations of IDX-listed private hospitals. Employing a normative legal research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study analyzes relevant regulations and doctrines. The results indicate that the 2023 Health Law expands the scope of hospitals' legal liability, comprehensively regulates the obligations and rights of both hospitals and patients, and imposes stricter sanctions for violations. Furthermore, the implementation of this regulation impacts the business and financial aspects of listed private hospitals, including expansion opportunities, shifts in cost structures, and stock market responses. However, challenges remain in its application, such as diverse interpretations of certain provisions and hospitals' readiness to comply with the established requirements.

Indonesia represents one of the world's most complex and dynamic linguistic ecosystems, harboring over 700 regional languages alongside the national language (Bahasa Indonesia) and Indonesian Sign Language (BISINDO). This synthesis study provides comprehensive analysis of the Indonesian linguistic landscape, integrating findings from five complementary large-scale investigations conducted 2020–2024: code-switching patterns in digital communication; typological uniqueness of Indonesia's tenseless temporal system; linguistic complexity of BISINDO and barriers to deaf inclusion; sociolinguistic stratification through first-person pronoun variation; and critical endangerment of regional languages. The synthesis employed integrative methodology encompassing 3,550 total participants, 20,000+ linguistic tokens, 18 months of ethnographic fieldwork, and analysis of 150 languages and 25 revitalization programs. Synthesis reveals five interconnected dynamics: (1) centripetal standardization through education, urbanization, and media; (2) centrifugal diversification through identity construction and social stratification; (3) typological persistence maintaining Indonesian distinctiveness despite contact; (4) parallel endangerment affecting regional languages and BISINDO; and (5) ideology-driven change linking language choice to modernity and prestige. These dynamics produce dynamic tension between homogenization and diversification. Indonesia's linguistic future depends on whether policies can balance national unity through Indonesian and linguistic diversity through regional language and BISINDO protection. 

This study examines the local culture of Nagari Gadut as preserved through the traditions of Manjapuik Batu and Manampuang. The main issue addressed in this research is the limited written documentation and academic studies on these traditions, which are predominantly transmitted orally and are vulnerable to changes in meaning over time. The purpose of this study is to describe the implementation, cultural meanings, and social functions of Manjapuik Batu and Manampuang within the community of Nagari Gadut. This research employs a qualitative approach, with data collected through literature review, direct observation, and in-depth interviews with traditional leaders and local community members. The data were analyzed using descriptive qualitative analysis to interpret the values and meanings of the traditions from the perspective of the supporting community. The findings indicate that the Manjapuik Batu tradition functions as a customary practice related to death rituals, emphasizing values of mutual cooperation, togetherness, and adherence to adat norms. Meanwhile, the Manampuang tradition reflects social solidarity, discipline, and principles of equality through the equal distribution of sacrificial meat to all participants. The study concludes that both traditions serve not only as local cultural heritage but also as value systems that shape the social character of the Nagari Gadut community and therefore need to be documented as part of cultural preservation efforts.

This study aims to investigate curriculum development strategies in five countries—Finland, Indonesia, the United States, Japan, and Singapore—through a qualitative library research approach. Curriculum reform has become a global priority in response to rapid technological advancement, globalization, and changing educational demands. This study reviews 50 scholarly sources, consisting of 10 references for each country, including journal articles, policy documents, and official government reports. The analysis focuses on key aspects of curriculum development, namely governance structure, curriculum orientation, teacher autonomy, assessment practices, and technology integration. The findings indicate that while all five countries emphasize competency-based learning and the integration of technology to improve learning quality, they differ significantly in curriculum governance, flexibility, and implementation strategies. Finland and the United States demonstrate higher levels of decentralization and teacher autonomy, whereas Indonesia, Japan, and Singapore apply more centralized curriculum systems. Common challenges identified include ensuring educational equity, enhancing teacher readiness, and adapting curricula to rapid societal and technological changes. This study contributes to a comparative understanding of international curriculum strategies and provides insights for improving curriculum design through evidence-based and technology-supported approaches.

