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Anxiety and pain are common problems experienced by postoperative patients and may negatively affect physiological and psyhological conditions as well as the recovery process. Management of anxiety and pain can be carried out throught pharmacological and non-pharmacological approaches, one of which is the autogenic relaxation technique. This technique is safe, simple easy to learn and does not cause side effects so it can be applied by healthcare professionals and performed independently by patients. This study aimed to determine the effect of autogenic relaxation on anxiety levels and pain intensity in postoperative patients in the general ward. This study employed a pre-experimental design with a pretest-posttest without control approach. The sample consisted of 31 respondents selected using a purposive sampling technique. Data were collected using the Hamilton Rating Scale for Anxiety (HRS-A) to measure anxiety levels and the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS) to assess pain intensity. The result of the Paired Sample T-test showed a p-value of 0,0001 (< 0,05), indicating a significant decrease in the mean anxiety level from moderate to mild after the intevention. The wilcoxon test also showed a p-value of 0,0001 (< 0,05), demonstrating a significant difference in pain intensity before and after the intervention, from moderate pain to mild pain. It can be cocluded that the autogenic relaxation technique has a significant effect on reducing anxiety levels and pain intensity in postoperative patients. This technique is recommended as a non-pharmacological intervention that can be applied by healthcare professionals to enhance patient comfort and support the postoperative recovery process.

Education plays a crucial and essential role in improving the quality of human resource globally, thus a research was conducted with the aim of producing a product, namely a learning module. This module is one of the learning resources that can be used by students independently. Therefore, the module was developed to function as a learniing guide for students. The lerning model used in this research is Creative Problem Solving. In this learning model, the teacher presents problems so that students can find answers innovatively and sharpen  their critical thinking skills. The suitability of this learning module will be evaluated based on three aspect, namely validity, practicality, and effectiveness. Based on the research sample data, this consists of students from class XI Electrical Power Installation Techniques (TITL) 1 at SMKN 1 Driyorejo. This method uses the Research & Development (R&D) approach. The analysis of differences in learning outcomes was carried out using the One Group Pretest-Posttest Method, the treatment in the form of a learning module based on the Creative Problem Solving model was given to student. The research result show that (1) the modules suitability is stated as very valid wth a score of 89,60, (2) aspect, it is stataed as very practical with a total average reaching 90,60, (3) effectiveness is proven from the improvement in learning outcomes in terms of knowledge and domains with an average pretest score of 51,3, while the average posttest score is 85 with a significance of 0.000.

This study evaluates the implementation of spot-check testing for road preservation works in Manado City, specifically on the Kairagi–Mapanget segment, the Manado City–Wori boundary, and the Liwas Terminal Access Road, to identify existing problems and assess the effectiveness of engineering-based mitigation efforts. The objective is to examine construction quality compliance with technical specifications and identify operational challenges encountered on site. The methodology encompasses the measurement of asphalt layer thickness and density via a core drill, the examination of contract documents, the analysis of laboratory test results, and the execution of field observations. The findings show that most samples meet the required standards, although several locations require corrective action. Challenges arise from weather conditions, heavy traffic, equipment limitations, and the need for adaptation to updated technical regulations. Operational mitigation strategies, staff training, the use of core drill technology, and digital documentation were found to enhance accuracy and efficiency in evaluation. The research demonstrates the value of stakeholder collaboration and capacity building in supporting quality control for road preservation works. A multidimensional approach is effective in resolving technical and operational complexities in urban road projects.

An agreement is a fundamental basis in civil law relations because it gives rise to rights and obligations for the parties who bind themselves. For an agreement to be valid, consent must arise from the free will of the parties without any defect of will as regulated in Articles 1320 and 1321 of the Indonesian Civil Code (KUHPerdata). In Indonesian legal practice, apart from classic defects of will such as coercion (dwang), mistake (dwaling), and fraud (bedrog), a modern form of defect of will has also developed, namely abuse of circumstances (misbruik van omstandigheden). Abuse of circumstances occurs when one party exploits the weak condition, dependency, or ignorance of the other party to obtain unfair advantage in an agreement. This research formulates the problems of how the concept of defect of will in abuse of circumstances is applied in the jurisprudence of Indonesian contract law and what are the legal consequences of abuse of circumstances in an agreement. The method used is normative legal research with a statutory approach and conceptual approach, as well as related legal literature. The conclusion of this research shows that abuse of circumstances is a modern form of defect of will recognized through doctrine and jurisprudence. The legal consequence is that the agreement can be annulled because the element of free consent is not fulfilled. This legal consequence provides protection for the aggrieved party and confirms that the principle of freedom of contract is not absolute, but is limited by good faith, propriety, and balance.

