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Yassin Azhim Rantissi

Jurnal Pengabdian Masyarakat Indonesia Sejahtera 2024 STAI YPIQ BAUBAU, SULAWESI TENGGARA

Community economic empowerment is a strategic step in improving welfare and economic independence, especially in areas rich in local resources. Economic literacy plays a crucial role in this process, as it provides communities with the knowledge and skills to understand and manage resources efficiently and sustainably. This article examines efforts to empower communities economically through the enhancement of literacy and the management of local resources. With an economic literacy approach that covers aspects of financial management, business operations, and marketing, communities can maximize the potential of local resources to create added economic value. This study highlights various forms of local resources, such as agricultural products, fisheries, and handicrafts, and their potential to drive local economic growth. The analysis shows that good economic literacy not only improves the community's ability to make informed economic decisions but also contributes to poverty reduction and overall improvement in the quality of life. Therefore, empowerment through literacy and local resource management is key to achieving inclusive and sustainable economic development.

Riyadh Hussein Obyes; Zainab Obaidsh Chalab Alkhfaji; Alaa Hussein Fadhil; Ahmed Abdullah Amanah

Jurnal Publikasi Ekonomi dan Akuntansi 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The goal of this article is to find the CEO of Iraqi companies that use strategic planning and determine if they are capable of diagnosing the traits of strategic planning systems that improve these companies' capacity to successfully address crisis-related needs. The capacity of the company to successfully react to crisis needs and demands is enhanced by the use of strategic planning, according to a review of data from 64 enterprises utilizing statistical analysis. Furthermore, top and division or unit managers must be involved and committed for strategic planning to be successful. It also has to be planned with an external orientation and get more than just lip service from top and unit or division level managers. In other words, it must concentrate on how well the business responds to the needs of its crisis and it must recognize and take advantage of any future growth crises. Additionally, a CEO must possess a variety of qualities to engage in good strategic planning. Core Competence Knowledge, Skills, and Abilities are especially important for individuals who will be in charge of carrying out the final plan since it must be compatible with the crisis-management and decision-making approaches. The study's findings suggest that managers of Iraqi businesses should think carefully about the value of strategic planning during times of crisis. also Many CEOs lack knowledge, skills, and talents since they did not complete business universities or practical training programs. Managers must attempt to incorporate crisis management into the strategic planning process for their organizations. The conclusion encourages a firm's strategy approach to include crisis management procedures. This contributes to better performance and increased crisis management efficacy. Additionally, the board of directors must rely on advice from experts who can assist them strategize and prepare throughout a crisis, which improves their capacity to handle one effectively. One way to integrate and improve managers' ability to handle crises is to encourage the use of strategic crisis planning.

Nova Ritonga; Erfriani Sekar Talenta Simangunsong; Kristin Dwi Amsari Pasaribu; Arlin Septia Basana Siagian; Kezia Tarila Rubina Br Sitepu +1 more

Coram Mundo : Jurnal Teologi dan Pendidikan Agama Kristen 2024 Sekolah Tinggi Teologi Injili Arastamar (SETIA) Ngabang

Bullying in the school environment, especially at the high school level, has become an issue that is increasingly disturbing and urgent to be addressed. Many students who are victims of bullying experience lasting negative impacts, both psychologically and socially. This phenomenon not only affects students' academic lives, but can also result in serious emotional problems, such as depression and anxiety. Therefore, it is important to find effective solutions to prevent bullying behavior in schools. In this research, researchers used interview methods to explore in-depth data about individual experiences, opinions or feelings that are difficult to measure quantitatively. The role of Indonesian language teachers is very strategic. Apart from teaching language and literature, teachers have the opportunity to instill moral values ​​through selected learning materials. Literary works, for example, often contain themes of humanity and social interaction that are relevant to bullying behavior. By integrating Christian values ​​in language learning, teachers can help students understand the importance of empathy and compassion in relationships between people. From the results of research that has been conducted, it is clear that Indonesian language teachers at Marisi Medan Private High School have a crucial role in preventing bullying through instilling Christian values.

