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Criminal responsibility is constructed through the elements of homicide offences, the assessment of mens rea, accomplice liability, and sentencing rationality grounded in individual culpability. In judicial practice, however, cases involving the killing of women are frequently framed at the outset through the labels of “honour” or “intimate relationship,” leading honour killing and intimate partner femicide to be treated as interchangeable categories. This practice shifts the assessment of intent toward the perpetrator’s narrated motive and narrows accountability to the last physical actor. This research aims to formulate, first, legal criteria and evidentiary indicators for distinguishing the two categories through a staged judicial classification test, and second, to assess the implications of such classification for the construction of intent, the attribution of responsibility to non-executing actors, and sentencing rationality through disciplined reason-giving. The study employs a normative legal method with a conceptual approach, based on library research of primary and secondary legal materials. The findings demonstrate that the core deficiency lies in the absence of an operational classification device, allowing honour narratives to displace structured mens rea analysis and to obscure the causal contributions of non-executors. The article proposes working definitions and a stepwise indicator-based test—focusing on the presence of determinative social pressure or sanctioning, provable role allocation within perpetrator networks, and prior threats framed in terms of honour restoration—and links these indicators to concrete doctrinal consequences for intent, accomplice liability, and sentencing. Through this framework, judicial reasoning is redirected from label-driven interpretation toward accountability, while restraining the use of honour as a mitigating rationale and preventing femicide patterns from being concealed by reputational narratives.

This study aims to identify and describe the values of Islamic education embedded in the art of Rampak Barongan Dance performed by the Krido Turonggo Mudo Art Studio in Koya Barat Subdistrict, Jayapura City, as well as to analyze this artistic practice as a medium for character education and cultural da’wah within the community. This research employs a qualitative method with a descriptive approach, focusing on an in-depth understanding of the meanings and practices of Islamic values in artistic activities. Research data were collected through direct observation, in-depth interviews with the studio managers and members, and documentation related to the dance training and performance processes. The collected data were analyzed interactively through the stages of data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing to obtain systematic and comprehensive results. The findings indicate that the Rampak Barongan Dance contains Islamic educational values, including faith (aqidah), sharia, morality (akhlak), and social values. These values are reflected in prayers before performances, the use of modest attire in accordance with Islamic sharia, sincerity in performance, social ethics, solidarity, and teamwork. The practice of training and performing the dance serves as a means of cultivating discipline, responsibility, respect for time, and functions as an effective medium of cultural da’wah by integrating artistic aesthetics with Islamic moral messages.

Employee cooperatives play a strategic role as an economic buffer for teachers and school staff, particularly in providing access to safe, transparent, and equitable financial services. This study aims to evaluate the salary and share deduction system in managing member loans at the “Maju Terus” Employee Cooperative of SMKS Yohanes XXIII Maumere. The evaluation focuses on salary deduction procedures for active members, share deduction mechanisms for inactive members, handling of arrears, system effectiveness, obstacles encountered, causes of obstacles, and improvement efforts that have been made. The research method used is a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation studies. The study results show that the salary and share deduction system has been implemented in a structured and effective manner, successfully maintaining the non-performing loan rate below 2% for the past three years, as well as supporting cash flow stability and increasing cooperative revenue. However, the implementation of this system still faces obstacles such as late payment of salary deductions by the school treasurer, insufficient shares of inactive members to cover arrears, a manual recording system, and minimal outreach to new members. Improvement efforts that have been made include monthly coordination meetings, intensive outreach, transparency through membership books, quarterly reporting, and the implementation of moral sanctions. These findings confirm that the salary and share deduction system is not only a loan security tool, but also a concrete manifestation of cooperative values: kinship, collective responsibility, and economic justice.

This study examines the role of communication in agency services to improve shipowner satisfaction at PT. Gemalindo Sukses Bahari in Dumai. As a company engaged in the field of ship agency, PT. Gemalindo Sukses Bahari has an important responsibility in establishing effective communication with shipowners to ensure smooth operations and satisfactory service. The purpose of this study is to analyze how the communication strategy implemented by the company can affect the level of satisfaction of shipowners, as well as to identify the communication factors that are most influential in building professional and trustworthy working relationships. The research method used is a qualitative approach with research data obtained through interviews, observations, and document reviews. The findings indicate that transparent, responsive, and informative communication between agents and shipowners has a significant influence on increasing customer satisfaction. In addition, the use of appropriate communication media, timeliness in delivering information, and the agent's interpersonal skills are key elements in maintaining harmonious working relationships. This study concludes that effective communication is the main foundation for the success of ship agency services and has a direct impact on shipowner satisfaction and loyalty.