High school adolescents are in a vulnerable developmental phase towards emotional and behavioral problems due to rapid biological, cognitive, and social changes. Limitations in emotional management can trigger the emergence of problematic behavior, such as aggressiveness, violations of school rules, conflicts with peers, and bullying, both directly and through digital media. This article aims to analyze problematic behavior in high school adolescents from the perspective of emotional conditions. This study used a qualitative approach with a literature review method of 20 national and international scientific articles obtained through Google Scholar and analyzed descriptively-thematically. The results of the study indicate that adolescent problematic behavior is influenced by the interaction of individual, family, school, and social environment factors that are increasingly complex. Low emotional regulation and emotional intelligence increase the tendency for maladaptive behavior, while family support, a conducive school climate, and Guidance and Counseling services act as protective factors. Therefore, a holistic and sustainable approach is needed through strengthening emotional intelligence, preventive Guidance and Counseling services, and the development of life skills to support the social-emotional development of adolescents.

The Cash on Delivery (COD) system is one of the payment methods frequently used in online buying and selling transactions, where consumers pay for ordered products upon receipt of the goods. Although it provides convenience, this system often causes problems, especially related to transaction cancellations by consumers after the delivery process has been carried out by business actors. This research examines how the regulation and allocation of risk for goods return in the COD system according to the Civil Code and the forms of legal protection provided to business actors against the risk of goods return in the COD system according to Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection. The method used in this research is normative, supplemented by literature study results such as legislation. The results show that the Civil Code recognizes the concept of risk as a legal consequence related to the possibility of losses on the object of the agreement, and legal protection for business actors is divided into preventive legal protection and repressive legal protection.

Smoking is the activity of smoking smoke from the burning of tobacco in cigarettes, one end of the cigarette is burned and the smoke can be smoked through the mouth on the other end. If the amount or form of hemoglobin is abnormal, red blood cells cannot function properly in transporting oxygen and carbon dioxide. This can trigger various health problems, including anemia. From the results of this study, we can see that the average value or mean value of hemoglobin levels is 12.5 g/dL, the median value is 12.9 g/dL, the minimum value is 11.9 g/dL, and the maximum value is 16.2 g/dL. The results showed that most of the respondents had hemoglobin levels within normal limits. In detail, hemoglobin levels in the normal category were 23 respondents, low category was 1 respondent, and high category was 1 respondent. This shows that the majority of active smokers in Market VI of North Binjai Village still have normal hemoglobin levels, although smoking has the potential to affect oxygen transport capacity in the long term and increase the risk of health problems if it continues continuously.

Gethsemane Salatiga website using Jakob Nielsen’s heuristic evaluation method combined with a triangulation approach. The evaluation involved 20 respondents, consisting of 7 UI/UX experts and 13 general users and guests, who assessed the website based on Nielsen’s ten heuristic principles, including visibility of system status, match between system and the real world, user control and freedom, consistency and standards, error prevention, recognition rather than recall, flexibility and efficiency of use, aesthetic and minimalist design, error recovery, and help and documentation. To minimize potential bias, the study integrated heuristic evaluation with user context analysis and empirical validation through usability testing, thereby providing a more comprehensive assessment. The results indicate that the overall UI/UX quality of the website is relatively good, with average scores ranging from 3 to 4 on a 5-point scale. Most identified issues fall within minor to moderate severity levels, with no critical problems affecting core functionalities. Consistency and standards received the highest average score (4.0), while alignment with user expectations and visual comfort still need improvement. Recommendations include enhancing system feedback, strengthening error prevention mechanisms, and improving help and documentation features. The differences in assessments between expert and non-expert respondents highlight the importance of professional evaluation in identifying usability issues. This study contributes to the refinement of a more reliable and contextually relevant UI/UX evaluation framework, particularly within the hospitality and tourism sector.

