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Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a chronic metabolic disorder characterized by hyperglycemia resulting from impaired insulin secretion, insulin action, or both. Globally, DM continues to pose a growing health challenge, particularly type 2 DM, which is closely associated with insulin resistance. In this condition, body cells fail to respond effectively to insulin, so even though the pancreas initially produces sufficient or excessive amounts of insulin, its effectiveness gradually declines. Over time, pancreatic beta-cell function deteriorates, further exacerbating chronic hyperglycemia. This persistent condition may lead to long-term complications, including nephropathy, retinopathy, neuropathy, and cardiovascular diseases, through mechanisms such as oxidative stress, inflammation, and the formation of advanced glycation end products (AGEs). The prevalence of type 2 DM is expected to continue rising, including in Indonesia, highlighting the need for comprehensive management strategies. An important aspect of DM management is the assessment of health-related quality of life. Quality of life reflects an individual’s perception of their health status within social and cultural contexts. This can be evaluated using generic instruments such as the WHOQOL-BREF questionnaire. In this case report, the quality of life of a patient with type 2 DM was assessed using the WHOQOL-BREF to provide a comprehensive understanding of the disease’s impact on the patient’s daily life.

The digital transformation of public administration represents a critical pathway toward modernizing governance, enhancing service delivery, and improving transparency in Indonesian government agencies. This study examines the current state of digital transformation initiatives across various levels of government in Indonesia, identifying key challenges and opportunities in implementing digital technologies within bureaucratic structures. Through a convergent parallel mixed-methods design combining surveys of 245 government officials from 32 agencies and in-depth interviews with 28 digital transformation leaders, this research reveals that while Indonesian government agencies have made significant progress, substantial barriers remain including limited digital infrastructure in remote regions, resistance to organizational change, insufficient digital literacy among civil servants, and inadequate legal frameworks. The overall mean maturity score was 2.87 (SD = 0.74), placing the average agency in the 'developing' category, with only 6% reaching the 'optimizing' level. The study identifies critical success factors: strong leadership commitment (β = 0.38, p < 0.001), citizen-centric design, comprehensive change management, and effective public-private partnerships. Findings indicate that successful digital transformation requires not merely technological adoption but fundamental organizational restructuring and cultural shifts toward data-driven decision-making and collaborative governance. Policy recommendations address digital infrastructure investment, human capital development, governance reform, and shared platform utilization. This research contributes to theoretical understanding of digital government in developing nations and provides practical guidance for policymakers navigating the complexities of public sector digitalization.

Maintenance neglect is a fundamental marital violation and a primary factor in high divorce rates. Currently, normative clashes exist between the classical fiqh approach in the Compilation of Islamic Law, such as the nusyuz concept, and the absolute penal regime in the Elimination of Domestic Violence Act. Furthermore, wives forced to file for divorce lawsuits often face post-divorce financial injustice. This normative research aims to analyze the integration of fiqh and Indonesian positive law to provide comprehensive legal protection for wives. Utilizing statutory and conceptual approaches based on Maqashid al-Shari'ah, the findings highlight the urgency for a gender-neutral reconstruction of nusyuz that includes the husband's nusyuz. Criminal proceedings for economic neglect under the Domestic Violence Act must also be synergized with a restorative justice approach. In the courts, protection can be optimized through the application of judges’ ex officio rights based on Supreme Court Regulation No. 3 of 2017 to secure post-divorce maintenance. The implication of this research demands national regulatory harmonization and the reformulation of court executory instruments to ensure the fulfillment of victims’ rights.

This study analyzes the implementation of Pohuwato Regency Regional Regulation Number 4 of 2020 concerning the Implementation of Public Order and Community Peace in addressing prostitution, focusing on the disparity between repressive and rehabilitative approaches; the background of the research is based on the gap between normative provisions and implementation reality, characterized by an increase in raids without a corresponding decline in prostitution practices. The research aims to examine the normative position of the regional regulation within the legal hierarchy and to evaluate the effectiveness of law enforcement in the field; the method employed is empirical legal research (socio-legal research) through in-depth interviews, observation, and secondary data analysis. The findings reveal that, normatively, the regional regulation potentially conflicts with the hierarchy of laws and regulations due to the imposition of detention sanctions without judicial oversight mechanisms, while implementation-wise, law enforcement only targets sex workers through a repressive approach without adequate social rehabilitation and economic empowerment programs. The implications of this study underscore the necessity of revising the regional regulation to align with the supremacy of law and integrating a rehabilitative approach into a more comprehensive and equitable prostitution prevention policy.