This study, entitled "Analysis of the Application of Sharia Economic Principles in Nuris Medika Fund Management," aims to analyze the extent to which Sharia economic principles are applied in the fund management system at the Nuris Medika healthcare institution. Sharia economic principles emphasize justice, transparency, mutual assistance (ta'awun), and the prohibition of riba (usury), gharar (gharar), and maysir (gambling). This study used a qualitative method with a descriptive approach. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation of managers and related parties at Nuris Medika. Data analysis was carried out through the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing. The research results indicate that fund management at Nuris Medika largely adheres to Islamic economic principles, particularly in terms of transparency in fund use, social responsibility, and the implementation of an interest-free system in internal financial transactions. However, several aspects still need to be strengthened, such as the development of more systematic Sharia-based standard operating procedures (SOPs) and increasing Sharia economic literacy among all institution managers. Overall, the implementation of Islamic economic principles at Nuris Medika can be categorized as good and has the potential to become a model for financial management in Islamic boarding school-based healthcare institutions based on Islamic values.

At the age range of 11–12 years, children enter the final phase of primary school which is marked by rapid development in various aspects, including cognitive, psychomotor, social, and moral, all of which are interrelated in the educational process. The development of elementary school-age children is the main foundation for the formation of personality, intelligence, and social-moral skills in the future. This study aims to analyze and describe the developmental analysis of aspects (cognitive, psychomotor, social, and moral) in children aged 11–12 years. This study uses a qualitative and descriptive approach, where data is collected through observation, interviews and documentation to understand behavior in depth. The results of the case study on the subject of Syifa Khairunnisa show that the development of these four aspects is well internalized in daily life. Syifa's cognitive development can be seen from her ability to understand material through repetition, awareness to adjust the way of learning when difficult, and the ability to explain lessons to friends in simple language. Psychomotor development is seen in good coordination of movements (e.g. in sports), fine motor skills, and self-control. In the aspect of Social Development, Syifa shows the ability to interact positively, work together, and choose peaceful ways to resolve differences of opinion. Lastly, Syifa's moral development is reflected in the attitude of caring, honesty, responsibility, obedience to school regulations, and the practice of religious values. Overall, this case study confirms that the development of children at the end of primary school is a holistic process that requires integrated support from the school environment and family.

This study aims to describe the social values ​​contained in the novel Warung Bujang by Jessica Carmelia. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with a sociology of literature approach. The research data are in the form of words, sentences, dialogues, and paragraphs containing social values ​​in the novel. The main data source is the novel Warung Bujang by Jessica Carmelia, published in 2023. Data collection techniques were carried out through thorough reading, recording, and classifying data relevant to the research focus. Data analysis techniques were carried out by identifying, describing, interpreting, and concluding social values ​​based on Zubaedi's theory. The results of the study show that the novel Warung Bujang contains various social values, namely the values ​​of family, loyalty, mutual assistance, cooperation, caring, responsibility, justice, tolerance, and empathy. These values ​​are reflected through the behavior of the characters, conflicts, and social interactions that depict community life realistically. Thus, the novel Warung Bujang functions not only as a work of entertainment literature, but also as a means of learning social values ​​relevant to community life.

The development of electronic commerce (e-commerce) in Indonesia has grown rapidly alongside the increased use of digital technology by the public. While offering convenience and efficiency in transactions, e-commerce also presents various legal challenges that may harm consumers, such as unclear product information, personal data breaches, and weak dispute resolution mechanisms. These conditions highlight the importance of consumer legal protection in digital transactions. This study aims to analyze consumer legal protection in e-commerce transactions, focusing on existing challenges and legal remedies based on Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection and Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 on Trade Through Electronic Systems. The research employs a qualitative method with a normative juridical approach. Data were collected through literature review of primary legal materials, including laws and regulations, as well as secondary materials such as journals, books, articles, and other relevant sources. The findings indicate that consumer legal protection in Indonesian e-commerce transactions has an adequate legal foundation. Law Number 8 of 1999 serves as the main basis for protecting consumer rights, while Government Regulation Number 80 of 2019 strengthens regulations in response to digital commerce developments. However, implementation remains challenging, particularly regarding supervision and consistent law enforcement. Therefore, stronger government involvement, increased responsibility of e-commerce businesses, and improved consumer awareness are needed to achieve effective and sustainable consumer protection.

