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Notarial deeds as authentic instruments hold a crucial role in Indonesia’s civil law evidence system, providing perfect proof under Article 1868 of the Civil Code. However, in practice, such deeds are often denied by one party in court, raising debates about the certainty of their evidentiary power. This study examines the legal consequences of denying a notarial deed for the parties in litigation and the assurance of legal certainty for those holding such deeds. Using R. Soeroso’s Theory of Legal Consequences and Jan Michael Otto’s Theory of Legal Certainty, this normative juridical research employs statutory, conceptual, analytical, and case approaches, with literature-based data collection and interpretative legal analysis. The findings reveal that denial of a notarial deed may create new legal relationships, alter good-faith relations into disputes, and result in sanctions imposed by court rulings. Meanwhile, legal certainty remains guaranteed, as authentic deed regulations are clear, binding, and enforceable, serving as a guideline in resolving disputes and upholding sanctions.  

Based on the Constitutional Court Decision Number: 46 PUU-VIII/2010, Article 43 Paragraph (1) of the Marriage Law states that a child born outside of marriage has a civil relationship with their mother and her family, as well as with the man as their father, which can be proven by science, technology, and/or other legal evidence. The child also has a blood relationship, including a civil relationship with the father's family. Inheritance for an illegitimate child through a will is allowed, but it often causes disputes as it is considered to harm the inheritance rights of legitimate children. This study aims to analyze the resolution of inheritance disputes between an illegitimate child who receives a will and a legitimate child according to civil law, as well as the legal protection of an illegitimate child in disputes with a legitimate child. The method used is normative juridical research with a literature study, using primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources. The approaches used include the Statutory Approach, Conceptual Approach, Analytical Approach, and Case Approach. The research results show that the dispute resolution starts with a non-litigation route through deliberation, but if unsuccessful, the illegitimate child resorts to the contending method to defend their inheritance rights. The researcher recommends amendments to Article 874 of the Civil Code to grant the right to a will for an illegitimate child as long as it does not exceed the legitime portie, and to create codification related to marriage property law and wills.

This study aims to analyze the application of the doctrine of vicarious liability in the liability of hospitals for medical malpractice lawsuits in Indonesia. The increasing number of medical disputes raises questions regarding the extent to which hospitals can be held responsible for the negligence of medical personnel working under their authority. This research employs a normative juridical method with statutory, conceptual, and case approaches, by examining the Indonesian Civil Code, Law No. 44 of 2009 on Hospitals, Law No. 17 of 2023 on Health, and relevant court decisions. The findings reveal that, normatively, hospitals can be held accountable under Article 1367 of the Civil Code, which aligns with the doctrine of vicarious liability (Black, 2019). However, judicial practice in Indonesia remains inconsistent: in some cases judges place liability on hospitals, while in others they hold individual doctors fully responsible (Budiman, Absori & Rizka, 2023; Vitrianingsih, Miarsa & Yahya, 2025). This inconsistency demonstrates a gap between normative regulation and juridical implementation. The novelty of this study lies in emphasizing the importance of the principle of justice in applying vicarious liability. Legal protection should not be limited to written norms but must also be substantive by balancing patients’ rights to safe and quality healthcare with the rights of medical personnel and hospitals to legal certainty. This is in line with Rawls’ (1971) concept of justice as fairness and Radbruch’s (2006) idea of balancing justice, legal certainty, and expediency.

Improving the quality of education has become a strategic issue in the management of educational institutions in the global era. One widely used approach is Total Quality Management (TQM), which focuses on continuous improvement, multi-stakeholder engagement, and stakeholder satisfaction. This study aims to analyze the implementation of TQM in education, specifically regarding implementation strategies, challenges, and opportunities faced by educational institutions. This study used a qualitative literature review method, examining five scientific articles published between 2020 and 2025. Data were obtained through searches on Google Scholar and Publish or Perish, then analyzed through screening and thematic coding. The study results indicate that the implementation of TQM contributes positively to improving the quality of learning, graduate quality, and internal quality assurance systems at various levels of education. The integration of Islamic values ​​and character is also a trend in the implementation of TQM in religious-based schools. In conclusion, it was found that most research is still case studies and limited to specific school contexts, thus not providing a comprehensive picture of the variation in TQM practices at various levels of education. Therefore, further comparative and integrative research is needed to strengthen understanding of the effectiveness of MMT in continuously improving the quality of education.