Indonesia harbors extraordinary linguistic diversity with over 700 regional languages representing approximately 10% of the world's languages within 1.3% of global land area. However, this diversity faces existential threat from language shift toward Indonesian, urbanization, education policies favoring the national language, and globalization. UNESCO classifies 146 Indonesian languages as endangered, with several dozen facing imminent extinction as last speakers age without intergenerational transmission. This study documents the current vitality status of Indonesian regional languages, analyzes factors driving language endangerment and shift, evaluates existing conservation efforts, and proposes evidence-based strategies for language revitalization and maintenance. A multi-phase approach was employed: vitality assessment of 150 regional languages using UNESCO's Language Vitality and Endangerment framework with surveys involving 2,400 speakers; ethnographic case studies in 12 speech communities; policy analysis; evaluation of 25 revitalization programs; and predictive modeling of language shift trajectories. Of 150 surveyed languages, only 23 (15.3%) classified as safe with robust intergenerational transmission; 48 (32.0%) were vulnerable; 42 (28.0%) definitely endangered; 28 (18.7%) severely endangered; and 9 (6.0%) critically endangered. Key endangerment drivers included Indonesian-only education (92.3% of schools), urban migration (67.8% of youth), negative language attitudes (54.2% of parents), and lack of written traditions (73.4% of languages lacking orthographies). Modeling projected that without intervention, 40% of currently vulnerable languages will become definitely endangered within 20 years. Successful revitalization demands community-owned interventions, mother-tongue-based multilingual education, new digital language domains, and attitude change campaigns. Indonesia's linguistic diversity represents invaluable cultural and scientific heritage requiring urgent, coordinated conservation action.

This study analyzes the concept of al-Kasb in the view of Muhammad ibn al-Hasan al-Shaybani and assesses the relationship between this concept and contemporary work ethics. With the changes in the modern economic system, which emphasize efficiency, objective rationality, and the achievement of optimal results, various ethical conflicts in the professional and business world have become more apparent. The methodology applied in this study is a literature review with a descriptive-analytic approach, through the analysis of classical and contemporary texts to explore the theological, ethical, and social aspects contained in the concept of al-Kasb, and then conceptually compare it with the characteristics of modern work ethics. The findings of this study show that al-Kasb is not only understood as an economic activity aimed at accumulating wealth, but also as a normative guide that integrates the goals of worship, ethical responsibility, and social obligations in the production process. Work activities are viewed as an individual responsibility that supports the practice of worship and as a collective responsibility to maintain social-economic welfare and harmony. Therefore, al-Kasb provides an integrative ethical foundation that has the potential to enrich and strengthen current work ethics by emphasizing values of integrity, justice, and social responsibility in the economic aspects of life.

Tax is a major source of government revenue; however, tax avoidance remains a significant issue, particularly in the property and real estate sector, which is characterized by high growth and complex financial structures. This study examines the effects of leverage, profitability, and sales growth on tax avoidance, with firm size as a moderating variable. The study employs a quantitative approach, using secondary data from the annual financial statements of property and real estate companies listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange for the 2020–2024 period. The sample was selected using purposive sampling, and the data were analyzed using panel data regression techniques. Tax avoidance is proxied by the Cash Effective Tax Rate, leverage is measured by the Debt-to-Equity Ratio, profitability is measured by Return on Assets, sales growth is calculated as the annual change in sales, and firm size is measured using the natural logarithm of total assets. The results indicate that leverage and profitability significantly affect tax avoidance, whereas sales growth does not. Firm size is found to moderate the relationship between leverage and tax avoidance as well as between profitability and tax avoidance, but it does not moderate the relationship between sales growth and tax avoidance. The novelty of this study lies in the inclusion of sales growth as an independent variable and the positioning of firm size as a moderating variable within the property and real estate sector during the post-pandemic period. These findings provide practical implications for corporate tax management strategies and offer insights for regulators in strengthening tax supervision based on firm characteristics.

The IV infusion process will cause pain that can be disturbing for children. Pain is a form of uncomfortable sensation that is felt personally by each individual. In addition, there will be changes in vital signs such as increased pulse, blood pressure, and respiration so that it will be an unpleasant experience for children. Non-pharmacological therapy as an intervention to reduce pain perception in children and increase comfort during medical procedures. One form of non-pharmacological technique is audio visual distraction using a smart book. Smart books are fun and interactive play therapy that can support cognitive, fine motor, and sensory aspects in children and to divert children's attention from pain by displaying more pleasant and interesting images and musical sounds so that it can reduce the pain scale after IV installation. The design used in the preparation of this Final Scientific Paper for Nurses is a case study with an intervention in the form of audio visual distraction using a smart book for ± 10 minutes. The number of respondents was 3 people, the intervention was carried out on September 14, October 7, and November 24, 2025, located in the Theresia Charitas Hospital Palembang room. After the smart book audio visual distraction therapy, there was a decrease in the pain scale for 3 respondents, namely in An. A from a pain scale of 7 to a pain scale of 4, An. G from a pain scale of 10 to a pain scale of 4, and An. R from a pain scale of 7 to a pain scale of 4. The application of EBP smart book audio visual distraction therapy can be used to reduce the pain scale in preschoolers after IV installation.

