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Abstract. The United States has a written constitutional system in the form of a republic with clear boundaries of power between the executive, legislative, and judicial branches. In contrast, the United Kingdom has an unwritten constitution based on various sources, such as statutes, conventions, and court decisions, with a constitutional monarchy and parliament playing key roles. Second, the state upholds civil rights and individual freedoms, and has an impact on the political and legal systems for the implementation of human rights. Through a comparative approach, this article provides further understanding of the differences and similarities between the constitutions and systems of government of the two countries in upholding the principles of democracy and human rights, and the consequences of these differences on national and international politics.

This study compares the recovery systems for victims of psychosocial violence and traffic accidents from the perspective of Unlawful Acts (PMH) in Indonesia and Malaysia. Using library research, this study analyzes the legal framework, institutions, and social and psychological approaches used by both countries to support the victim recovery process. In Indonesia, the victim recovery system is still oriented towards material compensation and administrative settlements, with limited recognition of immaterial losses such as trauma and psychological disorders. In contrast, Malaysia has developed a victim-centered justice approach that positions victims as the subject of recovery, through regulations such as the Domestic Violence Act 1994 (Amendment 2017), the Road Transport Act 1987, and compensation mechanisms through the Motor Insurers’ Bureau of Malaysia (MIB) and the Victim Compensation Fund. This approach comprehensively integrates legal, social, and psychological recovery, including free counseling services through the One Stop Crisis Center (OSCC) and Talian Kasih 15999. The study's findings indicate that Malaysia has moved toward a holistic human recovery paradigm, while Indonesia still needs to strengthen its victim recovery system by addressing the psychological and social dimensions to align with the principles of restorative justice.

As the basic ideology of the Indonesian state, Pancasila not only provides philosophical and normative guidelines for governance, but also plays an important role in the recognition and implementation of customary law throughout Indonesia. This study aims to provide an in-depth analysis of the relationship between Pancasila and customary law in the context of the Indonesian constitution, evaluating how Pancasila influences the recognition, regulation, and implementation of customary law, while exploring historical and legal challenges and solutions. This study also examines how regulations governing customary law should be adjusted to continue to respect customary norms while remaining consistent with national law and human rights. Through comprehensive analysis and strategic recommendations, this study aims to contribute to strengthening the integration of customary law into the Indonesian national legal system, strengthening the implementation of the principles of Pancasila, and promoting justice and harmony within the framework of a unitary state. This study aims to ensure that customary law is not only respected but also implemented effectively in supporting the basic values ​​of the state and the interests of indigenous peoples throughout Indonesia.

This study explores the integration of Prophet Muhammad's leadership values within Islamic educational institutions, focusing on the challenges and opportunities in the digital age. The primary objective is to analyze how Islamic leadership principles can align with digital advancements while upholding core Islamic values. Using a qualitative approach through document and thematic analysis, this research identifies key challenges, including digital disparities, limited access to technology, and tensions between technological culture and traditional Islamic values. Key strategies are proposed, such as technology-based Islamic leadership training and collaborative efforts to develop digital infrastructure, along with the use of social media as a platform for disseminating Islamic educational values. The findings provide insights into how Islamic educational leadership can adapt in the digital era and suggest future research directions on the role of specific technologies in the application of Islamic leadership.

Understanding sharia accounting is an important aspect for Micro and Small Enterprises (MSEs) in managing finances in accordance with sharia principles. This research aims to analyze the level of understanding of sharia accounting by MSEs in Bengkalis Regency. This research uses a descriptive approach with data collection techniques in the form of questionnaires, interviews and documentation. The research results show that the majority of MSEs have an understanding of sharia accounting at a basic level, with the main obstacles being a lack of formal knowledge, minimal training and low financial literacy. This study provides recommendations for improving sharia accounting training for MSEs and provides practical sharia-based guidance to help them manage their finances better.