The development of information technology has driven significant changes in contracting practices, including the emergence of electronic contracts as a form of agreement in digital transactions. This study aims to analyze the legal basis, validity requirements, constituent elements, and legal status of electronic contracts under the Law of ITE, Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019, and the general principles of agreement in the Civil Code. The research employs a normative juridical method with a qualitative analytical approach through a literature review of legislation and relevant legal doctrine. The study’s findings indicate that electronic contracts fundamentally possess the same validity as conventional written contracts, provided they satisfy the validity requirements of Article 1320 of the Civil Code and the technical provisions set forth in the implementing regulations of the UU ITE. These provisions include the use of reliable electronic systems, adherence to the principles of prudence and good faith, and the provision of clear electronic information. Electronic contracts must also contain the essentialia, naturalia, and accidentalia elements as regulated in Government Regulation No. 71 of 2019, and they are subject to additional rules applicable to electronic transactions under Government Regulation No. 80 of 2019. The implications of this study underscore the importance of raising electronic system security standards, providing legal education for participants in digital transactions, and strengthening regulations on digital proof and evidentiary rules so that electronic contracts can deliver optimal legal certainty.

Student discipline is one of the key indicators of a school’s success in shaping character and creating a conducive learning environment. Discipline not only reflects compliance with school regulations but also demonstrates responsibility, honesty, orderliness, and self-control as part of character building. However, in practice, various disciplinary violations are still frequently found among students, such as lateness, failure to complete assignments, truancy, and noncompliance with school dress codes. These issues are also evident at SMA Kristen Palangka Raya, particularly among Grade XI students. Therefore, the role of the school principal as an educational leader is essential in implementing effective strategies to improve student discipline. This study aims to describe the role of the principal in enhancing student discipline among Grade XI students at SMA Kristen Palangka Raya. The research employed a qualitative descriptive method with data collected through observation, interviews, and documentation. The participants included the principal, vice principal for student affairs, teachers, and students. The findings revealed that the principal performs several roles: (1) educator, by integrating discipline values through learning activities and character-building programs; (2) manager, by organizing, planning, and implementing school regulations; (3) supervisor, by monitoring and evaluating student discipline; (4) leader, by providing direction and exemplary behavior; and (5) motivator, by giving appreciation and educational sanctions. Challenges encountered include students’ low awareness of discipline and lack of parental involvement. To overcome these obstacles, the principal builds stronger communication with parents, enforces school rules consistently, and conducts continuous character development programs.

This study analyzes the legal position of the captain in the structure of maritime employment relations with a case study at PT. Kembang Mekar Indah, which highlights the gap between the normative provisions in the Commercial Code (KUHD), Law Number 17 of 2008 concerning Shipping, and the Maritime Labor Convention (MLC) 2006 with the implementation practices in the field. This study uses a normative-empirical legal method through literature studies and interviews with captains and company representatives, analyzed qualitatively-descriptively to compare legal norms and empirical reality. The results of the study indicate that maritime employment agreements still place captains on an equal footing with ordinary workers even though the legislation confirms their position as the highest leader on board and the legal representative of the ship owner. Empirical findings show that the fulfillment of the captain's rights to salary is 80%, work facilities 60%, legal protection 40%, and regulatory socialization only 20%, indicating an imbalance in legal protection and weaknesses in the substance of the employment contract. Therefore, it is necessary to reformulate the shipping legal system by improving maritime work agreements, strengthening the role of harbormasters, and harmonizing national regulations with the 2006 MLC standards in order to create maritime work relations that are professional, fair, and adaptive to international maritime law.

This study examines the construction of reality and violations of broadcasting ethics in the Xpose Uncensored Trans7 program in 2025 which displays a negative image of pesantren and kiai. Using a descriptive qualitative approach with the framing analysis of Pan and Kosicki's model, this study reveals the existence of tendentious narrative and visual manipulation, thus giving the impression of harassment of religious symbols. The broadcasts are considered to violate the principles of balance and social responsibility as stipulated in the Broadcasting Code of Conduct and Broadcast Program Standards (P3SPS). The public reaction that emerged through the hashtag #BoikotTRANS7 reflects the increasing public awareness of the importance of ethics in broadcasting practices. This phenomenon shows that the media not only functions as a conveyor of information, but also has a moral responsibility in shaping public opinion in a fair and balanced manner. This study emphasizes the urgency of increasing media literacy and ethical sensitivity in the production of broadcast content, especially those related to the representation of religious groups. Thus, the results of this study are expected to be a reference for broadcasting institutions, media regulators, and the public in encouraging more ethical and responsible broadcasting practices in the digital era.