Ankle sprain is one of the most common musculoskeletal injuries in sports activities and often results in pain, limited range of motion, muscle weakness, and decreased functional ability. Appropriate physiotherapy management is essential to accelerate recovery and restore ankle function. This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of combining electrotherapy modalities and exercise therapy in the rehabilitation of bilateral grade II ankle sprain caused by sports injury. The research used a case study approach with physiotherapy interventions conducted through several treatment sessions. The interventions consisted of electrotherapy modalities combined with therapeutic exercises designed to reduce pain, improve joint mobility, and increase muscle strength and functional stability of the ankle. Clinical evaluation was carried out through observation of pain levels, range of motion, and functional ability during the therapy period. The findings indicated a gradual improvement in the patient’s condition, including decreased pain, increased ankle range of motion, improved muscle strength, and better functional performance during daily activities. These results suggest that the integration of electrotherapy and exercise therapy can provide a comprehensive rehabilitation approach for ankle sprain injuries. The combined intervention not only supports pain reduction but also enhances joint stability and functional recovery, enabling patients to return safely to their physical activities and reducing the risk of recurrent injury.

Catholic marriage in Indonesia occupies a unique legal position because it is governed simultaneously by state law and canon law. Indonesian positive law recognizes marriage based on religious law and regulates its civil consequences, including divorce. However, Catholic canon law does not recognize divorce as the dissolution a valid and sacramental marriage. This dual legal framework has led widespread misunderstandings among Catholic faithful and legal practitioners, particularly regarding the legal consequences of civil divorce. This study aims to analyze the legal status of Catholic marriage within Indonesia’s dual legal system and examine the juridical implications of civil divorce Catholic marital status under canon law. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, and comparative normative approaches. The findings demonstrate that civil divorce functions solely as the termination of civil legal relations under state law and does not dissolve the marital bond according to canon law. The study further reveals that prevailing misconceptions stem from reductive understanding Catholic marriage merely an administrative legal event. This article contributes to legal scholarship by clarifying the normative boundaries between state law and canon law and emphasizes the need for comprehensive legal understanding to prevent recurring juridical misunderstandings in Catholic marriage practices in Indonesia.

Phishing is a form of cybercrime that has experienced a significant increase in frequency within Indonesia. This fraudulent practice aims to deceive victims into surrendering personal data or sensitive financial information by impersonating trusted institutions. Such crimes result in substantial losses for both individuals and the business sector, particularly concerning personal data protection and digital transaction security. This research aims to analyze the legal regulations and the role of supervisory institutions in addressing phishing threats in Indonesia using a normative legal research method. The legal analysis encompasses the implementation of the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE), specifically Article 28, paragraph (1), and the Personal Data Protection Law (UU No. 27 of 2022), which serves as the primary foundation for privacy rights. Furthermore, this study examines the Consumer Protection Law and the Indonesian Criminal Code (KUHP) as enforcement instruments. The strategic roles of the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank Indonesia (BI) are also discussed in the context of risk mitigation within the financial sector. The findings indicate that law enforcement effectiveness is still hindered by low digital literacy, limited forensic technology infrastructure, and jurisdictional challenges in tracking cross-border perpetrators. Consequently, a synergy between regulatory strengthening, international collaboration, and massive public education is required to comprehensively suppress these cybercriminal activities.

This study aims to identify domestic visitor segments in Bromo Tengger Semeru National Park (TNBTS), Indonesia, based on travel characteristics and consumption patterns to support the development of quality tourism in protected areas. Using snowball sampling, 283 domestic visitors was analysed by Two-Step Cluster Analysis in SPSS by integrating length of stay, activity preferences, and expenditure patterns. The results reveal a two-cluster solution as the most optimal segmentation, supported by the highest ratio of distance measures, with cluster quality rated as fair (silhouette = 0.20). Cluster 1 (39.2%) represents short-stay, lower-spending visitors who primarily seek iconic experiences (“Sunrise Seekers”), while Cluster 2 (60.8%) reflects longer-stay, higher-spending visitors who prefer village tourism activities (“Village Experience Seekers”). The strongest differentiating variables across segments are length of stay, activity preference, expenditure style, and age, whereas gender, education level, origin, and travel companions have limited role in segment separation. This study contributes empirical evidence of data-driven visitor segmentation in a conservation-based ecotourism destination within a volcanic national park, extending prior expenditure-focused profiling by integrating length of stay and activity preferences to capture visitor heterogeneity more comprehensively.

