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This study examines the implications of the micro-shopping phenomenon and omnichannel integration for market structure and competitive dynamics in Indonesia’s retail sector from an industrial organization perspective. The transformation of modern retail is characterized by a shift toward small-value, high-frequency transactions alongside increasing integration between physical stores and digital channels. Employing a descriptive-analytical approach, this study utilizes secondary data on market shares and the number of retail outlets operated by major firms during the 2022–2024 period. Market structure is assessed through market share distribution, outlet ownership ratios, the four-firm concentration ratio (CR4), and the Herfindahl–Hirschman Index (HHI). The results indicate that Indonesia’s retail market exhibits a highly concentrated, network-based oligopolistic structure. The dominance of large retail firms is reflected not only in their substantial market shares but also in their dense outlet networks, which enable the aggregation of dispersed micro-shopping transactions. Furthermore, omnichannel integration reinforces these structural advantages by enhancing logistical coordination and distribution efficiency. Overall, the findings suggest an increasing tendency toward market consolidation and a declining competitive space for small and traditional retailers, highlighting important implications for competition policy and the long-term sustainability of retail market structure.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Indonesia and Malaysia constitute the core drivers of employment and economic growth, yet many remain constrained by limited competitiveness in international markets due to uneven digital adoption. This study addresses the problem of how international digital transformation can be effectively leveraged to enhance the performance and sustainability of Smart MSMEs, with the objective of identifying key digital strategies that support sustainable business development. Employing a mixed-methods approach, the research combines quantitative surveys of MSME actors with qualitative in-depth interviews of business owners who have implemented international digital initiatives, including cross-border e-commerce, global payment systems, and international digital marketing. The data are analyzed using descriptive and comparative techniques to examine enabling factors, challenges, and cross-country differences between Indonesia and Malaysia. The findings indicate that international digital transformation significantly improves market access, operational efficiency, and business resilience, while strategic integration of digital platforms and international networks strengthens long-term sustainability. The study concludes that developing Smart MSMEs through internationally oriented digital transformation is a critical pathway for achieving sustainable business development and enhancing regional and global competitiveness, and it offers strategic and policy-oriented recommendations for MSME stakeholders.

The energy that is stored in water can be used to generate electricity by taking advantage of the potential energy available, like the energy from waterfalls and the movement of flowing water. Micro-hydropower plants (PLTMH) are one solution to address the energy crisis, particularly in electricity. VDI 2221 is a method that German engineers use as a guideline when designing construction projects. The VDI (Verein Deutsher Ingeneure or German Engineers Association) design process involves several stages: task description, design concept determination, physical design, and detailed design. Based on the solution principle matrix table, 3 variants were obtained, each of which has criteria. Of the 3 variants that have been evaluated, variant 2 was obtained with results that met the requirements. The cost analysis table shows that the total cost for designing a prototype test equipment for a micro-hydroelectric power plant (PLTMH) based on a laboratory-scale crossflow turbine is Rp 10,032,000. This cost includes instrumentation, control and electrical panels, measuring instruments, pipe instruments, frame and casing, and unforeseen costs.

The consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) has been increasing among various age groups, including children and adults. UPF is generally low in iron content and can interfere with iron bioavailability, thereby increasing the risk of anemia. Additionally, the high calorie content of UPF contributes to the development of degenerative diseases. This study aims to analyze the relationship between UPF consumption, iron intake, and the risk of anemia. The study employs a narrative review method. Literature search was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and Scopus databases, using controlled terms. The results showed that high UPF consumption had a negative impact on iron intake and increased the risk of anemia. Similar effects were found in high fat and sodium consumption. Some studies showed varying results regarding protein intake, fiber, and micronutrients such as sodium and calcium. In general, it can be concluded that excessive UPF consumption negatively impacts the quality of nutrient intake, both macro and micro, and contributes to the occurrence of anemia. These findings highlight the need for public health strategies to limit UPF consumption, particularly among vulnerable populations, as a preventive effort against anemia.