This study evaluated the feeding behavior and palatability of Etawa Crossbred (PE) dairy goats fed diets with partial substitution of Cnidoscolus aconitifolius forage. An in vivo field experiment was conducted using a Completely Randomized Design with four dietary treatments and three replications. The treatments consisted of: (T0) Leucaena leucocephala (lamtoro) as the basal forage; (T1) lamtoro supplemented with concentrate; (T2) lamtoro plus concentrate with 10% substitution of lamtoro dry matter by C. aconitifolius; and (T3) lamtoro plus concentrate with 20% substitution of lamtoro dry matter by C. aconitifolius. Parameters observed included feed intake (dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, and crude fiber), body weight change, and feeding behavior related to forage preference. The goats consistently consumed forage prior to concentrate and exhibited a higher preference for diets containing C. aconitifolius. Inclusion of C. aconitifolius reduced lamtoro intake; however, no significant differences were observed among treatments for dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, or crude fiber intake (P>0.05). Body weight change showed a positive tendency in goats receiving 10% and 20% C. aconitifolius substitution, while goats fed the control diet experienced slight weight loss, although these differences were not statistically significant (P>0.05). In conclusion, C. aconitifolius demonstrated good palatability and potential as an alternative forage for PE goats when used as a partial substitute for lamtoro. Nevertheless, its inclusion at the tested levels did not significantly affect nutrient intake or body weight change. Further studies are recommended to optimize inclusion levels and feeding strategies to enhance its practical application in small ruminant production systems.

Leadership is the key to success in educational institutions, transformational leadership always emphasizes the vision, mission, and goals of the institution and motivates all school members to cooperate in advancing the institution. Transformational leadership implemented at SMAN 2 and MAN 2 Kediri City is able to bring positive changes and encourage better achievements. Educational institutions whose leaders implement transformational leadership tend to be more active and adaptive to change. This research model uses a qualitative approach with a multi-case study design. Data collection techniques use in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation. Data analysis techniques use condensation, data display, and drawing conclusions. The findings are that the principal drives teacher professionalism by encouraging followers to imitate his positive behavior, be flexible, and form a personal commitment to organizational transformation. The principal acts as an inspiring motivator by providing inspirational motivation, building effective communication, and consolidating the strength of followers to support transformation.Principals hone teachers' intellectual abilities by involving them in decision-making, preparing them for challenges, and providing coaching, feedback, and evaluation. Principals act as role models by providing personal feedback, rewarding them, and promoting the achievement of the institution's goals.

Globalization have encouraged higher education institutions to undertake internationalization. However, its implementation still faces challenges at the academic, governance, and facilities and infrastructure levels. This study aims to investigate internationalization at the State-owned Islamic Higher Education Institution (PTKIN), specifically at the Universitas Islam Negeri (UIN) Sunan Kalijaga Yogyakarta. Using a descriptive quantitative approach, this study analyzes the relationship between internationalisation strategy and dimensions to internationalisation programs and activities in the university studied. Data were collected through a survey to university and faculty leaders, study program managers, and educational staff. The results show a positive and significant relationship between internationalization strategies and dimensions with internationalization. Other findings demonstrate the consistency of internationalization efforts at UIN Sunan Kalijaga in terms of HEIs governance, academics, research, and student affairs. In addition, this study identified three challenges faced by UIN Sunan Kalijaga as a consequence of changes in internationalization priorities at UIN Sunan Kalijaga, namely budget availability, staff/lecturer competence, and facilities/infrastructure supporting internationalization.This study suggests four recommendations, namely collaboration between institutions, establishment of international classes, provision of supporting facilities and infrastructure, enhancement of the number and amount of budgets for international publication/research, and improvement capacity for lecturers/staff.

The principal’s leadership plays a strategic role in determining the direction and quality of educational implementation in schools. This study aims to analyze the implementation of integrative leadership based on prophetic values through the application of transformational, instructional, and servant leadership styles at SMA Muhammadiyah PK Kottabarat Surakarta. Islamic-based schools face challenges in integrating academic excellence with the development of religious character; therefore, a leadership model is required that is not only managerially effective but also morally and spiritually grounded. This research employed a qualitative approach with a field study design. Data were collected through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation, and were analyzed using interactive analysis techniques with triangulation to ensure data validity. The findings indicate that the integration of transformational, instructional, and servant leadership forms an Islamic Integrative Leadership model that combines a vision for change, the strengthening of learning quality, and the values of service and exemplary conduct within an Islamic framework. Transformational leadership fosters a shared vision and an innovative culture; instructional leadership enhances the quality of the learning process through effective academic supervision; while servant leadership creates a humanistic and participatory school climate. This leadership model contributes to improving teacher professionalism, strengthening students’ character, and establishing a religious school culture oriented toward holistic and sustainable educational quality.