Background: Accurate coding of external cause in injury diagnoses is crucial to ensure the validity of medical records, support health policy decisions, and maintain the quality of morbidity reporting.  Objective: To determine the factors that influence the inaccuracy of external cause codes in injury diagnosis at Thalia Irham General Hospital, Panciro, Gowa Regency. Method: This study employed a descriptive qualitative approach using observation and in-depth interviews with outpatient coders handling injury cases. Result: The study found that only 36% of the medical record documents were coded accurately, 26% were inaccurately coded, and 36% lacked any external cause code. The main causes of inaccuracy included incomplete anamnesis, limited time, absence of specific standard operating procedures (SOPs), and the belief that external cause codes do not impact BPJS claims. Conclusion: The low level accuracy of external cause coding is caused by the lack of understanding of officers regarding the ICD-10 Chapter XX classification, the absence of a specific SOP for coding injuries, and the perception that external cause codes do not affect the claims system.

The paradigm of the Indonesian criminal justice system is currently undergoing a significant shift from a retributive approach toward a restorative one. Criminal offenses resulting from negligence (culpa) present a unique case within this transition, as they lack malicious intent (mens rea in the form of dolus), yet often result in severe harm or loss of life. Despite its potential, the application of restorative justice for culpa offenses remains hindered by fragmented and sectoral regulations among law enforcement agencies, leading to legal uncertainty and inconsistent implementation. This research aims to analyze the urgency of restorative justice in negligence cases and proposes a model for its reconstruction. Using a normative juridical research method with statutory and conceptual approaches, this study examines existing regulations from the National Police, the Attorney General’s Office, and the Supreme Court. The findings indicate that the current framework requires a structural reconstruction through the synchronization of inter-institutional policies and the integration of restorative justice principles into the National Criminal Procedure Code (KUHAP). This reconstruction is essential to ensure a unified standard that balances legal certainty, the rehabilitation of the offender, and the restoration of the victim’s rights in unintentional crimes.

The contemporary digital era has triggered the normalization of pornography and promiscuous sexual behavior, which significantly threatens the theological understanding and sacramental practice of Catholic marriage among young adults. This article aims to examine, from a theological-juridical perspective, how canons 1055–1101 of the Code of Canon Law (CIC) serve as the authoritative foundation for the Church in safeguarding the dignity and validity of the sacrament of marriage. The method employed is a comprehensive literature study of the CIC, relevant magisterial documents of the Church, and contemporary scholarly works on the dynamics of young adult relationships. The concise findings indicate that exposure to and normalization of pornography directly weaken three fundamental aspects of Catholic marriage, namely the capacity to give free consent, the intention to practice permanent fidelity, and the correct understanding of the body’s meaning as a total self-gift. Nevertheless, the Church possesses solid canonical and pastoral instruments to address these challenges and facilitate restoration. In conclusion, a synergistic integration of canonical approaches, moral teachings, and pastoral guidance is required to assist young adult couples so that they may realize marriages that are not only canonically valid but also psychologically mature and sacramentally holy.

This research examines compliance with gold pawn guarantee execution procedures from a civil law perspective, using a case study of Medan District Court Decision Number 738/Pdt.G/2023/PN Mdn. The background to this research stems from the growing practice of gold pawning in society as a solution for quick cash needs, but it often raises legal issues related to the execution process of the pawned goods. The issues raised in this paper are the procedures for executing gold pawn guarantees according to applicable law and whether PT. Gadai Mas Sumut's actions in this case comply with legal provisions. This research method uses a normative juridical approach by examining Articles 1150-1160 of the Civil Code, the Consumer Protection Law, and PMK Number 122 of 2023. The analysis shows that, normatively, creditors have the right to execute pawned goods if the debtor defaults. However, execution must be carried out in accordance with legal procedures, the principle of good faith, and transparency, including through a public or voluntary auction. In the case of PT. In the case of the North Sumatra Gold Pawn, the execution was carried out without adequate notification and without evidence of an official auction, thus being deemed to have failed to meet the principle of legal compliance. Therefore, this article concludes that gold pawn execution practices must be based on the principles of legal certainty and debtor protection to prevent similar losses and disputes in the future.