The National Health Insurance Program (JKN) is a government policy aimed at providing health protection for all Indonesians through fair, equitable, and sustainable healthcare services. However, its implementation still faces various challenges and issues. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the JKN program in Indonesia using a systematic literature review and the CIPP (Context, Input, Process, Product) evaluation model. Ten scientific articles published between 2021 and 2025 were selected and analyzed based on established inclusion and exclusion criteria. The results indicate that in the context aspect, there are still problems, such as a large number of participants with inactive membership status and a low level of public understanding of their rights and obligations as JKN participants. In the input aspect, obstacles faced include limited health workers, uneven distribution, and inadequate facilities and infrastructure. Furthermore, in the process aspect, various obstacles were found, such as long service queues, complex administrative procedures, disruptions in the medical record system, and the suboptimal use of digital-based services. Meanwhile, in terms of products, the National Health Insurance (JKN) program has proven effective in improving public access to healthcare services, although service quality remains uneven, drug availability remains unstable, and the BPJS Kesehatan financing system still faces several challenges. Overall, the JKN program has had a positive impact on the community, but comprehensive improvements are still needed, particularly in strengthening governance, equitable access to services, and improving the quality of healthcare services.

The development of financial technology (fintech lending) in Indonesia has significantly facilitated public access to financing; however, it has also generated various legal issues, particularly concerning the protection of creditors. This study aims to analyze the forms of legal protection available to creditors in loan agreements based on fintech lending from the perspectives of civil law and commercial law in Indonesia. The research employs a normative legal method, utilizing both statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings indicate that legal protection for creditors in fintech lending still faces numerous challenges, particularly regarding the validity of electronic agreements, the risk of default, and the weakness of guarantee mechanisms. Existing regulations, such as the Financial Services Authority Regulation (POJK) concerning information technology-based lending services, have not yet provided optimal legal certainty. Furthermore, the principles of prudence and transparency have not been fully implemented by fintech providers. Therefore, strengthening regulatory frameworks and harmonizing civil law and commercial law are essential to ensure more comprehensive legal protection for creditors. This study is expected to contribute to the development of business law in Indonesia, particularly in responding to the dynamics of the digital economy.

The Uninhabitable House Rehabilitation Program (RTLH) is a government policy aimed at improving the quality of housing for low-income communities while simultaneously supporting the acceleration of the eradication of extreme poverty. Although it has been implemented in various regions, the implementation of the RTLH program has shown varying achievements, thus requiring a comprehensive evaluation. This study aims to analyze the evaluation of the RTLH Program in Indonesia based on William N. Dunn's six policy evaluation indicators: effectiveness, efficiency, adequacy, equity, responsiveness, and accuracy. The research method used is a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) of scientific articles discussing the evaluation of the RTLH Program in various regions. The analysis was conducted by reviewing previous research findings based on the six policy evaluation indicators. The results of the study indicate that the RTLH Program is able to improve the quality of community housing and has received a positive response from beneficiaries. However, its implementation still faces obstacles such as budget limitations, equal distribution of beneficiaries, and data updates. Therefore, strengthening funding, data collection, and coordination between stakeholders is needed for more optimal and sustainable program implementation.

The hospitality industry is a strategic sector within the global tourism system that heavily depends on service quality and food safety assurance. In hotel operations, the pastry division represents a high-risk unit due to the use of perishable ingredients and intensive manual handling processes. This study aims to analyze the implementation of hygiene and sanitation practices in the Pastry Division of Hotel Aruss Semarang in supporting food safety standards within the hospitality industry. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through participatory observation, semi-structured interviews, and document analysis, including Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), sanitation checklists, and temperature control records. Data validity was strengthened through triangulation and member checking, while thematic analysis was used to identify key implementation patterns. The findings indicate that the implementation of personal hygiene, environmental sanitation, and Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) has generally complied with most of the requirements of Good Processed Food Manufacturing Practices (CPPOB). The availability of sanitation facilities, periodic medical check-ups, equipment maintenance, and FIFO-based storage systems demonstrate management commitment to preventive risk control. However, inconsistencies in handwashing practices and minor construction details that do not fully meet hygienic design standards indicate areas requiring improvement. Overall, hygiene and sanitation implementation in the Pastry Division has been effective in supporting food safety. Strengthening behavioral compliance, continuous training, and facility optimization are recommended to achieve a more sustainable and comprehensive food safety management system.