This study aims to analyze the effect of education level on the quality of financial statements based on SAK EMKM, with accounting information systems as a moderating variable, focusing on coffee shop micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) in Kediri City, Indonesia. A quantitative approach was employed using primary data collected through structured questionnaires distributed to 32 business owners or financial managers selected by purposive sampling. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and Moderated Regression Analysis (MRA) with SPSS software.The results indicate that education level has a positive and significant effect on the quality of financial statements, suggesting that higher educational attainment enhances accounting understanding and compliance with SAK EMKM. However, accounting information systems were found to weaken this relationship, indicating that system complexity, limited digital literacy, and insufficient technical training may reduce the effectiveness of education in improving financial reporting quality. These findings highlight that improving financial reporting quality among MSMEs requires not only higher educational capacity but also appropriate technological support and continuous technical assistance. This study contributes to the accounting literature by emphasizing the contextual role of accounting information systems in shaping the relationship between human capital and financial reporting quality in MSMEs.

Punctuality is a crucial factor in ship repair projects because it directly affects operational efficiency, project costs, and the utilization rate of shipyard facilities. Delays in work completion can lead to increased costs, disruption of ship operational schedules, and decreased shipyard productivity. Therefore, this study aims to analyze and optimize the repair scheduling of Ship X at PT XYZ using the Critical Path Method (CPM). The research data were obtained from the actual project schedule compiled using Microsoft Project software, including the duration of each activity and the dependency relationships between tasks. The analysis results show that the project has one main critical path with a total duration of 74 hours. Most activities are on the critical path with a float value of 0 hours, while the Non-Destructive Test Penetrant Testing activity has a time slack of 1 hour. The application of the CPM method has proven effective in identifying critical activities, improving schedule control, and supporting managerial decision-making in optimizing ship repair projects.  

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in accelerating regional economic growth and improving community welfare. However, MSMEs in North Sumatra Province continue to face various challenges, particularly limited access to capital, low adoption of digital technology, and insufficient business assistance. This community service program aims to strengthen the MSME ecosystem through integrated empowerment initiatives, including facilitating access to financing, enhancing the use of internet-based technologies, and improving the capacity of MSME actors. The methods applied include business mentoring, training activities, and analysis of MSME performance in both short-term and long-term perspectives. The results indicate that expanded access to capital and increased adoption of digital technology contribute positively and significantly to MSME income growth in both the short and long term. Interestingly, the absence of guidance, training, and extension services shows a positive correlation with income in the short term but has a significant negative impact on business sustainability and stability in the long term. Furthermore, reliance on bank loans consistently demonstrates a significant negative effect on MSME performance across both analytical periods. These findings highlight the importance of building a sustainable MSME ecosystem through continuous mentoring, improved financial literacy, and adaptive digital transformation to ensure long-term business resilience.

Micro, Small and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in the Indonesian economy, but still face significant obstacles in intellectual property rights protection, particularly patents and trademarks. This study aims to analyse the legal aspects of patent and trademark registration for MSMEs based on the Indonesian legal framework, with a focus on the implementation of Law No. 28 of 2014 on Copyright and related intellectual property regulations. The research method uses a normative legal approach with a literature analysis of legislation, scientific journals, and the latest statistical data. The results of the study show that the level of patent and trademark registration by MSMEs in Indonesia is still very low, with only 2.3% of MSMEs having registered their trademarks in 2023. The main obstacles include limited legal understanding, high registration costs, complex administrative procedures, and a lack of socialisation. This study recommends simplifying regulations, subsidising registration costs, improving legal education, and strengthening synergy between the government, academics, and MSME actors to improve the protection of intellectual property rights in the MSME sector in Indonesia.

This community service activity was carried out to enhance the managerial capacity and digital competence of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Sunggu Manai Village, Patalassang District, Gowa Regency. In the digital economy era, MSME actors must adapt to technological changes and manage their businesses professionally to remain competitive. The activity employed a participatory and applicative approach involving training in business management, digital marketing, and application-based financial recording. The results showed a significant increase in participants’ knowledge and skills, particularly in business planning, financial management, and the use of social media and online marketplaces for product promotion. About 80% of participants successfully created digital business accounts and started marketing their products online. The program also fostered awareness of the importance of digital transformation and collaboration among MSME actors. Therefore, integrating managerial capacity building with business digitalization proved effective in enhancing the competitiveness and sustainability of MSMEs in rural areas.