Ramadan brings significant changes in the shopping and consumption patterns of Indonesians. There is an increase in demand for various types of food and beverages, both for sahur and iftar. The purpose of this study is to map the characteristics of food and beverage purchasing and consumption patterns in a seasonal context (Ramadan): strategic implications for UMKM in the Greater Jakarta area. The research design used is descriptive quantitative with data collection techniques implemented by distributing questionnaires. Then, the questionnaire answers are summarized to obtain the frequency distribution of each item in the questionnaire. The population of this study is people domiciled in the Greater Jakarta area. The sample size was determined using the Lameshow formula, resulting in a sample of 100 respondents spread across the Greater Jakarta area. The majority of respondents, namely 92%, stated that they experienced changes in their shopping patterns during Ramadan. The type of food purchased changed (34%) was the most dominant change. The most dominant consumption purchasing decision during Ramadan was the practicality in preparing food (40%), with favorite shopping places being traditional markets (24%) and street vendors (24%). In a consumption analysis, 83% of respondents experienced changes in their consumption patterns during Ramadan, with the most dominant change being in the amount of food consumed (29%). During sahur (pre-dawn meal), respondents tended to consume vegetables (36%) and chicken (22%). Meanwhile, fried foods (38%) and rice cakes (rice cakes) were the favorite dishes for breaking the fast.

This study aims to analyze the influence of digitalization on the lifestyles of students at Universitas Nasional Pasim. The research employs a quantitative approach through field survey methods, targeting a population of 123 students from the Faculty of Economics, Class of 2025. A minimum sample size of 56 respondents was determined using the Slovin formula. The sampling technique utilized was purposive sampling, while data analysis involved validity and reliability tests, classical assumption tests, and multiple regression analysis to determine the relationships between variables. Empirical results indicate that digitalization has a positive and significant influence on student lifestyles, with the F-calculated value exceeding the F-table at the specified level of significance. The R-Square value further explains the contribution of the digitalization variable to changes in the respondents' lifestyles. The findings reveal positive impacts such as increased academic efficiency, instant access to information, and the convenience of transactions through practical digital payment systems. Conversely, negative impacts identified include a rise in consumptive behavior driven by cashless and paylater features, where student budgets are increasingly used for non-academic purposes. Furthermore, high intensity of social media usage triggers the Fear of Missing Out (FOMO) phenomenon and a decline in real-world social interaction. In conclusion, digitalization is a pivotal factor in shaping modern student lifestyles. It is essential to enhance financial literacy and strengthen self-control to minimize the negative impacts of technology in the future.

Industrial development in coastal areas through the construction of a Steam Power Plant (PLTU) has significant economic implications for the sustainability of fishermen's livelihoods. This study aims to analyze the impact of PLTU operations on the socio-economic conditions of fishermen in Teluk Sepang Village, Bengkulu City. This study used a qualitative descriptive approach with a snowball sampling technique, involving 26 small-scale and traditional fishermen directly affected. The results indicate that damage to the coastal ecosystem due to PLTU activities reduces water quality and the availability of fish resources, resulting in decreased catches and income instability. Fishermen are forced to venture farther out to sea, incurring increased operational costs, further putting pressure on household economic conditions. This economic pressure exacerbates fishermen's vulnerability due to limited capital and high dependence on marine resources. Fishermen's adaptation strategy involves diversifying their livelihoods into non-fishing sectors, such as laboring to supplement household income. Changes in social conditions are reflected in the decline in fishermen's solidarity, marked by a weakening of mutual cooperation (gotong royong) and a reduction in collective cooperation due to economic pressures. This study demonstrates that PLTU operations impact the socio-economic structure of fishermen, necessitating sustainable protection and empowerment policies for coastal communities.  

This study aims to analyze the dynamics of the lives of indigenous Papuan communities and transmigrants, particularly in the social and economic context of Sota Village, Merauke Regency, South Papua. The study uses a qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews, documentation, and focus group discussions (FGDs). This study involved various parties to obtain a comprehensive view of the social interaction between indigenous peoples and transmigrants. Data were obtained through interviews with leaders and indigenous peoples of Sota Village. The results of the study show that the social relationship between indigenous peoples and transmigrants is harmonious, characterized by cooperation in social activities, mutual assistance, and joint economic development. The presence of transmigrants has had a positive impact on improving welfare, equalizing infrastructure, and introducing modern agricultural techniques to indigenous peoples. On the other hand, local wisdom such as Adat Sasi also plays a role in maintaining social harmony and ecological balance, while the traditional deliberation mechanism serves as a means of peaceful conflict resolution. Indigenous communities show openness to change but remain critical of the sustainability of the transmigration program due to land limitations. Overall, this study concludes that multicultural life in Sota reflects the success of social integration based on the values of tolerance, mutual respect, and cooperation in building a peaceful and sustainable society.