This study examines the application of law to cases of forced defense in the crime of murder committed by children based on Kepanjen District Court Decision Number 1/Pid.Sus-Anak/2020/PN Kpn. The aim is to analyze the criminalization process for child perpetrators of criminal acts and consider the legal basis used by judges in issuing decisions. This study uses a normative juridical method with a statutory and case-based approach, utilizing the Criminal Code, Law No. 11 of 2012 concerning the Juvenile Criminal Justice System, and court decisions as the main materials. The results of the study indicate that the criminalization process for children in this case is regulated by the Juvenile Criminal Justice System Law, however, the judge's considerations did not fully consider the provisions of Article 49 paragraph (2) of the Criminal Code concerning excessive forced defense. The defendant's actions should be viewed as a form of forced defense so that they can be released from all legal charges. This finding emphasizes the importance of judges' consistency in interpreting the reasons for expungement of criminal penalties so that decisions are more just, especially for children in conflict with the law.  

The selection process for prospective cadets at a maritime college is routinely carried out every year. In the current system, the processing and calculation of prospective cadet scores uses Microsoft Excel tools, but this takes a long time and can lead to errors in the calculation of scores and the recapitulation of selection results. In addition, unintegrated data can lead to data duplication, resulting in inaccurate selection results that can be detrimental to prospective cadets. A fast, precise, and accurate integrated decision support system is needed to support the selection process for prospective cadets. The author conducted a study on the prospective cadet admission system at UNIMAR AMNI Semarang using the Multi-Objective Optimization On The Basis Of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) method to assist in the selection of qualified prospective cadets who meet the established criteria. With this decision support system using the Multi-Objective Optimization On The Basis Of Ratio Analysis (MOORA) method, it can be used to solve the selection problem for prospective cadets because it has a short calculation time, is simple, transparent, and has high flexibility. This system will be built using the Codeigniter Framework and a MySQL database.

Qanun of Banda Aceh City Number 4 of 2022 emphasizes that the Tirta Daroy Regional Public Company of Drinking Water aims to provide fair and sustainable drinking water services. The legal relationship between the customer and the company is regulated through the Decree of the Board of Directors PEG Number. III/10/PDAM/2020. However, there are still many customers who are in default in the form of late payments that cause losses to the company and are contrary to Article 1243 of the Civil Code regarding the obligation of debtors to compensate for losses due to negligence. This study aims to analyze the default settings in the customer connection agreement at  the Tirta Taroy Regional Public Drinking Water Company  , identify the factors causing defaults, and explain the form of applying civil sanctions to customers who commit defaults. This study uses an empirical juridical method with qualitative descriptive analysis based on legal and field data. The results of the study show that the most dominant forms of default in customers of the Tirta Daroy Regional Drinking Water Public Company are late and arrears of payments, not paying at all and misuse of water connections. The main causative factors include economic conditions, administrative negligence, and intentional elements. Legally, this default causes financial losses and disrupts the sustainability of public services. Sanctions are applied in stages through notices, warnings, summonses, to fines, compensation, or disconnection. The Tirta Daroy Regional Public Company is advised to follow up on customer complaints, improve the billing system, adjust the sanction clause proportionately, and increase legal awareness through socialization.

A contract is an agreement between two or more parties that creates legal rights and obligations to perform or refrain from performing certain actions. In business practice, a contract serves as a legal instrument that ensures certainty, fairness, and protection for all parties involved. To regulate these legal relationships, a comprehensive understanding of contract law is required as the juridical foundation for drafting and executing agreements. A valid contract must not only fulfill formal and material requirements as stipulated in the Civil Code but also be based on several fundamental legal principles, including the principle of freedom of contract, consensualism, pacta sunt servanda, good faith, and personality. Moreover, the contract formation process consists of several stages: the pre-drafting stage, the drafting stage which involves the structure and anatomy of the contract, and the post-drafting stage which focuses on the implementation and evaluation of the agreement. In its execution, disputes may arise; therefore, appropriate dispute resolution mechanisms such as negotiation, mediation, arbitration, or litigation are essential. A comprehensive understanding of these principles and stages in business contract formation is crucial to ensure that every agreement created is valid, fair, and effective for all parties.