Bashiruddin Ahmad; Haliah Haliah; Andi Kusumawati

International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The transformation of public sector accounting is critical for enhancing the quality of public services. This evolution is driven by the need for greater transparency, accountability, and efficiency within government operations. Traditional accounting practices, often characterized by a focus on compliance and financial reporting, are being replaced by more comprehensive frameworks that emphasize performance measurement and management. This shift is largely influenced by globalization, technological advancements, and the increasing expectations of citizens for improved public services. By adopting modern accounting practices, public sector organizations can better align their financial management strategies with service delivery goals, thus fostering a culture of continuous improvement. Key elements of this transformation include the integration of performance indicators into accounting systems, the use of budgeting as a tool for strategic planning, and the implementation of accrual accounting. These practices facilitate more nuanced understanding of the resources used in delivering services and the outcomes achieved. Moreover, the adoption of digital technologies in accounting processes enhances data accessibility and enables real-time reporting, which supports informed decision-making. Ultimately, the transformation of public sector accounting is not merely a technical change but a fundamental shift in how public organizations operate. By focusing on outcomes and accountability, this transformation encourages  more responsive and efficient public service, thereby improving the overall quality of services provided to citizens.

Moh. As’adi

Jurnal Hukum, Administrasi Publik, dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Digital transformation is a shift from traditional (manual) working methods to more modern and efficient ways of utilizing technology. This study aims to describe the digital transformation process in population administration services and the supporting and inhibiting factors in Banyuwangi Regency. The research method uses a qualitative approach. There are three data collection types: observation, interviews, and documentation. While the data analysis used is interactive. The results of the study show that the implementation of digital transformation in population administration services in Banyuwangi Regency has had a positive impact, especially in accelerating and facilitating access to services. Despite facing challenges such as limited technology, digital literacy, and human resource readiness, the government has taken strategic steps to overcome them. Continued infrastructure support and education programs are the key to success.    

Karimah Karimah; Diana Sari

Global Leadership Organizational Research in Management 2024 STIKes Ibnu Sina Ajibarang

This study examines the effect of social media marketing on customer-brand engagement in the luxury fashion bags sector in Jakarta. By leveraging the growing importance of social media as a marketing tool, this research aims to understand how various dimensions of social media marketing—entertainment, customization, interaction, electronic word-of-mouth (eWOM), and trendiness—influence customer-brand engagement and self-brand connection. Using a quantitative approach, data was collected through surveys distributed to consumers of luxury fashion bags in Jakarta. The analysis reveals a positive correlation between social media marketing efforts and customer-brand engagement, with self-brand connection acting as a significant mediating factor. The findings highlight the necessity for luxury brands to strategically utilize social media to enhance consumer relationships and engagement, providing practical insights for marketers in optimizing their social media strategies.

Benediktus Aldolian Putra; Andreas Ariyanto Rangga; Dian Fransiska Ledi

Mars: Jurnal Teknik Mesin, Industri, Elektro Dan Ilmu Komputer 2024 Asosiasi Riset Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Indonesia

At every educational institution there is a library for students to use at that institution. Likewise with SMP Negeri 2 Wewewa Tengah. At the school there is a library but it still uses a bookkeeping management system or is still written manually, while the number of active borrowers is almost all students carrying out the borrowing process at the school. The process of borrowing books in the library begins when students come to the library and tell the library staff that they want to borrow books. Then students select the books they want to borrow on the shelves provided. Next, the library staff records the borrower's data, such as full name, student identification number, and class, as well as data on books borrowed, such as book title, author, and inventory number in the ledger used as a borrowing register.). The school library has a strategic role and function in developing the potential of students from the entire academic community in the school environment. The library is part of the learning resources that every school has, a library that is still manual is something that needs to be created a system that can help with administrative activities. With the e-library, users can access it together with other users without having to wait in line. The search process is easier and faster because it is assisted by an information search engine that uses a database. This system presents a variant of the digital library, including a user page section that presents books available at the Central Wewewa State library