PT. XYZ is one of the largest retail companies in Indonesia. PT. XYZ has a website-based application that functions to help employees who work in IT Support to handle operational problems. However, this website has not implemented a session management system which can affect the level of security. Therefore, a system design was created for real-time session management using Firestore, Python, and Javascript. Firestore is used as a database to store sessions and Firestore has a feature called the Firestore snapshot listener which functions to detect changes in real-time. The research method includes identifying needs, initial prototype design, prototype creation, prototype evaluation, prototype refinement, and system implementation. Black Box Testing is used as a method for testing this system, where the results are in accordance with the needs and interviews are conducted with the admin of this website to test the session management system and find out the admin's response regarding the designed session management system. The results obtained are satisfactory because security can be further improved, user experience is improved, and the company's needs can be achieved.

Cassava is one of the strategic agricultural commodities in Indonesia, contributing significantly to national production, particularly in several major producing provinces. In addition to the challenge of declining harvested areas, cassava processing activities also generate agricultural waste that poses environmental risks. In Purwasari Village, Dramaga Subdistrict, Bogor Regency, household-scale cassava processing industries produce solid waste in the form of cassava peels, which are not optimally managed and are commonly discarded in the surrounding environment. This cassava waste has the potential to cause environmental pollution, unpleasant odours, and negative impacts on public health. One sustainable alternative for managing this cassava waste is the use of cassava peels as a raw material for composting. This study aimed to identify problems associated with cassava peel waste and to assess members of the Taruna Tani Millennial Farmer Group's interest in compost production using cassava peels. The research was conducted from December 2024 to June 2025 using a community-based assistance approach. Data was collected through interviews and questionnaires involving 20 respondents. The results showed that the main problems associated with cassava peel waste include waste accumulation, limited processing facilities, and low community awareness. Farmers’ interest in cassava peel composting was generally categorized as high, with an average score of 77%, although several indicators remained at a moderate level. Extension activities and hands-on demonstrations were proven to enhance farmers’ understanding, interest, and participation. With sustained educational support and adequate facilities, the use of cassava peel compost has strong potential to promote environmentally friendly, sustainable agricultural waste management.

The enforcement of election criminal law plays a crucial role in safeguarding democratic integrity and upholding the principle of popular sovereignty. Law Number 7 of 2017 establishes the Integrated Law Enforcement Center (Sentra Gakkumdu) as a coordinated mechanism involving the Election Supervisory Body, the Police, and the Prosecution Service in addressing election crimes. However, in practice, the Gakkumdu system has not fully ensured a balanced realization of legal certainty, substantive justice, and legal utility. This study aims to analyze the problems of election criminal law enforcement within the Gakkumdu system, examine the relevance of the Restorative Justice approach in election law, and formulate a reconstruction of election criminal law enforcement based on this approach. This research employs normative legal research using statutory, conceptual, legal philosophy, and legal policy approaches. The findings indicate that the weaknesses in election criminal law enforcement arise from institutional fragmentation, normative ambiguity, and a legal culture dominated by legalistic and sectoral perspectives. The Restorative Justice approach is considered relevant as it prioritizes substantive justice and the restoration of democratic values. Therefore, reconstructing election criminal law enforcement based on Restorative Justice is essential to strengthening democratic legitimacy and public trust in elections in Indonesia.

This study is based on the need to develop a more effective concentrate ration for lactating dairy cows, as existing formulations in the field are greatly influenced by the availability of ingredients and varying quality. Therefore, this study focuses on optimizing concentrate in dairy cow feed rations to meet SNI standards, which include crude protein (CP), Total Digestible Nutrients (TDN), Calcium (Ca), and Phosphorus (P), with more efficient results in terms of price and nutrition. This study uses the Whale Optimization Algorithm (WOA) metaheuristic approach, which balances the exploration and exploitation processes in finding the best solution to optimization problems. This algorithm has fewer parameters than other metaheuristics such as GA, PSO, and DE. WOA runs naturally in continuous space without the need for genetic operators such as crossover and mutation. The dataset used contains types of dairy cow feed ingredients along with nutritional requirements and prices so that researchers can process the data into efficient feed concentrate that is suitable for lactating dairy cows.

