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This study aims to identify challenges and formulate strategies for the implementation of professional competencies of Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers based on artificial intelligence (AI) at the primary school level, with a focus on SD Negeri 071162 Esiwa. The background of this study begins with the increasing demands of the digital curriculum, while PAK teachers still face limitations in technological literacy, digital infrastructure, and the availability of contextualized Christian faith-based learning media. This study used a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through interviews, classroom observations, and documentation. The research subjects consisted of one principal and ten students in grades IV-VI. The results showed that low mastery of technology by teachers, limited digital devices, and lack of institutional support are the main obstacles in the integration of AI in PAK learning. However, AI has great potential to enhance students' learning experience spiritually and digitally through interactive, visual, and narrative Bible-based approaches. This research recommends spiritual technology-based teacher training, strengthening school infrastructure, developing contextualized teaching materials based on local culture, and collaboration between schools, churches, and Christian app developers. The findings contribute to the development of an adaptive, contextual, and transpersonal PAK learning model.

The concepts of learning and instruction are central to the educational process and continue to evolve in response to changes in society and technology. In the modern context, the shift from teacher-centered to student-centered paradigms demands a more comprehensive understanding of both concepts. This study aims to analyze the essence of learning and instruction from various theoretical perspectives and evaluate their relevance to current educational practices. The research employs a library research method, examining relevant scholarly literature including books, journals, and academic documents. The findings indicate that a proper understanding of learning and instruction significantly influences the teaching strategies applied by educators and contributes to the development of independent and adaptive learners. This study is expected to serve as a foundation for designing more contextual and responsive instructional approaches in today’s educational landscape.    

Learning strategies play a vital role in determining the success of the educational process, particularly in achieving learning objectives effectively and efficiently. This article aims to comprehensively examine fundamental concepts of learning strategies by addressing five main research questions: (1) what is the definition of learning strategies? (2) how are models, approaches, strategies, methods, and techniques of learning interrelated? (3) what are the classifications of learning strategies? (4) what are the essential components of a learning strategy? and (5) what considerations are important in selecting an appropriate learning strategy? Using a descriptive-qualitative approach, this article draws upon various educational literature, both classical and contemporary, to formulate a comprehensive understanding of learning strategies. The discussion on the definition highlights that a strategy is not merely a technical step but also a pedagogical framework that reflects a systematic way of thinking. Furthermore, this article emphasizes the importance of understanding the interconnectedness of learning models (conceptual frameworks), approaches (philosophical orientations), strategies (overall plans), methods (procedural steps), and techniques (practical actions) in order for educators to design cohesive and holistic learning processes. The classification of learning strategies is discussed based on the learning approach used, such as expository, inquiry-based, cooperative, contextual, and problem-based strategies—each with its own advantages and challenges. The article also identifies key components of learning strategies, including learning objectives, student characteristics, materials, media, methods, and evaluation. In choosing the appropriate strategy, the author highlights the need to consider factors such as learning goals, learner characteristics, available resources, and the socio-cultural context of the learning environment, particularly within the framework of Islamic education. The findings of this study are expected to contribute both theoretically and practically to the development of more contextual, adaptive, and relevant learning designs, especially for educators and prospective teachers within Islamic State Universities.    

This study aims to analyze the implementation of contextual learning strategies in Islamic Religious Education (PAI) to build student character. The method used is library research with a qualitative approach, analyzing various literature related to contextual learning and character building within the context of PAI. The findings show that contextual learning positively impacts students' awareness of the importance of Islamic values applied in daily life. Through this approach, students are able to connect theory with practice, strengthen their moral and social attitudes, and build character in accordance with Islamic teachings. The implementation of contextual learning also encourages students to become more active, reflective, and responsible in living a religious life. This research contributes to the development of more relevant and experience-based religious education.

This study aims to analyze the role of environmental education in raising ecological awareness and to identify the supporting and hindering factors in its implementation. Using a qualitative approach, data were collected through literature reviews, interviews, and observations at both formal and non-formal educational institutions. The findings indicate that environmental education plays a significant role in shaping environmentally friendly awareness and behavior among learners. It encourages a deeper understanding of ecological issues and fosters a sense of responsibility toward the environment. However, in practice, the implementation of environmental education still faces various challenges. The main obstacles identified include limited resources, a shortage of educators with specific competencies in environmental topics, and a lack of policy support from both government and educational institutions. On the other hand, practice-based learning methods—such as field activities, environmental projects, and collaborations with local communities—have proven more effective in enhancing active participation and engagement among students. The main contribution of this study is to provide insights into optimal strategies for the implementation of environmental education, along with recommendations for policymakers to improve its effectiveness through curriculum strengthening and innovative teaching methods. These findings also serve as a foundation for developing more contextual and applicable learning models. For future research, it is recommended to broaden the scope of the study by examining the effectiveness of environmental education in various socio-economic contexts and exploring the use of digital technologies in environmental learning.