Islamic leadership faces significant challenges related to personal integrity and institutional governance, requiring a comprehensive theoretical study to bridge these gaps. This research aims to examine the integration of prophetic values with system improvement to strengthen Islamic leadership in the modern context. The study employs a qualitative approach based on literature review and textual analysis, exploring Islamic leadership theories, public administration practices, and historical experiences of Islamic civilization. The findings indicate that Islamic leadership becomes more effective when the personal integrity of leaders is aligned with adaptive, transparent, and accountable institutional systems. These results emphasize that system improvement is necessary to ensure moral values are not limited to individual practice but embedded within organizational governance and social institutions. The study also highlights the relevance of Islamic leadership in addressing the era of disruption, where synergy between prophetic character and institutional reform is essential for sustainability. The research recommends emphasizing the synergy between moral values and system improvement so that Islamic leadership can sustainably address social challenges while remaining relevant to modern demands and contemporary societal needs.   

Sexual education plays a critical role in promoting healthy and responsible behaviors among adolescents. Insufficient knowledge about sexual health increases the risk of engaging in unsafe sexual practices. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of sexual education in improving the knowledge of students at SMP Pancasila, Brebes Regency, regarding adolescent sexual issues. The intervention was conducted in May 2024 with 24 students aged 12–18 years, using a pretest-posttest design and educational media, including leaflets and PowerPoint presentations. Results indicated a significant increase in the average knowledge score from 7 to 9 following the intervention. Most participants were aged 14–17 years, and some had prior dating experience. These findings are consistent with Erikson’s developmental theory, highlighting the importance of identity formation and intimacy during adolescence. The educational program effectively enhanced students’ knowledge and equipped them with decision-making skills, self-regulation, and body awareness. This study underscores the necessity of implementing comprehensive sexual education at the middle school level, involving schools, parents, and the community, and employing accurate educational materials such as leaflets. Such interventions are expected to reduce the incidence of premarital sexual behavior and foster responsible attitudes among adolescents

This study explores the role of Business Intelligence (BI) in improving operational effectiveness and company performance amid rapid digital transformation, big data, Artificial Intelligence (AI), and data analytics development. Using a Narrative Literature Review (NLR) approach, this study analyzed 48 national and international scientific articles related to BI, firm performance, digital transformation, and big data analytics. The findings reveal that BI positively influences decision-making quality, operational efficiency, organizational agility, innovation capability, marketing effectiveness, customer relationship management, and competitive advantage. Furthermore, integrating BI with Big Data Analytics, predictive analytics, machine learning, and AI enhances organizational responsiveness to dynamic business environments. The study also identifies key success factors for BI implementation, including organizational readiness, management support, technological infrastructure, information quality, and system integration. These findings indicate that BI has evolved from a technological tool into a strategic organizational capability that supports sustainable business performance and digital transformation. This study contributes to the Business Intelligence literature by providing a comprehensive understanding of BI’s strategic role across various industries and organizational contexts.

Abstract. The increasing number of cases involving corporate losses that implicate the liability of directors in limited liability companies highlights the importance of a comprehensive understanding of the scope and nature of such liability from a civil law perspective. This study aims to analyze the liability of directors for corporate losses as well as the factors influencing the emergence of such legal liability. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative and conceptual approach, through a review of legislation, legal literature, and relevant court decisions. The results of the study indicate that directors’ liability is not automatic but depends on proving the existence of fault or negligence in performing their duties, in accordance with the principles of due diligence and good faith. Furthermore, factors such as weak internal controls, lack of transparency, and directors’ limited legal understanding are the primary causes of corporate losses. The implications of this study underscore the importance of implementing sound corporate governance principles, enhancing directors’ competence, and ensuring consistency in law enforcement to achieve a balance between legal protection and accountability in corporate management.

This research was conducted to analyze the process of providing social services for abandoned children at the Sayap Ibu Foundation. Abandoned children are seen as a group with a high level of vulnerability and therefore require special intervention in fulfilling basic rights, protection, and developing their personal capacity so they can develop optimally. The research method applies a qualitative approach that uses interview processes, observations, and documentation studies to obtain the required information. Research findings show that the services provided include aspects of protection, education, fulfillment of basic needs, and psychosocial development which are implemented in an integrated manner by professional staff and volunteers. In its implementation, this service still faces a number of obstacles, including limited human resources, infrastructure, and minimal support from the community, which has an impact on the suboptimal service. However, the Sayap Ibu Foundation still has a significant contribution in improving the welfare of abandoned children through various programs oriented towards social rehabilitation, character strengthening, and empowerment. Therefore, it can be concluded from this study that it is necessary to strengthen comprehensive and sustainable services, as well as closer collaboration between institutions, government and the community in order to increase the effectiveness of handling neglected children by utilizing the functions and roles of foundations to the maximum. Then, the implications of the results of this study can be used as consideration for policy makers and social actors in designing more effective service programs for neglected children.