Amrul Mukminin; Alamsyah Alamsyah; Mega Nugraha

Presidensial : Jurnal Hukum, Administrasi Negara, dan Kebijakan Publik 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Amrul Mukminin. This study aims to analyze the Effectiveness of the Advertising Tax Contribution in Increasing Local Revenue in Palembang City. This research uses qualitative methods with data observation techniques, interviews and documentation. The results showed that the advertisement tax management was an effort to increase PAD in Palembang City, to someone who was trying to be managed properly. However, there are indeed several problems where the supervision and participation of the community with illegal billboards is still happening and the implementation of regional regulations is not running properly, therefore the PAD from the advertisement tax has not been maximized. The supporting factor in this research is the availability of Palembang mayor regulation number 18 of 2011 concerning requirements, and fixed procedures for collecting advertisement tax and then Palembang City Regional Regulation Number 8 of 2004 concerning Development and Retribution for Advertising. In addition, to support the vision, mission and strategic plans of the Tax Management Agency. Two things support the effectiveness of the advertisement tax contribution. Internal and external factors inhibiting factors. Obstacles in internal factors, for example, the application of sanctions for billboards arrears who have just appeared without the knowledge of the officers, and the lack of socialization from the Regional Tax Management Agency so that the public does not know about the existence of regional regulations regarding advertisement tax. Whereas in external factors, for example, the community's low awareness of paying taxes or they tend to avoid and are dishonest in the report on the results of the installation of billboards and taxpayers who live outside the city of Palembang.

Yuliati A. S; Susi Ernawati; Hardika Saputra; M. Agus Kurniawan

International Journal of Islamic Educational Research 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidkan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

The digital era has brought significant transformations to the field of education, including Islamic education. Technology such as the internet, mobile devices, and e-learning platforms have shifted learning models from teacher-centered to student-centered approaches, making education more accessible and flexible. However, Islamic educational institutions like madrasas and pesantrens face unique challenges in integrating technology due to limitations in infrastructure, educator skills, and concerns about preserving Islamic values. This paper explores the opportunities and challenges posed by digitalization for Islamic education, focusing on infrastructure gaps, training needs for educators, and the cultural concerns surrounding the use of technology. The paper also highlights successful case studies from institutions like Madrasah Al-Irsyad and the International Islamic University Malaysia, showing how strategic management and government support can help overcome these challenges. It concludes by emphasizing the importance of integrating technology while maintaining the core values of Islamic education.

Riko Prayudi Septa; Maulana Maulana; Alamsyah Alamsyah

Birokrasi: JURNAL ILMU HUKUM DAN TATA NEGARA 2024 Sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Administrasi (STIA) Yappi Makassar

Riko Prayudi. This study aims to analyze the DPMPTSP Strategy Formulation in Planning Tourism Investments in Prabumulih City. The study used qualitative methods with data collection, namely observation, interviews and documentation. The results show that from the aspect of vision and mission, it can be guaranteed that the Office of Investment and One Stop Integrated Services (DPMPTSP) of Prabumulih city has tried to realize the vision that has been set by carrying out several missions that have been determined. Identification of External Opportunities and Threats of an Organization From the Aspects of Identification and External Threats An organization can open that there are still many opportunities for Prabumulih City to develop but also many future threats if the Prabumulih City DPMPTSP does not improve and does not adapt to the times. From the aspect of Awareness of the Strengths of Internal Strengths and Weaknesses, it can be said that there is tourism potential and hotels that can support investment into Prabumulih city, while the weakness is in the minimal natural tourism potential and the problem of weak human resources. From the aspect of Long-Term Determination that the long-term goal of what DPMPTSP wants to achieve in planning tourism investment in Prabumulih City is to make Prabumulih city a developed city and then increase the economic growth of the Prabumulih City community. From the aspect of Searching for Alternative Strategies, it can be said that the strategic plan has been implemented properly through the vision, mission and goals that have been set so that it is easier to realize what is the hope of making Prabumih City Prima.