This study aims to analyze the application of sharia accounting in business practices in sharia-based entities. The approach used is descriptive qualitative, with in-depth interview methods and document analysis as data collection tools. The results of the study indicate that the application of sharia accounting in the entities studied has reflected sharia principles, such as fairness, transparency, and social responsibility. However, there are obstacles in the implementation, such as limited human resources who understand sharia accounting in depth. This study is expected to contribute to the development of sharia accounting practices in Indonesia.

This study aims to analyze the influence of Islamic business ethics and product quality on consumer satisfaction in the culinary business Lontong Pak Muslim in Medan. Islamic business ethics in this study are measured through the application of principles such as honesty, trustworthiness, and fairness, while product quality includes taste, cleanliness, and authenticity of raw materials. This research method uses a quantitative approach with data collection through a Likert scale-based questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents. The data analysis technique used is multiple linear regression, with t-test, F-test, and coefficient of determination to see the relationship and influence between variables. The results of the study indicate that Islamic business ethics and product quality partially and simultaneously have a positive and significant effect on consumer satisfaction. Product quality has a more dominant influence than Islamic business ethics, indicating the importance of taste quality and cleanliness in increasing customer satisfaction. Overall, this study shows that the application of business ethics in accordance with Islamic values ​​and good product quality can strengthen consumer loyalty and maintain business sustainability. These findings provide recommendations to culinary business actors to continue to pay attention to product quality and uphold the principles of Islamic business ethics in an effort to increase consumer satisfaction and competitiveness in the market.

This study explores the dynamics of digital investment in Indonesia within the framework of Islamic economics. The rapid advancement of technology has facilitated the growth of Sharia-compliant investments through digital platforms, making investment more accessible to the Muslim population. This research categorizes several prominent types of Sharia-compliant digital investments, including Online Sharia Mutual Funds, Sharia-Compliant Stocks, UMKM Crowdfunding, Digital Gold, and Online Sharia Property. Each type is evaluated based on its adherence to Islamic principles, legal regulations, and associated risks and opportunities. The study finds that while digital investment platforms offer considerable accessibility and inclusivity, ensuring Sharia compliance remains a challenge amid evolving regulations and technological innovations. Furthermore, the study addresses the regulatory frameworks that oversee these investment types, such as POJK regulations and MUI fatwas, which play a crucial role in maintaining compliance. This research contributes to the ongoing development of Islamic digital finance in Indonesia, providing insights for regulators, platform providers, and investors who seek to expand Sharia-compliant digital investments responsibly.

In this article, the conceptual basis of educational supervision programme evaluation management will be explained. To improve the quality of education, management of educational supervision programme evaluation is important. It will provide a unique evaluation of education. In this explanation, the reasons why education supervision programme evaluation management is essential, the objectives of programme evaluation, the principles underlying evaluation and the procedures used to conduct evaluation are discussed. To improve evaluation management, a conceptual foundation is needed to understand education supervision programme evaluation on a micro and macro scale to improve the quality of education.

The process of holding elections must implement the principles of the election itself, namely: Honest, Fair, Direct, Public, Free, Secret, and Transparent. However, the implementation of general elections in Indonesia is inseparable from all forms of election violations and election disputes. One of the institutions responsible for supervising general elections in Indonesia is the General Election Supervisory Agency (BAWASLU). This type of research is empirical juridical legal research using the type of legal sociology study (Socio-legal research) which emphasizes the importance of interview steps and literature studies and qualitative descriptive analysis, namely by explaining, elucidating, and describing problems and close solutions. The results of this study show that: (1) The main functions of Bawaslu include monitoring, studying, and supervising the election process and preventing election violations. Therefore, monitoring, studying, preventing and supervising every stage of the general election in Kupang City properly and the implementation of Bawaslu's functions involves monitoring, investigating, and enforcing rules during the election process. (2) Efforts made by Bawaslu include maintaining the integrity of the election by ensuring that all processes run according to the rules, preventing and handling violations such as money politics and black campaigns. The efforts made by the Kupang City Bawaslu in overcoming Election Violations in Kupang City can be considered successful.