Guidance and counseling is an essential service in the academic framework that aims to support the optimal development of students. The success of BK services does not only depend on the competence of guidance and counseling teachers, but also on the involvement and synergy of all school personnel. However, in practice, BK services are often understood as the individual responsibility of BK teachers, so that the roles of other school personnel have not been optimally integrated. This research seeks to delineate the duties and responsibilities of school personnel in guidance and counseling activities and to examine the patterns of collaboration that have been established in their implementation. This research utilizes a qualitative approach using a literature study method, with data sources in the form of accredited national journal articles and related scientific publications over the past five years. The data were evaluated by employing content analysis techniques to identify topics related to the roles of the principal, guidance counselors, homeroom teachers, subject teachers, and educational staff. Findings from this research indicate that the effectiveness of guidance and counseling services is greatly influenced by the clarity of the division of tasks, managerial support from the principal, and collaboration between school personnel. The findings also reveal a gap between the ideal concept of collaborative guidance and counseling services and their implementation in schools. The Scientific implications stress the vital role of strengthening coordination and integration of the roles of school personnel in developing more effective, systematic, and sustainable guidance and counseling services.

Early marriage is a social phenomenon that still frequently occurs in Indonesia and gives rise to various problems, both from the perspective of state law and socio-religious aspects. From the standpoint of state regulations, early marriage is considered a violation of statutory provisions, particularly the Marriage Law, which stipulates a minimum legal age for marriage in order to protect children's rights. This practice results in various negative impacts, including increased health risks for mothers and children, disruption of educational attainment, economic instability within families, as well as high rates of divorce and domestic violence. From the perspective of Islamic law, early marriage is not absolutely prohibited; however, Islam strongly emphasizes the principles of public welfare (maṣlaḥah), physical and mental readiness, and responsibility in establishing a household. Therefore, Islamic legal solutions to early marriage as a violation of state regulations can be implemented through the maqāṣid al-sharī‘ah approach, which aims to protect life, intellect, and lineage, as well as by supporting state regulations intended to safeguard the rights and welfare of children. Consequently, synergy between Islamic law and state law is essential in preventing early marriage and in creating a healthy and just family structure.

Article 20 of the Personal Data Protection Law (UU PDP) normatively regulates the protection of data subjects and constitutes a key provision emphasizing the principle of consent as the legal basis for the processing of personal data for commercial purposes. This norm safeguards individual privacy rights, including the validity of explicit consent, the right to withdraw consent, and the responsibility of data controllers. Furthermore, Articles 65–70 of the UU PDP substantively regulate various forms of criminal violations in the context of personal data protection, including the acquisition, disclosure, processing, falsification, and illegal use of personal data, demonstrating the state’s commitment to providing criminal law protection against personal data breaches. This study employs doctrinal legal research with a descriptive-normative approach to address two main issues. First, it aims to examine and identify the legal protection of personal data trading under the UU PDP. Second, it seeks to analyze and identify the legal certainty of personal data trading as regulated by the UU PDP. Although Article 20 of the UU PDP is intended to provide strong protection against the commercial use of personal data, the provision still gives rise to legal uncertainty due to the lack of clear regulation of several crucial aspects. Similarly, Articles 65–70 contain significant legal uncertainties, particularly with regard to the elements of criminal offenses, forms of harm, corporate criminal liability, overlap with other regulations, and the absence of clear enforcement mechanisms and implementing institutions.  

The acceleration of stunting reduction in Ponorogo Regency faces challenges regarding the complexity of the issue and regional fiscal constraints, necessitating strategic cross-sectoral collaboration. This study aims to evaluate the synergy of Bank BCA's Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) program through the "Bakti BCA" scheme in supporting local government policies related to specific and sensitive nutrition interventions. This research employs a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews with key informants from Bank BCA Ponorogo management, Bappeda, the Health Office, and beneficiary families, complemented by participatory observation and a review of the Regional Action Plan (RAD) documents. Data analysis was performed interactively by integrating the Collaborative Governance framework from Ansell and Gash, William N. Dunn's six policy evaluation criteria, and Mark Moore's Public Value concept to analyze the dynamics of cooperation and program performance achievements. The results indicate that the established synergy meets the criteria of appropriateness and effectiveness, where CSR interventions successfully bridged the gap in sanitation services and nutritional fulfillment in stunting locus villages uncovered by the regional budget (APBD). This collaboration proved successful in creating public value in the form of improved physical health status of toddlers, regional budget efficiency, and high community responsiveness. It can be concluded that this strategic partnership effectively accelerates the achievement of stunting reduction targets through equitable resource distribution. This study recommends that private sector engagement be formally integrated from the development planning deliberation (Musrenbang) stage to ensure long-term impact sustainability.

