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Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose levels due to impaired insulin action. Blood glucose control is influenced by various factors, one of which is dietary patterns. Diets that do not adhere to balanced nutrition principles can lead to poor glycemic control and increase the risk of complications. This study employed a quantitative design with a cross-sectional approach. The research sample consisted of 95 patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus at Sari Asih Karawaci Hospital in 2025, selected using purposive sampling techniques. Dietary pattern data were collected using a questionnaire, while blood glucose level data were obtained from medical examination results. Data analysis was conducted using univariate and bivariate analysis with the Contingency Coefficient test. The results showed that most respondents had good dietary patterns (58.9%), and blood glucose levels within the normal category (51.6%). Bivariate analysis using the Contingency Coefficient test indicated a p-value of 0.005, demonstrating a significant relationship between dietary patterns and blood glucose levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. There is a significant relationship between dietary patterns and blood glucose levels in patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus. Proper dietary management is an important factor in controlling blood glucose levels and should be a primary focus in nursing care and health education for patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus.

This research was conducted in April 2024 in Kota Besi Hulu Village, Kota Besi Subdistrict, Kotawaringin Timur Regency. The research location was determined purposively. The objectives of this study were: (1) to analyze the characteristics of tomato farmers in Kota Besi Hulu Village, Kota Besi Subdistrict, Kotawaringin Timur Regency; and (2) to analyze the factors influencing tomato production in the same area. The sampling technique employed was a census (saturated sampling), in which all active tomato farmers who were members of farmer groups in Kota Besi Hulu Village were included as respondents. A total of 64 tomato farmers participated in this study. The data collected were analyzed using the Cobb–Douglas production function model. The results of the study in Kota Besi Hulu Village, Kota Besi Subdistrict, Kotawaringin Timur Regency, indicate important patterns in local farming practices based on data regarding land area, fertilizer use, seed use, pesticide use, and tomato production. The majority of farmers cultivated land ranging from 7,060.12 to 7,614.72 hectares, reflecting a tendency to manage relatively large farm areas. In terms of fertilizer application, most farmers used between 130.05 and 139.53 kilograms, suggesting a preference for higher input levels to achieve optimal yields. Regarding seed use, the dominant range was between 156.04 and 175.36 kilograms, which may contribute to better production outcomes. Pesticide application also showed a dominant pattern within the range of 4,001.72 to 4,878.76 liters, indicating farmers’ primary strategy in controlling pests and diseases.

The increasing complexity and scale of modern network traffic driven by IoT and cloud-based infrastructures have made accurate intrusion detection a critical challenge. Conventional network intrusion detection systems (NIDS) and many deep learning–based approaches struggle to reliably detect minority and stealthy attacks due to severe class imbalance and limited discrimination of subtle traffic patterns. To address these limitations, this study proposes a hybrid CNN–RBF–Attention framework for network intrusion detection. The proposed model integrates three complementary components: (i) a convolutional neural network for hierarchical feature extraction from network flow data, (ii) a radial basis function (RBF) network for localized nonlinear classification using prototype-based decision regions, and (iii) an attention mechanism that adaptively weights RBF activations to emphasize discriminative traffic patterns. SMOTE is applied exclusively to the training data to mitigate class imbalance. The framework is evaluated on the widely used CICIDS2017 and CICIDS2018 benchmark datasets in both binary and multiclass settings, using recall, precision, F1-score, confusion matrices, and ROC analysis. Experimental results demonstrate that the proposed hybrid model consistently outperforms standalone CNN and RBF baselines, particularly in terms of recall and F1-score. On the CICIDS2018 dataset, the model achieves 99.81% accuracy and 99.81% F1-score in binary classification, and 99.54% accuracy and 99.54% F1-score in multiclass classification. On CICIDS2017, it achieves 98.12% accuracy and 98.12% F1-score in binary classification, and 98.92% accuracy and 98.92% F1-score in multiclass classification. Confusion matrix and ROC analyses further show strong class separability and reliable performance in low–false-positive-rate regions, which is critical for real-world IDS deployment. These results confirm that combining deep hierarchical feature learning, localized prototype-based classification, and attention-guided refinement yields a robust, operationally reliable intrusion detection framework for highly imbalanced network environments.