This study explores strategies to address students' difficulties in understanding and solving mathematical word problems involving long division in elementary schools. These difficulties can stem from internal factors, such as a lack of conceptual understanding, low motivation, and inaccuracy in solving problems, as well as external factors, such as ineffective teaching methods and minimal use of instructional media. Using the Systematic Literature Review (SLR) method, this research examines previous studies that discuss the causes of learning difficulties and possible solutions. The findings indicate that a contextual approach based on Realistic Mathematics Education (RME) and the use of concrete teaching aids can significantly enhance students' comprehension of long division. This approach helps students connect learning with real-life experiences and visualize mathematical concepts more clearly. Therefore, innovative instructional strategies are essential to improve elementary school students' understanding and numerical skills.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of local history integration in increasing the awareness of the cultural identity of high school students. The research method used is a qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews with teachers and students, observation of the history learning process in the classroom, and document analysis related to local history materials used in learning. Interviews were conducted to understand the perspectives of students and teachers regarding the role of local history in shaping cultural identity. Observations were made to see how local history was taught and how students responded to the material provided. Document analysis involves examining textbooks, syllabi, and learning media used by teachers in teaching local history. The results show that the integration of local history in learning significantly increases student engagement and strengthens their understanding of cultural identity. The contribution of this research is to provide recommendations for curriculum developers and educators in designing history learning strategies that are more contextual and relevant to students' lives.

The teaching of Social Studies in elementary schools still faces challenges in improving students' understanding, primarily due to the dominance of expository methods that lack variety. This study aims to analyze various innovative learning strategies that can enhance students' comprehension in Social Studies education. The research employs a library research method with a qualitative approach, drawing on various references and previous research findings.The results indicate that contextual learning strategies, project-based learning (PjBL), technology integration, cooperative learning, and multi-representation learning are effective in improving students' understanding. Contextual learning enhances students' comprehension by up to 32%, while PjBL improves critical thinking and problem-solving skills. Technology integration, such as augmented reality and interactive digital media, has been shown to increase learning motivation by up to 43%. Cooperative learning and multi-representation strategies also positively impact social skills and conceptual understanding.The novelty of this study lies in its comprehensive mapping of innovative, evidence-based learning strategies applicable to Social Studies education in elementary schools. The implications of this research highlight the importance of innovation in teaching strategies to ensure that students do not merely receive information passively but can actively apply their knowledge in real-life situations. Additionally, the study underscores the need for teachers to enhance their competencies in implementing more interactive and student-centered teaching methods.

This study aims to analyze the teaching and learning process of Natural Sciences (IPA) on the topic of the universe in Class VI at SD Negeri 101866 Batang Kuis, Pekan. The study employs a qualitative descriptive method, utilizing data collection techniques such as observation, interviews, and documentation. The results show that the learning process adheres to the applicable curriculum, yet some abstract concepts in the universe material remain challenging for students to grasp. The teacher plays an active role in facilitating student understanding by employing a variety of teaching methods, including lectures, discussions, and demonstrations. However, the study reveals that these methods, while effective, may not fully engage students in the learning process. It is suggested that more innovative and student-centered strategies are necessary to foster greater student involvement and understanding. Additionally, the research indicates that the use of technology-based learning media could significantly enhance the students' learning experience by making abstract concepts more tangible. Furthermore, adopting a contextual learning approach, where students can connect the material to real-life situations, is recommended to increase student comprehension and retention. This study emphasizes the importance of adapting teaching methods to the evolving needs of students and integrating modern educational tools to make learning more interactive and meaningful. Ultimately, the study suggests that incorporating these strategies will improve the overall effectiveness of teaching Natural Sciences in elementary school classrooms.