The village of Suka Makmur faces challenges in waste management, where waste is often not sorted and potentially poses environmental impacts. The Waste Bank programme has been reactivated to address this issue by implementing the 3R principles (Reduce, Reuse, Recycle) and providing economic benefits to the community. This research employed a participatory approach, involving residents in an initial survey, waste sorting training, and the operation of the Waste Bank. Continuous education was provided to ensure the community understands the importance of waste management and the economic potential of collected waste. The results indicate increased community participation, reduced waste disposal volumes, and economic benefits for residents. The Waste Bank has successfully raised environmental awareness and empowered the community to manage waste sustainably.

This research explores the role of maritime vocational schools in preparing graduates to become effective advocates for policy development and sustainability within the maritime industry. Through qualitative research and descriptive analysis, the study examines the perspectives of maritime professionals, lecturers, graduates, and government officials to assess the effectiveness of current educational programs. The findings highlight strong technical competency development but reveal gaps in policy understanding, leadership skills, and the practical application of sustainability principles. Collaboration between industry and educational institutions is effective, but greater government involvement is needed. To address these challenges, maritime vocational schools must enhance their curricula by incorporating modules on policy advocacy, leadership development, and sustainability. This will ensure that graduates are equipped to influence policy, lead teams, and promote sustainable practices, contributing to the long-term competitiveness and sustainability of the maritime industry.

Indonesia Eximbank (LPEI), as a state-owned enterprise under the Ministry of Finance, has a primary focus on export financing. However, LPEI is currently facing challenges in implementing sustainable finance. Sustainable finance is part of the environmental, social, and governance (ESG) roadmap aimed at achieving the 17 Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). To address these challenges, this report aims to provide a financing alternative aligned with ESG principles. Blended finance was chosen as an appropriate alternative due to its inclusive and collaborative principles, which align with sustainable finance. Additionally, blended finance is expected to address the investment gap in the sustainable sector. By applying this scheme, LPEI can enhance its contribution to ESG implementation while expanding financing access for more exporters.

The concept of management in guidance and counseling is the process of planning, designing, organizing, and directing in the process of providing guidance and counseling services in a school or an organization. The method used in this research is the literature study method, which is a written summary that includes articles from journals, books, and other documents that define theories and provide information. The results of this study include: (1) the concept of management in counseling guidance, (2) the principles of applying guidance and counseling management, (3) organizational patterns in guidance and counseling, (4) stages of applying management in guidance and counseling, and (5) forms of evaluation in the process of guidance and counseling services.

This study aims to examine the potential of restorative justice to resolve environmental criminal violations from the perspective of Pancasila philosophy, exploring relevant concepts so that they can be applied in the process of resolving environmental criminal cases. The type of research used is normative or doctrinal legal research. Normative research is research that usually uses documents as sources of legal materials such as laws and regulations, court decisions, legal theories, and opinions of legal scholars. The restorative justice approach in resolving environmental criminal cases can only be applied to formal offenses in Article 100. The concept of Restorative Justice is in accordance with the 4th Principle, namely deliberation which contains the principles of conferencing, search solutions, reconciliation, repair and circles (mutual support).

Euthanasia, or "good death," is a controversial practice and has sparked debate in many parts of the world. In a medical context, euthanasia refers to the act of ending a person's life to reduce suffering due to terminal illness or incurable medical conditions. In Indonesia, where the majority of the population is Muslim, this issue has become very relevant to the view of Islamic law which emphasizes the importance of preserving life as a gift from Allah. According to this view, euthanasia is contrary to the basic principles of Islam that value life and affirm that only Allah has the right to determine a person's death. On the other hand, the medical code of ethics puts forward the principles of non-maleficence (no harm) and beneficence (doing good), but in terminal cases, this leads to ethical dilemmas in cases where ending the patient's life is considered a way to reduce suffering. The practice also presents challenges in terms of patient autonomy and the obligation of doctors to respect their decisions. In this context, this study aims to explore euthanasia from the perspective of Islamic law and medical ethics, as well as analyze the relationship between these two aspects in the context of Indonesian society and culture, as well as the practical challenges faced by doctors and patients in dealing with this issue.