The increasing sedentary lifestyle in the digital era has the potential to cause various health problems due to lack of physical activity. One approach that can be taken to encourage physical activity is through the use of digital games with body movement-based control mechanisms. This study aims to develop a body gesture-based game character control system using a hybrid Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) and Long Short-Term Memory (LSTM) model. CNN is used to extract spatial features from each video frame, while LSTM serves to model the temporal relationship between frames so that movement patterns can be recognized sequentially. The research method used refers to the Machine Learning Lifecycle stages, starting from data collection, preprocessing, model development, to implementation in the endless runner game genre. Testing results show that the CNN–LSTM model is capable of classifying body gestures and generating outputs that can be used as commands to control game characters. The implementation of this system enables more natural and interactive game interactions without conventional input devices, and has the potential to encourage players to lead a more active lifestyle.

A traffic accident is a social risk event that causes serious losses, either in the form of injury, loss of property, or death of a family member. The State provides protection through the Road Traffic Accident Fund as stipulated in Law Number 34 of 1964 and Government Regulation Number 18 of 1965. However, in practice, the regulation of the status of victims and the coverage of the heirs of the beneficiaries still raises juridical and social problems because they do not fully reflect substantive justice. This study aims to analyze the concept of victims and heirs in the applicable Road Traffic Accident Fund regulations, as well as formulate a more equitable reconstruction of the regulation. This research is normative legal research with a legislative, conceptual, and comparative approach. Analysis is carried out on positive legal norms and social realities that develop in society. The results of the study show that the definition of victim and the limitation of the coverage of heirs in the current positive law are narrow and administrative, so they are less responsive to the complexity of social relations and the economic dependence of the families of traffic accident victims. The mismatch between normative boundaries and social realities has implications for the non-achievement of the goals of social protection and substantive justice. Therefore, this study offers a reconstruction of the interpretation of the concept of victims and an expansion of the coverage of heirs that is more responsive, inclusive, and oriented towards social protection.

Nutritional status plays an important role in shaping body image among adolescents, particularly female adolescents who experience rapid physical and psychosocial changes. Adolescents with nutritional problems are more likely to feel dissatisfied withitheiribody shape, whichimay lead to unhealthy behaviors such as strict dieting or excessive eating to gain weight. Thisistudy aimed toianalyze theirelationship betweeninutritional statusiand bodyiimage amongifemale adolescentsiat SMK Negeri 1 Palu. This research employedia quantitativeiapproachiwith aicross-sectionalidesign. Aitotal ofi169 femaleistudentsiwere selected using stratified random sampling. Body image data were collected using the Body Self Relation Questionnaire–Appearance Scale, while nutritional status was assessed using Body Mass Index for Age (BMI-for-Age) and Height for Age (HFA). Data were analyzed using the Spearman Rank correlation test. The results indicated that there was no significant relationship between nutritional status based on BMI-for-Age and body image, with a p-value of 0.329. Similarly, no significant relationship was found between Height-for-Age and body image among female adolescents, with a p-value of 0.892. Most respondents were aged 16–17 years, had a negative body image perception, normal BMI-for-Age nutritional status, and normal Height-for-Age category. These findings suggest that body image among female adolescents is not solely influenced by nutritional status but may also be affected by other psychosocial and environmental factors. Therefore, future research is recommended to apply a cohort study design and explore other determinants of body image, such as social media exposure, peer influence, and infectious diseases, to provide a more comprehensive understanding of factors affecting adolescent body image.

Adolescents are a vulnerable group facing nutritional problems, therefore nutritional needs are crucial. Unhealthy lifestyle changes, such as excessive cigarette consumption, can lead to nutritional status problems. This study aims to analyze the relationship between mental health and cigarette consumption with the nutritional status of male adolescents at SMK Negeri 3 Palu. This study was quantitative, using a cross-sectional approach with a population of adolescents at SMK Negeri 3 Palu aged 16-18 years. This study was conducted in December 2024. The sample size was 103 individuals, using a stratified random sampling technique. Based on the results of the Spearman rank test, it shows that the adolescents who experience the most mental health problems are at a mild level with a nutritional status of 42.6% (p = 0.724) > value ∝ 0.05 and the adolescents who have the most heavy cigarette consumption with a nutritional status of 48.8% (p = 0.221) > value ∝ 0.05, which means there is no relationship between mental health and nutritional status and there is no relationship between cigarette consumption and the nutritional status of male adolescents at SMK Negeri 3 Palu.