This study explores the profound impact of teacher personality competence on student character formation through a descriptive narrative lens grounded in the sociology of education. Education is not merely a technical transfer of knowledge but a complex social process where the teacher acts as a pivotal moral agent and role model. By synthesizing classical sociological paradigms—Functionalism, Conflict Theory, and Symbolic Interactionism—with contemporary empirical evidence, this article argues that a teacher's personality is a dynamic social construct that shapes the "hidden curriculum" and the overall school climate. The narrative analysis reveals that traits such as empathy, integrity, and social justice are not just individual attributes but essential tools for moral socialization and the internalization of collective values. The study finds that teachers who embody these virtues foster a sense of social belonging and ethical responsibility in students, effectively bridging the gap between individual identity and societal expectations. The article concludes that strengthening teacher personality competence is a strategic imperative for developing a resilient and morally grounded generation, recommending integrated professional development that emphasizes the teacher's role as a moral authority in the 21st-century social landscape.

This study aims to analyze the influence of the work environment and job satisfaction on employee performance at PT Tirtakencana Tatawarna in Karawang. The study employed a qualitative approach with descriptive methods to gain an in-depth understanding of employee perceptions and experiences regarding their working conditions. Informants were selected using purposive sampling, with the criteria being employees who had worked for at least one year and were directly involved in the company's operational activities. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews supported by documentation studies. Data analysis was conducted through data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing, with data validity tested using source triangulation. The results indicate that a conducive work environment, both physical and non-physical, and a good level of job satisfaction have a positive effect on employee performance. A comfortable work environment and harmonious working relationships can increase employee motivation and effectiveness, while job satisfaction fosters a positive attitude and responsibility in completing tasks. Thus, the work environment and job satisfaction play a significant role in improving employee performance at PT Tirtakencana Tatawarna in Karawang.

This study analyzes Muhammad Asad's Islamic political thought, which seeks to unite Islamic spiritual values with modern political thought. Asad rejects the limited view that considers Islam merely a ritualistic religion, and asserts that Islam is a value system that governs various aspects of life, including politics and government. Using a qualitative approach and library research methods, this study explores Asad's ideas on the Islamic state, democracy and shura, social justice, and the interaction between religion and the state. The findings of this study show that Asad views the Islamic state as an ethical entity that upholds justice, the rule of law, and moral responsibility. The concept of shura is understood as a type of moral democracy based on the values of justice and public participation. Asad also emphasizes that social justice is an important aspect of Islamic government that supports the welfare of society. Asad's thinking rejects both extreme secularism and absolute theocracy, and offers a model of Islamic politics that is rational, participatory, and based on morality. The relevance of this thinking lies in its ability to provide solutions to the crisis of ethics and justice in modern politics through a combination of spirituality and rationality in government.

The environmental crisis is a global issue that has become increasingly evident and directly affects human life, including rural communities. Deforestation, environmental pollution, and changes in human lifestyles reflect an imbalanced relationship between humanity and nature. From a Christian faith perspective, the environmental crisis is not merely an ecological or social problem. This article aims to examine ecotheology as a foundation of Christian faith in responding to environmental crises, while also describing its practical implementation through a Community Service program conducted by lecturers and students of the Master’s Program in Christian Religious Education at IAKN Tarutung in 2025 in Situmeang Pintu Bosi Village, Sipoholon District, North Tapanuli Regency. The method employed is a qualitative approach using a participatory service model, which includes ecotheological material presentations, Bible-based reflective discussions, and the accompaniment of simple environmental care actions with the local community. The service materials emphasize the understanding of God as the Creator and Owner of all creation, the cultural mandate and stewardship, the reality of sin and its impact on the degradation of creation, and the role of the church and believers in preserving environmental integrity. The results indicate an increased theological understanding among the community regarding Christian responsibility toward the environment, along with the growth of ethical awareness to care for nature through concrete actions in daily life. This activity affirms that ecotheology is not merely conceptual, but has practical relevance in fostering faith-based ecological awareness.