This study aims to explore the understanding of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) actors regarding financial statements as a basis for applying for Islamic financing. Financial statements play a crucial role in assessing business feasibility, especially in Islamic banking which emphasizes the principles of transparency, justice, and accountability. This research employs a qualitative approach using a descriptive method. Data were collected through in-depth interviews and observations involving MSME actors and Islamic banking practitioners. The results indicate that most MSME actors have limited understanding of financial statements, both in terms of preparation and utilization, which impacts their ability to access Islamic financing. Therefore, collaboration between Islamic banks and educational institutions is needed to improve MSME financial literacy, so they are better prepared and have sufficient understanding to prepare financial reports in accordance with Sharia principles. This is expected to improve access to and the quality of financing received by MSMEs in Indonesia.

This community service program focuses on the theme of creative economy with the aim of encouraging innovation in agricultural products to increase added value and income for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) in Sumber Urip Village, Selupu Rejang District, Rejang Lebong Regency. Although the village has abundant agricultural potential, local products have not been optimally developed due to limited knowledge in processing, packaging, and marketing. The program employed a participatory-educative approach that emphasized active community involvement at every stage, including potential identification, socialization of creative economy concepts, product innovation training, and practical assistance in packaging and marketing. The participants consisted of farmers, MSME actors, and the Bukit Kaba Tourism Awareness Group (Pokdarwis) as strategic partners in developing a tourism-based market. The results indicate that the implementation of creative economy principles improved community understanding of product innovation, hygienic and value-added packaging, and appropriate marketing strategies targeting Bukit Kaba visitors. The strategic selling location at the Bukit Kaba tourism post further enhanced product visibility and market reach. Overall, this program demonstrates that creative economy-based community assistance can effectively strengthen MSME competitiveness, increase household income, and promote sustainable integration between agriculture, local entrepreneurship, and rural tourism development.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in driving economic growth and improving community welfare, particularly in rural areas. However, many rural MSME actors still face challenges in financial planning and management, including inaccurate calculation of capital and profit, unstructured business expenditure planning, and the absence of separation between personal and business finances. This community service program aimed to enhance the financial literacy and financial planning skills of MSME actors in Suka Sari Village, Kabawetan District, Kepahiang Regency. The program was implemented through several stages, including preliminary observation to identify key financial management issues, interactive counseling on basic business finance concepts, simulation of capital and profit calculations, and hands-on practice in simple financial record-keeping using an easily applicable format. The results of the program indicate a significant improvement in participants’ understanding of business capital and profit calculation, their ability to plan business expenditures more systematically, and increased awareness of the importance of separating personal and business finances. This study demonstrates that participatory and practice-based financial assistance is effective in fostering simple financial management habits, which can support the sustainability and long-term development of MSMEs in rural communities.

The quality of assessment instruments plays an important role in determining the accuracy of measuring student learning outcomes in science learning in elementary schools. A good test instrument must meet certain criteria, such as validity, reliability, difficulty level, and discrimination power. This study aims to analyze the quality of daily science test items in grade VIc elementary schools based on these four criteria. The study used a quantitative. The subjects were 19 sixth-grade students, while the instrument analyzed consisted of 25 multiple-choice questions. Data processing and analysis were carried out using Microsoft Excel to calculate item validity through item correlation with total score, test reliability using internal consistency, difficulty level index, and discrimination index. The analysis results showed that 17 questions (68%) were declared valid, while 8 questions (32%) were invalid and needed to be improved. The results of the reliability test indicated that the test instrument had good reliability and was suitable for use as a measuring tool for student learning outcomes. Judging from the level of difficulty, 20 questions (80%) were moderate and 5 questions (20%) were easy, indicating a relatively balanced level of difficulty. Based on the discrimination power, 16 questions (66%) had very good discrimination power, 4 questions (16%) were good, 4 questions (16%) were sufficient, and 1 question (4%) was poor. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the quality of the sixth grade science daily test questions is classified as good and the test instrument is suitable for use, but improvements are still needed on invalid questions and those with low discrimination power so that the quality of the assessment is more optimal. This study emphasizes the importance of teachers' abilities in compiling and analyzing test items to ensure that the assessment of science learning is objective, valid, and reliable.