This study explores the development of integrated language skills assessment instruments for Korean as a foreign language (KFL) learners in higher education, addressing the need for tools that reflect real-world communicative demands. Grounded in theoretical frameworks such as Bachman and Palmer's Communicative Language Ability model[1] and Vygotsky's Sociocultural Theory[2], the research employed a mixed-methods approach, including needs analysis[6], corpus studies, and pilot testing. The research process involved three primary phases: First, a comprehensive needs analysis was conducted among KFL instructors and students to identify assessment gaps and priorities. Second, authentic Korean language materials were collected to create a corpus that informed the development of contextualized assessment tasks. Finally, the instruments underwent rigorous pilot testing with 127 KFL students across three Indonesian universities.The developed assessment instruments integrate reading, writing, listening, and speaking skills through task-based scenarios that mirror authentic Korean language use contexts. These include collaborative problem-solving activities, multimedia-based comprehension tasks, and culturally situated role-plays. Statistical analysis demonstrated high inter-rater reliability (r=0.87) and construct validity when compared with established Korean proficiency measures.Results demonstrated the instruments' reliability, validity, and cultural relevance, fostering holistic skill development and promoting positive washback on teaching and learning practices. Implementation of these instruments led to significant improvements in students' integrated language performance and motivation. The study contributes to the field of Korean language assessment by providing empirically validated tools that bridge classroom learning with real-world language application in higher education contexts.

There is a decline in student morality and the intention of student independence in carrying out worship. Christian Religious Education (PAK) teachers are very important in directing moral understanding and producing independence in worship. This study explores PAK teachers’ roles in facing moral challenges in the digital era. With a qualitative paradigm and a literature review approach, this study describes the roles of PAK teachers in shaping morals and spirituality as a form of interactive and contextual learning. The study results show that PAK teachers’ role is significant in shaping moral awareness and independence of worship. The role of PAK teachers is key to building a generation with a solid moral foundation and can carry out worship according to Christian teachings.

This study focuses on the effect of applying the Contextual Teaching and Learning (CTL) model in the topic of reaction rate on the ability to think critically and the formation of character values of students in geographically remote areas (remote areas). This approach is designed to strengthen learners' understanding of scientific concepts in a relevant and contextual manner, by connecting them to the dynamics of real life - both in the personal, social and cultural domains. Thus, learners have the opportunity to build conceptual insights and adaptive skills independently. In addition, this real situation-based method contributes to fostering character values such as responsibility, discipline, innovation, curiosity, as well as social interaction skills and effective communication during the learning process. The literature review was conducted by collecting scientific publications released between 2018 and 2025. The findings of this review confirmed that the CTL approach has a real positive impact in honing critical thinking skills and fostering learners' character that supports their academic achievement. Therefore, it can be concluded that CTL is an efficient and relevant pedagogical method to be applied in teaching high school chemistry.

Elementary School Students' Misconceptions about Science Concepts: Case Study in Grade VI of SDN 024755 This study aims to identify and analyze the misconceptions held by sixth-grade students at SDN 024755 regarding basic science concepts. The research method used is a case study with a qualitative approach. Data were collected through interviews, observations, and diagnostic tests specifically designed to reveal students' misconceptions. The results show that most students struggle with understanding certain science concepts, such as the water cycle, photosynthesis, and gravity. The misconceptions found include incorrect understandings of the processes of evaporation and condensation, the role of chlorophyll in photosynthesis, and the concepts of force and motion. These findings highlight the need for more effective teaching approaches in introducing and reinforcing science concepts at the elementary school level. Recommendations from this study include developing more interactive and contextual learning strategies to address students' misconceptions, as well as improving the quality of teacher training in science education.

This study aims to analyze the implementation of the Independent Curriculum in Indonesian language learning in class 4B of SDN 060877 Medan, with a focus on curriculum flexibility and challenges in meeting students' needs. The research method used is descriptive qualitative with data collection techniques through observation, interviews, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that the Independent Curriculum provides flexibility for teachers in adjusting teaching methods and materials according to students' needs. Teachers can adapt a more contextual, creative, and innovative approach. However, the main obstacles found were students who were not yet fluent in reading, lack of motivation to learn, and minimal support from the family environment. To overcome this, teachers apply differentiated learning strategies, use of appropriate teaching modules, and interactive methods to improve students' literacy skills. In addition, additional assistance is provided for students who have difficulty understanding the material. Despite facing various challenges, the Independent Curriculum is still considered more effective in supporting the achievement of students' competencies optimally, especially in improving their understanding and literacy skills. With support from various parties, it is hoped that learning will be of better quality and in accordance with students' needs.

Reading comprehension in Arabic is an essential skill for students at MA Darul Mukhlasin Tegalsiwalan. This ability supports the understanding of religious texts and enhances overall language competence. This study aims to analyze the strategies implemented to improve Arabic reading comprehension at the madrasa. This research employs a qualitative approach with a descriptive method. Data were collected through classroom observations, interviews with Arabic teachers, and analysis of learning documents. The study focuses on the teaching strategies applied, the challenges encountered, and the effectiveness of the methods in enhancing students' reading comprehension. The findings indicate that the strategies used at MA Darul Mukhlasin Tegalsiwalan include the talaqqi method, authentic text-based learning, and a contextual approach. These strategies effectively help students comprehend the meaning and increase their interest in learning. However, some challenges persist, such as the limited availability of diverse reading materials and restricted learning time allocation. Evaluating and developing more innovative methods is expected to further enhance students' Arabic reading comprehension at the madrasa.