The development of embedded sistem technology is now widely used to support automatic environmental data recording processes, such as temperature, humidity, and air pressure. However, most existing weather data loggers still operate independently and are not directly connected to a computer. As a result, data collection and processing must be done manually, which is less efficient and prone to data loss. The main problem in this research is the lack of integration between microcontroller-based data loggers and simple computer operating sistems such as the Disk Operating Sistem (DOS), making it difficult to automatically store and access recorded data. This study aims to develop an embedded weather data logger sistem based on the AVR microcontroller integrated with DOS. The development process uses the waterfall model, consisting of sistem planning, requirement analysis, sistem design, coding, testing, and implementation. The designed sistem records weather parameters in real time and stores them in a file format that can be directly read by DOS without requiring additional conversion processes. The test results show that the sistem runs stably, records data accurately, and can be easily accessed through a computer. Integration with DOS allows data storage and retrieval processes to be faster and more efficient. Therefore, this sistem provides a practical solution for automatic weather monitoring that is reliable, time-saving, and easy to use in various environmental conditions.

The development of artificial intelligence technology has given birth to deepfake technology which has the potential to be misused to damage a person's digital identity. This research aims to analyze the mode of misuse of deepfake technology in Indonesia, examine its legal implications based on applicable laws and regulations, and examine the urgency of special regulation of deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. Applicable, as well as examining the urgency of special arrangements against deepfake in the Indonesian legal system. The research method used is normative juridical legal research with statutory and conceptual approaches, and data collection is carried out through literature study of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials tertiary. The results show that deepfake abuse can take the form of spreading fake videos, face forgery and digital identity-based fraud that harms victims socially, legally and psychologically. Although several articles in the ITE Law, Personal Data Protection Law, and Criminal Code can be used to charge perpetrators, these regulations have not specifically and explicitly regulated the characteristics and technical aspects of deepfake-based crimes. This creates obstacles in law enforcement and victim protection. Therefore, it is necessary to establish special regulations or amend existing laws so that the legal system in Indonesia is able to answer the challenges of deepfake technology appropriately, fairly, and effectively.

The absolute nature of moral rights creates practical legal issues. Under the concept of a sales agreement, the ownership of the sold object is transferred from the seller to the buyer. Conversely, the concept of moral rights, as stipulated in Law Number 28 of 2014, dictates that moral rights cannot be transferred for any reason whatsoever as long as the creator is alive. The conceptual and juridical ambiguity arises from the contradictory nature of a copyright and/or copyrighted work sales agreement versus the absolute status of moral rights. The research methodology employed in this study is the normative juridical method. This method focuses on analyzing legal norms related to moral rights and sales agreements, specifically referencing Law Number 28 of 2014 (Copyright Law) and the Civil Code (Kitab Undang-Undang Hukum Perdata). Normatively, the creator's moral rights are perpetual and non-transferable to other parties, in accordance with the mandate of Law Number 28 of 2014, Articles 5 and 57. Nevertheless, within the context of private law, Article 5 of Law Number 28 of 2014 grants the creator the freedom to either maintain or waive these rights. If the agreement is reached consensually, the principle of pacta sunt servanda is applicable between the contracting parties. A clause involving the assignment of moral rights can render the agreement voidable (vernietigbaar) if it involves a violation of the subjective requirements (consent and legal capacity). This is particularly true if the consent was obtained through an abuse of circumstances (penyalahgunaan keadaan). A violation of this requirement indicates that the consent provided by the creator was not free and consensual.

Advancements in information technology have created significant opportunities for more efficient spatial data management, including the mapping of government buildings. To support this effort, this study develops a web-based geographic information system for mapping government buildings in Bandung City using Leaflet.js. The system aims to facilitate interactive map visualization and provide more accurate and structured access to spatial data. The Agile method is applied in the system development process, consisting of six main stages: needs identification, design, development, testing, implementation, and evaluation. The system is designed using the Laravel or CodeIgniter framework as the backend and Leaflet.js for dynamic spatial data presentation. The research results indicate that the system can display geographic information accurately and interactively while supporting search, filtering, and responsive map display features across various devices. Additionally, the Agile approach has proven to enhance development efficiency and user experience. With this system, the government can manage building data more effectively, transparently, and efficiently to support planning and decision-making based on spatial data.