API abuse on lightweight edge gateways has intensified as microservice-based services expose many REST endpoints to heterogeneous clients. Conventional per-identity rate limiting, such as static token buckets, is frequently bypassed through distributed bots and identity rotation, while legitimate burst traffic may be rejected and degrade user experience. This study proposes Adaptive Rate Limiting with Verifiable Delay Functions (ARL-VDF), which couples a lightweight risk score with selective VDF challenges to impose a tunable sequential-computation cost on suspicious clients without forcing aggressive dropping for low-risk users. The gateway continuously derives a per-identity risk score from short-window request rate, error tendency, and identity freshness, then maps the score to a target delay bounded by  and . Evaluation uses a 600-second discrete-event simulation on a mixed workload consisting of normal clients, legitimate bursts, and distributed attackers. Compared with a static token bucket baseline, ARL-VDF maintains full success for legitimate traffic, reduces attacker throughput that passes the gateway, and keeps verification overhead within a fixed budget on the edge device. The results indicate that combining adaptive control with verifiable sequential cost can improve availability and fairness on resource-constrained edge gateways without resorting to aggressive dropping.

The development of digital technology and the Industrial Revolution 4.0 have driven significant changes in marketing activities, including for Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). The use of e-commerce has become an important digital marketing strategy for MSMEs to increase competitiveness and business revenue. This study aims to examine the role of e-commerce implementation as a digital marketing tool for MSMEs in facing the Industrial Revolution 4.0 and analyze its impact on increasing MSME revenue and competitive advantage. The research method used is a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through literature studies of various literature sources such as books, scientific journals, and online publications relevant to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that the implementation of e-commerce has a positive impact on MSMEs, including expanding market reach, increasing marketing efficiency, and driving increased business revenue. In addition, e-commerce also plays a role in increasing MSME competitive advantage through product innovation, improving service quality, and strengthening relationships with consumers. However, the implementation of e-commerce in MSMEs still faces several challenges, such as low digital literacy, limited human resources, and minimal technical assistance. Therefore, ongoing support from various parties is needed so that the use of e-commerce by MSMEs can run optimally and sustainably in the digital era.

This community service program is entitled Improving Microcontroller Competence of Students of SMK Negeri 3 Pematangsiantar through Arduino Training Based on Industrial Practice and is implemented as a follow-up to the school's official request to invite university practitioners as guest teachers in order to strengthen industry-based vocational learning. The activity was carried out on November 27, 2025 at the Computer Laboratory of SMK Negeri 3 Pematangsiantar involving 50 grade XI students, and guided by Andi Setiadi Manalu, S.Kom., M.Ti as the main instructor of Arduino material which focuses on the introduction of microcontrollers, basic programming, sensor integration, and simple automation project design. The purpose of this activity is to improve students' technical competence in the field of embedded systems while fostering work readiness through real-world practice-based learning experiences. The implementation method uses an experiential learning and project-based learning approach, which combines brief conceptual explanations with direct practice, technical discussions, and problem-based project assignment completion. The evaluation results show an increase in students' understanding of microcontroller functions, programming logic structures, and the ability to connect hardware and software in one work system. In addition, students demonstrated increased motivation, confidence, and interest in industrial technology, as reflected in their active participation during the practicum and their successful independent completion of functional prototypes. Overall, this activity proved effective in strengthening the technical competencies of vocational high school students and supporting the implementation of the link and match policy between vocational education and the needs of the industrial world, while also emphasizing the strategic role of higher education institutions in supporting the improvement of human resource quality at the vocational high school level.