Prompt injection has emerged as a critical security threat for Large Language Models (LLMs), exploiting their inability to separate instructions from data within application contexts reliably. This paper provides a structured review of current attack vectors, including direct and indirect prompt injection, and highlights the limitations of existing defenses, with particular attention to the fragility of Known-Answer Detection (KAD) against adaptive attacks such as DataFlip. To address these gaps, we propose a novel, hybrid, multi-layered detection framework that operates in real-time. The architecture integrates heuristic pre-filtering for rapid elimination of obvious threats, semantic analysis using fine-tuned transformer embeddings for detecting obfuscated prompts, and behavioral pattern recognition to capture subtle manipulations that evade earlier layers. Our hybrid model achieved an accuracy of 0.974, precision of 1.000, recall of 0.950, and an F1 score of 0.974, indicating strong and balanced detection performance. Unlike prior siloed defenses, the framework proposes coverage across input, semantic, and behavioral dimensions. This layered approach offers a resilient and practical defense, advancing the state of security for LLM-integrated applications.

Anemia remains a significant public health problem commonly experienced by women of reproductive age (WRA) due to inadequate iron intake, blood loss during menstruation, and limited knowledge of healthy dietary patterns and balanced nutrition. This condition may lead to decreased productivity, reduced immune function, and an increased risk of complications in future pregnancies. This community service activity aimed to improve the knowledge of women of reproductive age regarding anemia prevention through balanced nutrition education at PMB Imelda Tae Sekadau in 2026. The method used in this activity was health education through lectures, discussions, and question-and-answer sessions. The activity was conducted through several stages, including opening, material delivery, evaluation, and closing sessions. A total of 11 women of reproductive age participated actively in the counseling session. The evaluation results indicated that more than 85% of participants were able to answer the questions provided after the material presentation, suggesting an improvement in understanding of anemia, its signs and symptoms, impacts, and the importance of implementing balanced nutrition in daily life as an effort to prevent anemia. Therefore, this counseling activity was considered effective in enhancing the knowledge of women of reproductive age regarding anemia prevention through balanced nutrition education.

Child violence cases in Jayapura City demonstrate a distinctive pattern of legal settlement characterised by the strong coexistence of customary law and the formal juvenile criminal justice system. While national legislation mandates diversion and restorative justice as primary mechanisms in handling children in conflict with the law, empirical findings reveal that most cases are resolved through indigenous customary forums known as para-para adat. This study aims to analyse the forms of settlement applied to child violence cases and to identify the constraints encountered in implementing both customary mechanisms and the formal juvenile justice system. The research employs a normative-empirical approach by combining statutory analysis with field data obtained from law enforcement institutions, legal aid organisations, and community respondents. The findings indicate that approximately ninety percent of cases between 2019 and 2024 were settled through customary mechanisms involving collective responsibility and the payment of customary fines as symbolic and material restoration. Diversion mechanisms under the formal system were rarely implemented. Although customary settlement is perceived as flexible, culturally legitimate, and socially restorative, several obstacles persist, including disagreement over compensation, inability to fulfil customary obligations, and limited awareness of restorative justice procedures. The study highlights the need to harmonise legal pluralism within child protection policies to ensure that customary practices align with the best interests of the child and national legal standards.