This research examines the role and challenges of Buddhist Sunday Schools (SMB) as non-formal educational institutions in developing Buddhist religious education in the Wonogiri Region, Central Java. Through a qualitative approach with case study methods, this research explores the contribution of BSS to the spiritual development of Buddhist children and adolescents, as well as the obstacles faced in its implementation. Data was collected through in-depth interviews with 15 teachers, participatory observations in 5 viharas, and focus group discussions with 25 students and 10 parents. The results show that BSS plays an important role in: (1) instilling Buddhist values from an early age; (2) strengthening religious identity in a predominantly non-Buddhist environment; (3) building a supportive community for Buddhist families; and (4) complementing the limited Buddhist religious education in formal schools. The main challenges faced include: (1) limited trained human resources; (2) lack of contextual teaching materials; (3) limited financial support; and (4) difficulty in maintaining the interest of students as they age. This research recommends the importance of developing an integrated curriculum, continuous training for teachers, utilizing digital technology in learning, and strengthening networks between Buddhist Sunday schools in the region  

This study aims to analyze the implementation of short text analysis strategies in Maharah Qira’ah to enhance Arabic language comprehension at Madrasah Aliyah Al-Masduqiyah Patokan Kraksaan. Maharah Qira’ah, as one of the core skills in Arabic language learning, requires a deep understanding of language structures and text meanings. Therefore, short text analysis strategies are applied as a method to strengthen students’ understanding of vocabulary, grammar, and contextual meaning in Arabic texts. This research employs a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques, including observation, interviews, and documentation. The findings indicate that using short texts in Maharah Qira’ah instruction has a positive impact on students' comprehension, particularly in word meaning interpretation, sentence structure understanding, and critical thinking skills. However, the study also identifies several challenges, such as students' limited vocabulary, text difficulty levels, and insufficient teaching resources. By understanding the benefits and challenges, this strategy can be further developed through more innovative approaches, such as digital media utilization and the integration of contextual learning methods in Arabic language instruction. This study is expected to contribute to the development of Arabic language teaching methods at the Madrasah Aliyah level.  

Contextual learning is a learning approach that helps teachers connect what they teach to students' real-world situations and encourages students to make connections between their knowledge and its application in everyday life. This research aims to explore the application of the contextual learning model in the Aqidah Ahlak subject for students at MIN 1 and MIN 2 Nganjuk. The research method used is qualitative with a case study approach. Data was collected through observation, interviews and document analysis. The research results show that the application of the contextual learning model helps increase the understanding and application of moral values ​​among students. The implication of this research is the need to integrate contextual learning models in the teaching of Aqidah Ahlak subjects at MIN 1 and MIN 2 Nganjuk.

Contextual teaching and learning (CTL) is recognized as a teaching approach rooted in real-world situations. This research aimed to assess whether the application of CTL can enhance the speaking abilities of hospitality students. The study utilized classroom action research with a total of 27 participants. Participants were chosen through a purposive sampling method. Data collection involved three techniques, including tests, observations, and interviews. The assessment tools utilized in this research comprised authentic assessments, observation checklists, and interview questionnaires. The data were subsequently analyzed using reduction analysis techniques. The findings indicated that in the initial test, only 59.26% of students achieved speaking scores above the benchmark score. In cycle 1, there was an improvement of 25.93%, followed by an additional 29.63% increase in cycle 2. This demonstrates that CTL can effectively aid students in enhancing their speaking skills.

This Community Service Activity aims to improve the competence of SMP K Materdai teachers in designing and compiling teaching modules that apply the principles of differentiated learning in accordance with the direction of the Merdeka Belajar policy. Differentiated learning is an approach that adjusts the process, content, and learning products based on the needs, interests, and learning profiles of students. Through this training, teachers are given a conceptual understanding and practical skills in developing adaptive and contextual teaching modules. The activity methods used include socialization, interactive discussions, module preparation practices, and formative feedback. The results of the activity show an increase in teachers' understanding and ability in compiling applicable differentiated teaching modules. This training is a concrete step in supporting the implementation of the Merdeka Curriculum and improving the quality of the learning process in schools. The sustainability of the activity is planned through continued mentoring and collaboration in developing teacher learning communities.