The creative economy industry serves as a strategic pillar of the national economy, experiencing significant transformation in the digital era. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the pattern of human resource (HR) competency gaps within priority subsectors of Indonesia's creative economy and formulate effective, multi-stakeholder development strategies. Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, this research rigorously analyzes 30 scientific journal articles, government reports, and publications from global institutions published between 2014 and 2024. The findings delineate three primary clusters of competency gaps: (1) The Digital-Technical Competency Gap, encompassing deficiencies in data analytics, specialized software mastery, and digital content creation tools; (2) The Digital-Business Competency Gap, which includes shortcomings in digital financial literacy, online business model development, and management of digital intellectual property rights; and (3) The Social-Cognitive Competency Gap, highlighting needs in adaptability, complex problem-solving, and effective virtual collaboration. In response, this paper proposes an integrative strategic framework grounded in a collaborative multi-stakeholder approach. Key recommendations include revitalizing educational curricula through industry-embedded learning and micro-credential integration, developing agile and accessible training ecosystems featuring bootcamps and digital platforms, and fostering supportive policies through fiscal incentives and the alignment of national qualification frameworks with digital skill standards. The successful implementation of this synergistic strategy is expected to significantly enhance the adaptability, innovation capacity, and global competitiveness of Indonesia's creative workforce, thereby ensuring the sustainable growth of the creative economy sector in the face of rapid digital disruption.

This community service program aims to enhance the understanding and awareness of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) regarding the importance of Intellectual Property Rights (IPR) certification as a form of legal protection and a means to improve business competitiveness. The activity was conducted in RW 04, Pondok Rajeg Village, Cibinong District, Bogor Regency, targeting local MSME actors. The program employed a Community Based Research (CBR) approach, emphasizing active community participation through problem analysis, target assessment, program development, and implementation stages. The main activity consisted of counseling sessions covering the concept of IPR, types of IPR, benefits of ownership, and online registration procedures through the Directorate General of Intellectual Property (DGIP). Evaluation was carried out using pre- and post-activity questionnaires. The results indicate that although all participants recognized the importance of IPR protection, their initial level of understanding was relatively low. Following the counseling session, there was a significant improvement in participants’ knowledge of IPR types and registration procedures. This program is expected to encourage MSMEs to register their intellectual property to protect innovation and enhance sustainable business competitiveness.

Micro, small, and medium enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in supporting the local economy, but still face limitations in the use of technology and market expansion. The Banana Chip MSME (Toko Agung) in Banatorejo Village, Tapango District, Polewali Mandar Regency is one of the local food businesses that has potential, but its management is still traditional. This community service activity aims to develop technology-based MSMEs to increase product competitiveness. The methods used are participatory assistance through observation, interviews, training, and evaluation, with a focus on digital marketing, packaging and branding improvements, and strengthening simple business management. The results of the activity showed an improvement in packaging quality, expansion of marketing reach through digital media, and improvements in business financial record keeping. Technology-based development has a positive impact on the readiness of MSMEs to face broader market competition. The implications of this activity show that integrated technology assistance can be an effective strategy in increasing the competitiveness and sustainability of local food MSMEs.

This study aims to design, implement, and test a prototype that automates three functions, namely watering, fertilizing, and pest control based on Arduino Uno with the ability to directly monitor soil moisture and pH. This system is equipped with four main types of sensors. Soil condition monitoring involves an FC-28 soil moisture sensor and a soil pH sensor, water level measurement involves an HC-SR04 ultrasonic sensor, and pest detection in the plant area involves a RIP sensor. All data obtained from these sensors is then processed by the Arduino Uno microcontroller to automatically activate actuators such as water pumps, liquid fertilizer pumps, buzzers, and DC motors according to soil conditions and plant needs. Prototype testing was conducted on simulated land with various scenarios of moisture, soil pH, and pest activity. The test results revealed that the system was proven to be able to significantly optimize water and fertilizer utilization, as well as reduce pest disturbances that could potentially damage plants.  In addition, this system also displays the operational status directly through an LCD screen, making it easy for users to monitor. The advantage of this system is its multi-function integration in a single device that is cost-effective and easy to operate. In the future, the functionality of this system can be improved through integration with Internet of Things (IoT) technology, enabling remote monitoring and control with greater efficiency. More broadly, this study is expected to support increased production and sustainable agricultural practices in Indonesia.