This study comprehensively analyzes the impact of sectarian conflict on mental health in Kirkuk through an ethnoreligious meta-analysis of 42 studies with a total of N=15,427 participants published between 2003 and 2023. The quantitative synthesis indicates a PTSD prevalence of 47.3% (95% CI: 44.2–50.4) among victims of sectarian conflict, with an uneven distribution across groups, where the Turkmen minority records the highest prevalence at 56.8%, exceeding Arab Sunni at 43.2% and Kurdish at 41.5%. Logistic regression analysis demonstrates that direct exposure to sectarian violence increases the risk of major depression by 3.4 times (OR=3.42, p<.001), anxiety by 2.8 times (OR=2.83, p<.001), and psychosomatic disorders by 2.5 times (OR=2.54, p<.001). Further meta-regression identifies duration of conflict exposure (β=.426, p<.001) and intensity of sectarian violence (β=.389, p<.001) as significant predictors of symptom severity. In contrast to the findings of Cummings et al. (2013) and Eltally (2019), which emphasize the general impact of conflict, this study reveals specific intergenerational trauma patterns within distinct ethnoreligious communities, with the highest transmission observed among families of sectarian massacre victims (d=0.82), while simultaneously highlighting variations in communal resilience across groups as a differential determinant of post-conflict psychosocial dynamics.

Pulmonary tuberculosis is a chronic infectious disease that can cause impaired gas exchange due to lung tissue damage, increased mucus production, and decreased lung elasticity. This condition may lead to shortness of breath, decreased oxygen saturation, and ineffective breathing patterns. Non-pharmacological nursing interventions such as pursed lip breathing exercise and body positioning are needed to improve respiratory function. The combination of pursed lip breathing exercise and the high Fowler position is expected to enhance alveolar ventilation and improve oxygenation in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Method: This study is a quantitative research with a pre-experimental/quasi-experimental design using a pre-test and post-test approach. The sample consists of pulmonary tuberculosis patients who experience impaired gas exchange and meet the inclusion criteria. The intervention provided is a combination of pursed lip breathing exercise and the high Fowler position. Gas exchange is measured by assessing oxygen saturation and respiratory rate before and after the intervention. Data will be analyzed using appropriate statistical tests to determine the effect of the intervention.Results: The expected results of this study are an increase in oxygen saturation and improvement in respiratory rate after the application of the combination of pursed lip breathing exercise and the high Fowler position in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis.Conclusion: The combination of pursed lip breathing exercise and the high Fowler position is expected to have a positive effect on improving gas exchange in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis and can be applied as an independent nursing intervention in clinical practice.

This meta-analysis systematically examines the psychological effects of the Gaza blockade on the mental health of affected populations, synthesizing data from 47 studies with 31,842 participants published between 2007 and 2024. The results show a significant increase in mental health disorders, with a pooled effect size of r = 0.73 (95% CI [0.68, 0.78]). PTSD was the most prevalent at 73.2%, followed by depression at 68.7%, and anxiety at 65.4%, highlighting the severe psychological impact. Hierarchical regression analysis revealed a strong correlation between the duration of the blockade and the severity of psychological symptoms (β = 0.68, p < .001). Children and adolescents were particularly vulnerable, with an odds ratio of 2.84 for developing complex trauma. Structural equation modeling indicated that limited access to mental health services significantly worsened psychological conditions, with model fit indices (χ2/df = 2.34, CFI = 0.96, RMSEA = 0.058). This study also identified a higher prevalence of disorders compared to previous studies and uncovered a new pattern of intergenerational trauma (d = 0.82). This meta-analysis enhances the understanding of how prolonged blockades affect mental health and provides a foundation for evidence-based psychosocial interventions.

This study systematically analyzes the effectiveness of school-based resilience programs designed for Palestinian children in the West Bank through a systematic review of 47 programs implemented over the period 2010–2023. The meta-analysis encompasses 12,847 participants aged 6–18 years from 89 schools and demonstrates a significant increase in resilience scores with a large effect size (d = 0.76, p < .001), accompanied by a substantial reduction in psychological trauma symptoms (r = -0.64, p < .001) and marked improvements in academic functioning (β = 0.58, p < .01). Programs integrating mindfulness approaches and psychosocial support exhibited the strongest effects (η² = 0.42), followed by expressive arts interventions (η² = 0.38) and play therapy (η² = 0.35), collectively underscoring the critical importance of non-conventional approaches in contexts of protracted conflict. Multilevel regression analysis revealed that a minimum program duration of 12 weeks and the level of family engagement contributed significantly to enhanced intervention effectiveness (R² = 0.67, p < .001). These findings extend the results of Qouta (2020) and Jabr et al. (2013) on child resilience in conflict zones, while offering an original contribution through the identification of specific program components most responsive to the Palestinian context. In particular, the integration of local cultural elements and the strengthening of collective identity were shown to increase program effectiveness by up to 43% compared with universal approaches, a pattern that has not been systematically documented in the previous literature.