Eko Handoyo; Wasino Wasino; Tutik Wijayanti; Lailasari Ekaningsih; Aprilia Rizki Saputri +2 more

Jurnal Masyarakat Mengabdi Nusantara 2024 STIPAS Tahasak Danum Pambelum Keuskupan Palangkaraya

Corruption is a crucial problem and an extraordinary crime that has wide-ranging impacts on society, the nation, and the state. The issue of corruption certainly requires serious attention. This cannot be separated from the fact that corruption has become commonplace, where its presence can be found from the central to regional levels, including rural areas. The cases of this crime continue to increase year by year. The rampant corruption cases necessitate eradication efforts involving every element of society by instilling anti-corruption values in daily life. This can be packaged through strengthening anti-corruption character as a strategic step by educating and reinforcing mental attitudes in a structured way to foster and strengthen anti-corruption behavior. The target for strengthening anti-corruption character is universal, regardless of age, gender, environment, or educational level. As long as a person can receive anti-corruption education, this step will be effective as a strategy to prevent and reduce corruption. Educational institutions are one of the bodies that need to implement anti-corruption education programs, as seen at Mega Islamic Boarding School High School in Semarang City. The eradication of corruption by instilling anti-corruption education is very important, especially for students, as they are the younger generation who will one day hold the future of the nation. Moreover, Mega Islamic Boarding School High School in Semarang City is an Islamic-based educational institution, which firmly holds that corruption is forbidden because it threatens human safety and causes harm to dignity and wealth, and those who commit it will face penalties not only in this world but also in the hereafter

Desty Dwi Putri; Akim M.H. Pardede; Anton Sihombing

Saturnus: Jurnal Teknologi dan Sistem Informasi 2024 Asosiasi Riset Teknik Elektro dan Informatika Indonesia

Long queues at the polyclinic of RSUD RM DR Djoelham Binjai often cause inconvenience to patients and reduce service efficiency. This study aims to analyze the queuing system at the hospital's polyclinic using the Monte Carlo method, which is able to model uncertainty in patient arrivals and service times. With this method, it is expected that a more accurate picture of patient waiting time and queue performance can be obtained so that improvement measures can be identified. The data used in this simulation includes the number of patients who come and the service time in the polyclinic. Monte Carlo simulations are carried out to predict various queuing scenarios based on variations that occur in patient arrivals and service duration. The simulation results provide information related to the estimated average waiting time of patients, and the level of queue density. This study shows that the application of the Monte Carlo method is effective in providing a more measurable solution to minimize waiting time and improve service quality at the polyclinic of RM DR Djoelham Binjai Hospital. These results are expected to be a reference for hospital management in making strategic decisions related to the optimization of health services. With the average waiting time for patients in the queue is 10.59 minutes while the average patient time is 25.34 minutes.

Jamal Qadar; Burhanuddin Burhanuddin; Yuniarni Yuniarni

Parlementer : Jurnal Studi Hukum dan Administrasi Publik 2024 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

This study aims to determine the application of good governance principles at the Wajo Regency Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Office (DPM-PTSP), the research informants consist of staff and employees along with the public who want to take care of licensing letters at the Wajo Regency DPM-PTSP Office. This study uses a qualitative method with a descriptive approach.The results of this study show that the application of Good Governance principles at the Wajo Regency Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Office (DPM-PTSP) has been running well, including accountability that has been effective and efficient in terms of achieving strategic objectives that contain vision, mission, goals and objectives, and activities that are equipped with performance indicators and targets to be achieved,  Transparency with the accountability of staff and employees in carrying out their respective duties which are quite professional, Participation shows that the community feels very satisfied with public services, and the Rule of Law is also very good because it is carried out fairly without discriminating against the social status of the community. The conclusion is that the application of the Good Governance Principle at the Wajo Regency DPM-PTSP office has been realized and implemented well.