The management of Indonesia's Border Crossing Posts (Pos Lintas Batas Negara/PLBN) in land border areas presents a critical normative gap between the country's international legal obligations and their actual implementation. This study departs from prior descriptive approaches by offering a critical normative-gap analysis that identifies specific disharmonies between bilateral agreements, international conventions, and national legislation governing PLBN operations. Employing a normative juridical method with statute, conceptual, and case approaches, this research examines three focal issues: (1) the normative gap between Indonesia's international legal commitments under instruments such as the United Nations Charter, Vienna Convention on Consular Relations 1963, Revised Kyoto Convention, International Health Regulations 2005, and the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime (UNTOC), and their domestic implementation; (2) the legal factors generating regulatory disharmony in PLBN governance, particularly the inconsistency between bilateral Border Crossing Agreements with Malaysia and Timor-Leste and national legislation; and (3) specific case-based evidence of implementation failures, including unauthorized border crossings at PLBN Motamasin and the pending boundary delimitation in the Noel Besi Citrana and Bidjael Sunan Oben segments with Timor-Leste. The findings reveal that regulatory disharmony, institutional fragmentation in the CIQS system, inadequate human resource capacity, and unresolved boundary disputes constitute structural legal deficits that undermine the effective governance of PLBN. This article recommends a comprehensive legal harmonization strategy, strengthened bilateral diplomatic engagement, and institutional reform grounded in international legal standards.  

The rapid adoption of digital contracts in Indonesia demands a reliable document authentication system, one of which is through electronic stamps (e-meterai). However, the current e-meterai verification system remains centralized and exclusively managed by Perum Peruri, making it vulnerable to single point of failure risks and data manipulation. Blokchain technology, with its characteristics of decentralization, transparency, and data immutability, offers a technical solution that could potentially strengthen the integrity of this verification system. This article aims to examine the legal position of blokchain technology within Indonesia's existing e-meterai regulatory framework and to analyze the urgency of establishing specific regulations governing its use. The research employs a normative juridical method through statutory and conceptual approaches. The findings reveal that blokchain currently occupies a legal grey area: technically compatible with the validity requirements of agreements under Article 1320 of the Civil Code and meeting the criteria for Electronic Information under Article 5 of the ITE Law, yet formally lacking explicit recognition due to its conflict with Perum Peruri's monopolistic authority established under Law Number 10 of 2020 on Stamp Duty. Four normative gaps are identified, encompassing the absence of evidentiary guarantees for blokchain-verified documents, the lack of mandatory standards for Electronic Certification Providers, the ambiguity in civil liability allocation for automated system failures, and the conflict between blokchain's immutability and the right to erasure under the Personal Data Protection Law. Comprehensive specific regulations constitute an urgent normative necessity to ensure legal certainty for Indonesia's digital contract ecosystem.

Public service quality serves as a crucial metric for assessing how well the government meets the needs and expectations of the community. Within public administration, the effectiveness of public services indicates the government's capability to deliver governance that is open, responsible, and focused on the citizens. In Indonesia, one tool for gauging public service effectiveness is the Community Satisfaction Index (Indeks Kepuasan Masyarakat/IKM). This research seeks to examine how community satisfaction in public services is measured by identifying various service components and the approach used to compute the IKM. A descriptive qualitative research method is employed, utilizing a literature review. Information was gathered from books, academic journals, government regulations, and other scholarly materials relevant to public service quality and community satisfaction. The results reveal that the IKM measurement system offers a comprehensive framework for assessing the performance of public services based on several aspects, including service requirements, processes, completion time, costs, the skills and conduct of service personnel, and available facilities. Additionally, the findings demonstrate that enhancements in service quality, transparency, and the responsiveness of public organizations greatly affect community satisfaction levels. As a result, ongoing assessments of public services through the IKM framework are vital for improving governance effectiveness, boosting service delivery, and reinforcing public confidence in government agencies.