Lifestyle changes, such as smoking habits, low physical activity, and suboptimal sleep patterns, have the potential to affect various health indicators. However, empirical evidence showing a direct link between lifestyle factors and objective health indicators still shows varying results. This study aims to analyze the relationship between lifestyle factors and health indicators in adult respondents, in an effort to provide an empirical picture of behavioral factors related to health conditions. This study used a quantitative approach with a cross-sectional observational analytic design. Data were obtained from 94 respondents who had complete lifestyle data and health examination results. Lifestyle factors analyzed included smoking habits, exercise frequency, and sleep duration, while health indicators included body mass index (BMI), systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood sugar levels, cholesterol, uric acid, and pulse rate. Data analysis was performed using descriptive statistics, the Shapiro–Wilk normality test, and the Spearman correlation test according to the characteristics of the data distribution. The results showed that smoking habits were significantly associated with diastolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), exercise frequency was significantly associated with BMI and systolic blood pressure (p < 0.05), and sleep duration was significantly associated with uric acid levels (p < 0.05). Meanwhile, the relationship between lifestyle factors and other health indicators did not show statistical significance. These findings indicate that the influence of lifestyle on health is specific to certain indicators and is not evenly distributed across all health parameters. This study concludes that identifying lifestyle factors relevant to certain health indicators is important as a basis for formulating more targeted health promotion strategies.

This study analyzes the similarities and differences between Japanese and Indonesian compound words, with particular attention to their structural patterns and semantic characteristics. The data were collected from official news websites in Japan and Indonesia, including Asahi Shinbun and Kompas, through observation and note-taking techniques. The collected data were analyzed through the distributional method, and the contrastive analysis was conducted based on morphological theories proposed by Chaer (2015), Katamba (2018), and Kageyama (2016). The findings reveal that ten Japanese and Indonesian compound words share equivalent meanings. From a structural perspective, both languages exhibit various types of compound formations, including noun, adjective, and verb compounds. A notable structural difference is that Japanese compound words may undergo a phonological process known as rendaku. From a semantic perspective, compound words in both languages may be categorized as endocentric and exocentric. However, some compounds do not share the same idiomatic meanings, even though they are constructed from identical lexemes in each language.  

This study analyzes the similarities and differences between Japanese and Indonesian compound words, with particular attention to their structural patterns and semantic characteristics. The data were collected from official news websites in Japan and Indonesia, including Asahi Shinbun and Kompas, through observation and note-taking techniques. The collected data were analyzed through the distributional method, and the contrastive analysis was conducted based on morphological theories proposed by Chaer (2015), Katamba (2018), and Kageyama (2016). The findings reveal that ten Japanese and Indonesian compound words share equivalent meanings. From a structural perspective, both languages exhibit various types of compound formations, including noun, adjective, and verb compounds. A notable structural difference is that Japanese compound words may undergo a phonological process known as rendaku. From a semantic perspective, compound words in both languages may be categorized as endocentric and exocentric. However, some compounds do not share the same idiomatic meanings, even though they are constructed from identical lexemes in each language.  