Putri Nur Genggona; Kartika Fajar Nieamah

Jurnal Manajemen Bisnis Digital Terkini 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

Sam Ratulangi International Airport in Manado plays a strategic role as the main gateway for tourists visiting North Sulawesi, making significant contributions to local tourism and the economy. The implementation of local wisdom at this airport, such as the use of regional languages and the integration of cultural elements in terminal design, aims to enrich the tourist experience and showcase the cultural richness of North Sulawesi. However, challenges remain regarding capacity and service quality, as well as maintaining the authenticity of local culture. This study aims to analyze how the application of local wisdom at Sam Ratulangi International Airport impacts the tourist experience in North Sulawesi and to evaluate the local cultural values implemented at the airport in enhancing the visitor experience. The research design uses a qualitative approach with a case study method to assess the application of local wisdom at Sam Ratulangi International Airport, Manado. The study, conducted in July 2024, combines interviews, observations, and documentation to gather data. Interviews with airport managers, local communities, and passengers provide insights into the impact of local wisdom. Observations focus on cultural elements at the airport, while documentation includes official data and relevant literature. Data validity is tested through triangulation of techniques and sources. Data analysis involves reduction, presentation, and conclusion drawing to address or refine the research problem. The study findings indicate that the application of local wisdom at Sam Ratulangi International Airport, such as traditional Kolintang music, batik exhibitions, and the use of regional languages, enhances the tourist experience by creating a distinctive atmosphere that introduces North Sulawesi's culture. Local values such as "mapalus" (community cooperation) and "torang samua basudara" (we are all brothers) are reflected in the friendly and efficient service, leaving a positive impression and shaping tourists' views of the region as rich in culture and humanitarian values.  

Ani Yusmitasari; Andri Juniarta; Dewi Arifta Sari; Diky Bustomy; Nadya Jihana Putri +3 more

Jurnal Pengabdian Sosial dan Kemanusiaan 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

community empowerment is a strategic step in increasing awreness of thr importance of environmental cleanliness. This study aims to analyze the roleof organic and inorganic waste banks as a means of education and waste management in public places. By actively involving the community, this program not only increases awareness of good waste management, but also encourages participation in maintaining environmental cleanliness. The methods used include observation and interviews with several village officials and cadres. The expected results are changes in community behavior towards a cleaner and more environmentally friendly lifestyle. Through tihis initiative, it is hoped that a cleaner and healthier environment will be created, as well as a collective awareness of maintaining environmental sustainability.

Mita Liana Sari; Dara Wisdianti

Jurnal Teknik dan Teknologi Indonesia (JTTI) 2024 PT. Arsil Reka Engineering

Museum Benteng Vredeburg Yogyakarta is one of the historical buildings that has high architectural and historical value. As a Dutch colonial heritage, the building originally functioned as a defense fort in the 18th century before being converted into a museum that documents the history of the Indonesian people's struggle. This research aims to analyze the architectural history of Museum Benteng Vredeburg, including its functional evolution, building design characteristics, and its relevance to the historical context and local culture. The method used in this research is a qualitative-descriptive approach, with data collection techniques in the form of literature study, direct observation, and visual analysis of building architectural elements. The results showed that Fort Vredeburg adopted a European colonial architectural style that was adapted to the tropical conditions of Indonesia, such as sloping roofs, large vents, and the use of local materials. In addition, the transformation of the building's function from a military fort to a museum reflects the changes in the historical and symbolic meanings of the building over time. The research also found that the architectural elements of the building, such as the bastion, the main gate, and the spaces inside the fort, reflect not only the construction technology of the time but also the strategic and symbolic value of Dutch colonialism in Indonesia. By changing its function as a museum, Fort Vredeburg now serves as a link between the past and the present, acting as an educational platform as well as preserving historical and architectural values.

Rusdiah Hasanuddin; Nurasia Natsir

International Journal of Economics, Commerce, and Management 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to critically analyze how accounting policies implemented in insurance companies contribute to effective risk management and overall financial stability. As the business environment becomes increasingly complex and competitive, insurance firms must adopt robust accounting policies that not only facilitate accurate financial reporting but also enhance their ability to identify, assess, and manage various risks. By employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative data, this research will explore the intricate relationships between accounting policies, risk management strategies, and their subsequent impact on the financial performance of insurance companies. The study will first provide a theoretical framework that outlines the significance of sound accounting practices in the context of risk management. It will then delve into empirical analysis through case studies of selected insurance companies, assessing how their accounting policies influence risk assessment and mitigation processes. Data will be collected via surveys and interviews with key stakeholders, including financial managers, risk officers, and auditors, to gather insights on the effectiveness of these policies in practice. Furthermore, this research will evaluate the correlation between specific accounting practices and key performance indicators, such as profitability, solvency, and liquidity ratios. By identifying best practices and potential areas for improvement, the study aims to offer practical recommendations that can enhance the alignment between accounting policies and risk management efforts. Ultimately, this research seeks to contribute to the existing literature on accounting and risk management in the insurance sector, providing valuable insights that can inform policy formulation and strategic decision-making within the industry. Through this comprehensive evaluation, the study aspires to foster a deeper understanding of how effective accounting policies can serve as a foundation for robust risk management frameworks, thereby promoting long-term financial stability in insurance companies.