Public street lighting (PJU) is an important infrastructure in supporting the safety and comfort of road users. The provision of PJU is the responsibility of the Sukabumi Regency Transportation Agency, which must be carried out in accordance with Minister of Transportation Regulation No. 47 of 2023 concerning Street Lighting Equipment. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Sukabumi Regency Transportation Agency in providing PJU in the Kadudampit District. The research method used was qualitative with a descriptive approach. Data collection was carried out through field observations, interviews, and documentation studies. The results of the study indicate that the provision of PJU in Kadudampit Subdistrict is not yet fully effective, as indicated by the existence of PJU that is not functioning optimally and uneven distribution. The main obstacles faced include budget and maintenance limitations. Nevertheless, the implementation of street lighting provision has been in accordance with the provisions of Permenhub No. 47 of 2023. Therefore, improved planning and supervision are needed to increase the effectiveness of street lighting provision.

This study aims to: (1) examine the effect of an entrepreneurship program using a Design thinking approach on the entrepreneurial spirit of Grade V students at UPT SPF SD Inpres Baraya 1, Makassar City, and (2) examine the effect of an entrepreneurship program using a Design thinking approach on student independence of Grade V students at UPT SPF SD Inpres Baraya 1, Makassar City. This research employed a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental method using a Non-Equivalent Control Group Design. The research subjects consisted of two groups: an experimental group that received an entrepreneurship program based on Design thinking and a control group that did not receive the treatment. Data were collected using questionnaires measuring students’ entrepreneurial spirit and independence, supported by documentation. Data analysis was conducted using descriptive statistics, classical assumption tests, and hypothesis testing through an independent samples t-test. The results indicate that the entrepreneurship program using a design thinking approach had a significant positive effect on students’ entrepreneurial spirit and independence. The independent samples t-test revealed that the program significantly improved students’ entrepreneurial spirit (p = 0.002 < 0.05) compared to the control group. Likewise, a very significant effect was found on student independence, with a significance value of p = 0.001 < 0.05. These findings confirm that the application of a design thinking–based entrepreneurship program effectively enhances key entrepreneurial attributes, including creativity, initiative, responsibility, and independence among fifth-grade elementary school students.

This study discusses the role of prayer in shaping character and daily ethics as one of the main pillars of Islamic teachings. Prayer is not merely a ritual act of worship but also serves as a means of spiritual and moral education and shapes the overall personality of Muslims. This study uses a literature review method by examining various sources such as books, journals, and scientific articles relevant to Google Scholar from 2020 to 2025, sourced from 20 Indonesian-language journals and 5 English-language journals. Based on this background, prayer plays an important role in instilling values of discipline, responsibility, sincerity, patience, and self-reflection, which contribute to the formation of an individual's character and integrity. In addition, prayer also serves as the foundation of social ethics by fostering honesty, justice, empathy, politeness, and solidarity in social interactions. There is also congregational prayer, which, when performed, can strengthen the values of togetherness, brotherhood, and social concern, which are the foundations of a harmonious social life. Research shows that consistent and solemn prayer practices can control desires, prevent immoral and evil deeds, and provide mental and spiritual balance for the practitioner. Thus, prayer is an important instrument in the moral and spiritual development of Muslims and is relevant in facing modern challenges such as stress and social ethical degradation.

Technological developments and modern lifestyles have indirectly changed the way elementary school children interact with their surroundings. Most of them spend all day playing with gadgets. The lack of physical interaction with the natural environment is not just a matter of preference, but can also affect many important aspects of child development. Therefore, an innovative approach is needed to bridge this gap, namely, through aquascape training. Aquascape is the art of arranging and combining aquatic plants, water, sand, stones, driftwood, and other elements in a playful manner through a combination of underwater aesthetic styles in an aquarium. The purpose of this training is for children to be invited to directly recognize and understand aquatic ecosystems, but also to actively practice their responsibility, creativity, and awareness. Thus, it is hoped that aquascape training can divert a small portion of screen time to more meaningful real experiences, shaping a generation that is more connected to nature and the surrounding environment. The community service program was conducted for 110 fifth-grade students at Kebalenan State Elementary School in Banyuwangi Regency on January 14, 2025. The activity was carried out in person. Session 1 focused on Environmental Education and Ornamental Fish, while Session 2 involved training in creating a simple aquascape. During the training, the students showed high motivation, enthusiasm, and interest in participating in the activity.