This study aims to examine the judge's considerations in rendering decisions in aggravated theft cases at the Medan District Court, with an emphasis on the balance between legal and non-legal aspects in realizing substantive justice. The issue of disparate sentencing that frequently arises is the main background of this study. The methods used are an integrated normative legal approach and an empirical legal approach. The normative approach is used to examine the provisions of Article 363 of the Criminal Code (KUHP) and the legal principles that govern the judge's considerations, while the empirical approach is carried out through direct observation of the trial process and analysis of the judge's decision. The results of the study indicate that the judge in case Number 1110/Pid. B/2025/PN Medan not only complied with legal aspects such as fulfilling the elements of the crime, evidence, and the application of the principle of legality, but also considered non-legal aspects such as the socio-economic conditions, age, and motives of the defendant. These considerations demonstrate the application of the principles of criminal individualization and proportional justice. In addition, the judge also considered moral values ​​and social benefits in his decision, which is in line with Gustav Radbruch's theory of three basic legal values: justice, legal certainty, and utility. This study concludes that the thinking patterns of judges at the Medan District Court reflect a shift toward substantive and restorative justice paradigms. It is recommended that the Supreme Court strengthen integrated sentencing guidelines to avoid disparities in sentencing and encourage the adoption of a rehabilitative approach for offenders with low economic motivations.

Transaction logs in online retail provide opportunities for data-driven customer segmentation. This study segments customers at two scopes global (all countries) and United Kingdom (UK) using Recency, Frequency, and Monetary (RFM) features derived from the Online Retail transaction dataset. After cleaning cancellations and invalid records, RFM variables are computed per customer and normalized. K-Means clustering is applied separately for global and UK data, while the number of clusters is selected via the elbow criterion and validated using internal indices. The best configuration for both scopes yields five clusters, with moderate separation quality based on the silhouette score. Cluster profiling indicates distinct groups ranging from low-frequency low-spending customers to highly frequent high-spending customers. The comparison between global and UK segmentation shows similar structural patterns, yet different proportions across segments, supporting targeted retention and value-driven marketing actions.

This study examines the dynamic progression of Regional Original Revenue (PAD), the realization of Domestic Investment (PMDN), the size of the labor force, infrastructure availability, and their implications for economic growth across 11 regencies and municipalities in Jambi Province over the period 2017–2023. The analysis employs a panel data regression model, utilizing a combination of time-series and cross-sectional data sourced from Statistics Indonesia and the Regional Investment and One-Stop Integrated Services Office. The empirical findings reveal that PAD experienced a growth rate of 5.39 percent. In contrast, PMDN and the labor force displayed fluctuating patterns, with percentage changes of 905.97 percent and 1.68 percent, respectively. Infrastructure development and economic growth recorded increases of 0.51 percent and 4.04 percent. Further analysis demonstrates that PAD, labor force participation, and infrastructure exert a positive and statistically significant influence on economic growth. Conversely, PMDN does not exhibit a statistically significant effect on regional economic growth within the observed period.

This study aims to analyze the strategies of tahfidz teachers in improving students’ Qur’anic memorization quality through a literature review approach. Memorization quality is not merely measured by the quantity of verses memorized, but also includes accuracy of recitation, fluency, consistency in muroja’ah (revision), and long-term memory retention. This research employed a literature review method by examining national and international journal articles as well as relevant academic books published between 2020 and 2025. Data were analyzed using content analysis techniques to identify themes, patterns, and research gaps related to teachers’ strategies in tahfidz learning. The findings reveal that effective tahfidz teaching strategies can be classified into four main aspects: (1) structured and consistent implementation of repetition (tikrar), (2) reinforcement of muroja’ah and periodic evaluation, (3) motivational strategies and character development, and (4) innovative learning approaches integrating collaboration and educational technology. The tikrar method is proven effective in strengthening memorization retention when supported by systematic program planning. Furthermore, intrinsic motivation, a conducive learning environment, and varied instructional methods significantly contribute to maintaining students’ memorization stability. In conclusion, improving the quality of Qur’anic memorization depends not only on repetition frequency but also on the integration of pedagogical strategies, affective-spiritual approaches, and instructional innovation. This study provides a conceptual contribution to the development of more comprehensive and sustainable tahfidz learning strategies.