Delima Afriyanti; Ahda Segati; Landes Yuanda

International Journal of Economics, Commerce, and Management 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

Productive zakat is one of the instrument potential Islamic philanthropy in empowerment economy society, especially UMKM actors. Research This aiming For developing a model for empowering Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) based on productive zakat at Collection Agency (BAZNAS) of Pekanbaru City. Research This using approach qualitative with method studies cases in BAZNAS Pekanbaru City. Data collected through interview in-depth, observation, and documentation. Research results show that zakat is productive can become solution strategic in development of MSMEs with provide business capital, mentoring and training for mustahik. The proposed empowerment model covering a number of stages , namely identification mustahik potential , assessment eligibility effort , giving capital assistance , mentoring efforts , and evaluation sustainability business . Implementation of this model expected can increase capacity and independence economy mustahik, and optimize management of productive zakat at BAZNAS. With development of this model , BAZNAS Pekanbaru City expected can more effective in operate his role as institution zakat managers who do not only focuses on the distribution of consumptive zakat , but also plays a role active in empowerment economy people through productive zakat . Research This give contribution practical and theoretical in field Islamic philanthropy and empowerment economy, as well as become reference for other zakat institutions in optimize productive use of zakat For support growth of MSMEs.  

Kiyatun Kiyatun; Muchotob Hamzah; Ngarifin Shidiq

Ikhlas : Jurnal Ilmiah Pendidikan Islam 2024 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Pendidikan Agama dan Filsafat Indonesia

The purpose of this research is to collect data on education in general and the leadership style of the madrasah principal in particular in an effort to improve student achievement. This research method is qualitative. Research conducted on descriptive analysis, speech, writing, and behavior as reported by individuals (subjects) themselves is known as qualitative research. The subjective nature of the principal is emphasized in this research approach. In order to increase the number of student achievements at MI Ma'arif Kaliwiro, the Madrasah principal's leadership plan includes involving and maximizing stakeholders, parents and students, conducting supervision, setting annual achievement targets, and giving gifts. Setting an example to the community, implementing strategic reforms with circumstances, and utilizing a combination of authoritarian and democratic leadership styles based on circumstances, and formulating the Madrasah's vision and mission to meet the aspirations of the community, parents, and Madrasah residents are part of the Madrasah principal's leadership strategy at MI Ma'arif Kaliwiro.

Desty Endrawati Subroto; Halimi Rifa’ata Fauzan; Muhammad Fadel Hasan Maliki; Wina Mulyani

Jurnal Pengabdian Sosial dan Kemanusiaan 2024 Lembaga Pengembangan Kinerja Dosen

This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of using biopore holes in Pasuluhan Village as a means of absorbing rainwater and producing natural compost. To manage the intensity of rainwater entering the soil and processing organic waste, Pasuluhan residents can create biopore absorption holes as a simple technology that has great potential in managing the intensity of rainwater absorbing into the soil and managing organic waste. The method used includes making biopore holes in 6 strategic locations in the Pasuluhan area. Several points were used to make biopore holes, namely at the residences of Pak Sukriadi, Pak Subur and Pasuluhan Village. The research results show that biopore holes are able to increase the soil’s absorption capacity for rainwater, which has a positive impact in reducing waterlogging and flooding. Apart from that, biopore holes have also proven effective in processing organic waste into compost which is beneficial for soil fertility. Thus, it is hoped that the application of this technology can be a practical and environmentally friendly solution and can be easily applied by local residents in managing water and waste resources in the Pasuluhan area.