The curriculum greatly influences the education system in Indonesia. This is evident from the fact that the education system in Indonesia has experienced various changes since the past, but there is still room for improvement in facing global challenges. Currently, the education system in Indonesia implements education based on the "Freedom of Learning" curriculum introduced by the Minister of Education Nadiem Makarim which shows a commitment to educational reform. In the independent curriculum, there is Pancasila education learning as one of the school's missions. Using Pancasila learning refers to the character education that each individual has, differences in character can cause disputes, divisions, and trigger deviant behavior. Implementation of Citizenship Education learning uses differentiated learning based on Ki Hajar Dewantara's educational philosophy. This implementation refers to learning outcomes in the independent curriculum, namely about local wisdom and character, where this becomes basic learning so that students when they are in society are aware of how to behave and position themselves, especially in loving their homeland. Pancasila values ​​and the application of Citizenship Education learning are contained in the Pancasila principles which include the values ​​of mutual cooperation, honesty, responsibility among friends, the surrounding environment and responsibility for what one does. The values ​​that can be contained in Pancasila contain many religious values ​​(first principle), human values ​​(second principle), unity values ​​(third principle), wisdom values ​​(fourth principle), and finally social values ​​(fifth principle). Pancasila values ​​are the way of life for the Indonesian people to build the character values ​​of Indonesian society.

This study aims to find out and analyze the Regulation of the Health Management System in Realizing Public Health at the dr. Hendrikus Fernandez Regional General Hospital, East Flores Regency. This research is a normative juridical research using secondary data consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials collected through literature research in the form of books, laws, legal journals, research-related articles and several from internet sites and other reading sources. The collected legal materials are analyzed qualitatively juridically using a conceptual approach (Conceptual Approach) and a statutory approach (Statute Approach) based on laws that are relevant to theories, legal concepts and principles of problems. The results of this study show that: (1) From the aspect of health management regulation, the lack of support for health management which is the influence of performance is not good.  (2) From the aspect that is a factor that hinders the service, the poor arrangement makes the service not good so that there is a lack of satisfaction from the community. 

In this modern era full of progress, there are many new breakthroughs in various aspects, especially in the realm of medicine. Various kinds of issues that attract attention from various circles. The purpose of the research is to deepen and clarify the legal opinion as well as the basic principles, process, and positive impact of limb transplantation on others. The other purpose of the research is to prove the perspective in the Qur'an related to limb transplantation as an effort to understand more about the issue. The method used in this research is through a normative approach to analyze the organ transplant law based on primary and secondary legal sources. Transplantation has been allowed or legalized based on the law, the Law and the scholars through investigation in the form of analysis of the data obtained from the existing problem. The results of the analysis show that in emergency situations, transplantation is legally allowed as long as the donor does not feel harmed, but in terms of commercialization, limb transplantation is still not allowed.

Law Number 1 of 2023 about Criminal Code (KUHP), standardizes the criminalization of insults head of state Indonesia, particularly in Articles 217 to 220. The rule is considered contradictory because it can limit criticism toward the government. This study aims to examine regulations akining castigations against the President and Vice President and evaluate the impact of criminalization on freedom of expression and human rights. The research method utilized normative legal research conducted by reviewing literature and focusing on the democracy principles, freedom of speech, and civil rights. The study results show that the criminalization of offences aim the President and Vice is considered a mechanism check and conducive balance, ensuring that criticism against the President is conveyed responsibly without violating ethics, and maintaining the honor and dignity of the president. In conclusion, insulting the President provokes great consequences, in regard to the constitution, freedom of speech is not as limitless, and not absolute and must be rationated by the human rights of others. Therefore the rules concerning the criminalization of insults aim the President and Vice are suitable to maintain stability and public interest and belongs to the process of legal reform.