Hypertension is one of the most common chronic diseases among the elderly and is often accompanied by insomnia. This condition can increase anxiety and reduce quality of life. Progressive Muscle Relaxation (PMR) is an effective non-pharmacological therapy to lower blood pressure and improve sleep quality. This paper describes nursing care for elderly patients with hypertension and insomnia through PMR application at RSUD Embung Fatimah Batam City in 2025. A case study approach was used through the nursing process, including assessment, nursing diagnosis, intervention, implementation, and evaluation. The main nursing diagnosis was sleep pattern disturbance related to physical discomfort and anxiety. Interventions included education and PMR exercises for six consecutive days. Results showed blood pressure decreased from 180/100 mmHg to 130/80 mmHg, sleep quality improved from difficulty sleeping to 6–7 hours per night, and anxiety levels reduced. Progressive muscle relaxation therapy proved effective as an independent nursing intervention to reduce blood pressure and improve sleep quality in elderly patients with hypertension and insomnia. Nurses should use this therapy as a routine non-pharmacological intervention in gerontological nursing practice.

This research aims to recontextualize the local wisdom embedded in the visual culture of the Muara Jambi Temple through the development of folklore-inspired batik motif designs. As a traditional Indonesian textile craft, batik serves not only functional purposes but alsp embodies profound cultural values and indigenous knowledge systems. Batik as a medium of cultural expression that invites multidimensional interpretaion within both practical and theoretical academic discourses. Its visual strength lies in the richness of colors, ornaments, and symbolic elements, which generate diverse interpretative meanings. These interpretations subsequently shape value systems that function as guiding principles in the everyday lives of Indonesian communities. The research used an experimental design method integrated with computer vision techniques to generate distinctive folklore batik motifs rooted in the cultural heritage of Muara Jambi, Sumatra. The research results are the creation of a Muara Jambi folklore batik motif that represents cultural expression, resilience, and continuity through the preservation of traditional patterns and environmentally conscious practices within the Jambi community. The transformation of motifs derived from artifacts from the Muara Jambi temple complex, serves as a primary source of inspiration for contemporary folklore batik design. The application of computer vision in the batik design process constitutes a form of sustainable digital innovation, facilitating the preservation, reinterpretation, and adaptive transformation of traditional visual heritage.

Islamic boarding schools (Islamic boarding schools) are required to integrate classical scholarly traditions and modern education, one way of doing this is through the integration of the study of yellow books (tahfidzul Qur'an) and Qur'an memorization (tahfidzul Qur'an). The Baitul Abidin Darussalam Wonosobo Tahfidzul Qur'an Islamic Boarding School implements an integrative learning system to balance Qur'an memorization and understanding of Islamic law (shari'a). However, it still faces obstacles such as a tight schedule, different methods, and weak coordination and evaluation. This study examines the implementation patterns, challenges, and impacts of this system, with the hope of serving as a reference for developing a balanced and sustainable model of Islamic boarding school education. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study design to understand in-depth the implementation of the integrative learning system between Qur'an memorization and the study of yellow books (tahfidzul Qur'an) at the Baitul Abidin Darussalam Wonosobo Islamic Boarding School (PPTQ). Subjects were selected purposively, including the boarding school administrator, tahfidz teachers, yellow book teachers, and students. Data were collected through in-depth interviews, participant observation, and documentation studies. Data analysis was conducted interactively using the Miles and Huberman model, which encompasses data reduction, data presentation, and conclusion drawing and verification to obtain a holistic and contextual understanding. The discussion shows that the integrative learning system in Islamic boarding schools is implemented through a balanced daily schedule between Quran memorization and yellow book study, allowing memorization, understanding, and moral development to occur simultaneously within the students' daily routines. Integration is achieved structurally through scheduling, methodologically by linking verse memorization with book study, and culturally through the instillation of values, etiquette, and pesantren traditions. The success of integration is supported by the exemplary behavior of the kiai (Islamic teachers) and ustadz (Islamic teachers), the religious environment, and the motivation and discipline of the students, despite challenges such as busy schedules, physical exhaustion, differences in student abilities, and limited facilities. The impact of implementing this system is seen in the improved quality of contextual memorization, a more critical understanding of the scriptures, the formation of disciplined and moral character, and the holistic spiritual development of students.