The landslide disaster that occurred in Tetumpun Village in June 2025 forced 45 families to take refuge. The evacuation conditions with limited access to clean water and sanitation posed high risks to reproductive organ hygiene problems among women. This community service activity aims to increase knowledge and skills of refugee mothers in maintaining reproductive organ hygiene. Implementation methods included reproductive health education, hygiene practice demonstrations, and distribution of hygiene kits. The activity was conducted for 1 day on July 15, 2025 and attended by 18 refugee mothers. Results showed an increase in participants' knowledge from an average of 52.78 (poor category) to 78.89 (good category) with an increase of 26.11 points (49.4%). All participants (100%) were able to practice proper reproductive organ cleaning methods after demonstration. Each participant received a hygiene kit containing sanitary pads, antiseptic soap, underwear, and other hygiene supplies. This activity successfully increased the capacity of refugee mothers in maintaining reproductive organ hygiene despite limited conditions.

A moral crisis occurs when a person loses the attitude, character, and behavior that are in accordance with goodness. Moral and ethical crises often occur among the younger generation in Indonesia due to various factors, such as the impact of globalization, the influence of social media, the lack of parental involvement, and the lack of character education in schools. This study aims to explore the relevance of character education values in M. Quraish Shihab's Tafsir Al-Mishbah to the problems faced by students in the contemporary era. The crisis of morality, bullying, and the threat of radicalism are the background to the urgency of internalizing contextual Qur'anic values. This research is qualitative in nature, using library research, a thematic approach, and content analysis. The results show that the concept of character education in Tafsir Al-Mishbah is rooted in the relationship between the meaning of Rabb and tarbiyah, which aims to shape Insan Kamil through intellectual and spiritual balance. Analysis of Q.S. Luqman: 12-13, Q.S. Al-Hujurat: 11-13, and Q.S. Al-Mujadilah: 11 reveals fundamental values such as monotheism, gratitude, tolerance, and manners in seeking knowledge. The relevance of the findings shows that Quraish Shihab's moderate (wasathiyah) thinking is very effective in protecting students from extreme ideas, building digital literacy ethics through the principle of tabayyun, and eliminating the culture of violence in schools through a humanistic approach. This study concludes that Tafsir Al-Mishbah offers a functional methodological framework for strengthening the character of 21st-century students.

The shoe manufacturing industry demands a planned, integrated, and consistent production system in maintaining product quality. One of the crucial stages is the gluing process between the outsole (rubber) and the midsole (phylon), which determines the adhesive strength, comfort, and durability of the shoe. This study aims to analyze the implementation of internship activities in a series of gluing processes in the Stockfit Department of PT X. The research method uses a qualitative descriptive approach with data collection techniques through direct observation, involvement in production activities, and systematic field recording during the internship period. The analysis was carried out by linking the field findings with the operations management theory of Heizer and Render, the Crosby concept of quality management, and the principles of continuous improvement from Deming and Imai. The results of the study show that the gluing process has been systematically arranged, starting from material adjustment, primary application, the use of two types of glue, the rubber cutting process, to the final pasting. However, problems were found such as dependency between processes, inconsistency in glue thickness, as well as the influence of machine conditions and operator skills. These problems have the potential to reduce production efficiency and the quality of the final product. Therefore, it is necessary to strengthen process control and apply the principle of continuous improvement to improve overall production performance.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a vital role in Indonesia's economy with a contribution of more than 60 percent to the Gross Domestic Product and the absorption of 97 percent of the national workforce, but their participation in international trade is still low with only 14 percent involved in export activities. This research aims to analyze the challenges and opportunities faced by MSMEs in accessing the global market and identify adaptation strategies developed by entrepreneurs. A qualitative method with a phenomenological approach was applied through in-depth interviews with 18 export-oriented MSME owners and managers in East Java who were selected by purposive sampling. Thematic analysis using ATLAS.ti revealed seven main challenges including limited access to capital, complexity of export regulations, constraints on production capacity and quality consistency, language and cross-cultural communication barriers, lack of international market information, logistics infrastructure problems, and intensive competition. On the other hand, four strategic opportunities were identified, namely increasing demand for sustainable authentic products, accelerating digitalization and e-commerce, utilizing free trade agreements, and ethical consumerism trends. MSMEs develop effective adaptation strategies in the form of strategic collaboration, product differentiation with  premium positioning, the use of digital technology, and a focus on  specific market niches. The research emphasizes that the successful internationalization of MSMEs requires a holistic approach integrating internal capacity building with the support of a conducive external ecosystem.