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The maritime conflict between Indonesia and China in the South China Sea arises from overlapping claims, particularly concerning Indonesia’s Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) near the Natuna Islands. China’s assertion of sovereignty through its Nine-Dash Line, which Indonesia does not recognize under the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS), has fueled tensions. These have been exacerbated by aggressive actions, including Chinese vessels' incursions and illegal fishing within Indonesia’s EEZ. Despite these conflicts, both nations emphasize maritime cooperation to enhance bilateral ties.This study examines the dynamics of Indonesia-China maritime cooperation and conflicts in the South China Sea and their implications for regional stability. Employing a literature-based methodology, it investigates challenges and potential resolutions, including diplomacy and third-party mediation through bodies like the International Court of Justice. The findings highlight that resolving disputes effectively requires a legal framework and multilateral collaboration through ASEAN. The study concludes with recommendations for bolstering diplomatic engagement and sustainably managing maritime resources to ensure stability across the Indo-Pacific region.

Islamic accounting is an accounting system rooted in Islamic principles, such as fairness, transparency, and social responsibility. This system aims to support ethical economic practices that align with Islamic values, including the prohibition of usury, gharar (uncertainty), and activities that conflict with sharia. This article examines the benefits of Islamic accounting in fostering the growth of the Islamic economy. First, Islamic accounting helps build trust among business stakeholders and the wider community by providing accurate and transparent financial information in line with sharia principles. Second, it promotes more responsible financial management, thereby reducing financial risks that do not comply with sharia. Third, Islamic accounting plays a role in developing Islamic financial instruments, such as sukuk, zakat, and waqf, which serve as sources of productive financing for the Islamic economic sector. Therefore, the effective application of Islamic accounting can stimulate sustainable growth in the Islamic economy, promote financial inclusion, and enhance global economic stability.

The development of the National Capital City (IKN) triggers an increase in demand for goods and services, especially in the construction and basic needs sectors, which can cause a spike in regional and national inflation. Monetary policy faces new challenges, including increasing interest rates and the risk of rupiah exchange rate volatility due to dependence on foreign debt financing. These projects also influence economic distribution, creating investment opportunities, but potentially increasing economic inequality. This research emphasizes the importance of coordination between monetary and fiscal policies to mitigate negative impacts on national economic stability.

This research employs the Six Sigma method using the DMAIC cycle (Define, Measure, Analyze, Improve, Control) to enhance the quality of Shopee’s services. Among the variables examined, significant results were found in the areas of delivery accuracy and application reliability. Based on the survey conducted, customer dissatisfaction reached 20% in delivery and 25% in application reliability. Through analysis, the root causes were identified and addressed by optimizing logistics and application stability. This research demonstrates that Six Sigma is effective in improving customer satisfaction and the quality of Shopee’s services.  

This study explores the international impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict, focusing on its economic, political, and security dimensions. Economically, the conflict has disrupted global supply chains, especially in energy and agricultural sectors, causing price volatility and inflation worldwide. Politically, it has reshaped international alliances, with Western countries reinforcing NATO and imposing sanctions on Russia, while other nations maintain neutrality or align strategically. In the security sphere, the conflict has heightened tensions between major powers and triggered increased military spending globally. The study employs a qualitative method using a literature review approach, analyzing primary and secondary sources such as policy documents, academic articles, and international reports. Recommendations include strengthening multilateral diplomacy to mediate the conflict and addressing the cascading economic and security effects through international cooperation. The study concludes that mitigating the impact of the Russia-Ukraine conflict requires comprehensive strategies that balance geopolitical interests and global stability.    

This study aims to examine the role and implementation of Pancasila in three periods of government in Indonesia: Old Order, New Order, and Reformasi. Pancasila, as a state ideology, has undergone various changes in interpretation and application in accordance with the political and social dynamics that occur in each era. Under Soekarno's leadership in the Old Order, Pancasila was used as a unifying tool in the context of ideological pluralism, but faced internal and external challenges that threatened national stability. During the New Order period, Pancasila was used as a single principle used to strengthen political legitimacy, but it was often misused to silence criticism and opposition. The reforms brought greater political freedom and a more inclusive interpretation of Pancasila, but still faced challenges in overcoming radicalization, intolerance, and social disparities. This research concludes that although Pancasila remains relevant as the basis of the state, efforts are needed to actualize its values to suit the challenges of the times.

Financial risk management is an important element in maintaining global economic stability. This study explores the relationship between regulation, technological innovation, and sustainability as three main pillars in modern financial risk management. Using the Semantic approach Literature Review (SLR), this study analyzes the literature from 50 selected scientific articles published between 2018 and 2024. The results of the study show that regulations such as Solvency II and IFRS 17 strengthen transparency and accountability, while innovative technologies such as parametric insurance and resilience bonds increase the efficiency of risk management. In addition, sustainability, which is realized through initiatives such as green insurance and sharia insurance, is a key pillar in mitigating systemic risk.However, the study identified a number of challenges, including fragmentation of regulations across countries, limited access to technology in developing countries, and moral hazard in implementing sustainability. To overcome these obstacles, a collaborative strategy involving governments, the private sector, and the international community is needed to harmonize global regulations, strengthen technology infrastructure, and improve technology and sustainability literacy. This study contributes to presenting a comprehensive financial risk management framework by recommending strengthening the synergy between regulation, technology, and sustainability. This study also provides practical guidance to address global challenges in financial risk management, while also providing a basis for further in-depth research on specific sectors, geographic regions, and the integration of technology and sustainability.

Islamic education during the Khulafaur Rasyidin period (632-661 AD) had an important role in forming the foundations of the Islamic education system during the Khulafaur Rasyidin period, which included the period of leadership of the first four caliphs after the death of the Prophet Muhammad SAW. This research aims to examine in more depth the growth and development of Islamic education during the time of Khulafaur Rasyidin, including the role of the caliphs in supporting the education system and its impact on Islamic society at that time. The author uses a qualitative method with the type of library research. This method aims to explore information in depth from relevant library sources, such as books, scientific articles, journals and other documents. As for the results of this research, the growth and development of Islamic education during the time of Khulafaur Rasyidin focused on teaching the Qur'an and Hadith, the development of educational centers during the time of Abu Bakar, Kutab educational institutions (primary schools) experienced significant progress, during the time of Caliph Umar bin Khattab ra., the social and political situation was in a stable condition and Islamic power was increasingly expanding, where several friends were appointed as teachers in each area they occupied. During the time of Usman ibn Affan the development of Islamic education, both in terms of institutions and materials, was basically not much different from previously. During the time of Ali bin Abi Talib, the development of education did not show significant progress. This was caused by the chaotic political situation and various rebellions that occurred, so that Ali's government was unstable and focused more on efforts to resolve conflicts and maintain political stability.

This study examines the dynamics of Christian families in navigating modern lifestyles, focusing on the congregation of GKII Efata Bonet Engkabang. Modernity characterized by digitalization, high mobility, economic pressure, and shifting social values has significantly influenced family communication patterns, emotional relationships, and spiritual formation within Christian households. The purpose of this study is to describe the changes experienced by congregational families in the context of modernity and to analyze the role of pastoral counseling as a relevant form of support for family well-being. This research employed a descriptive qualitative method, collecting data through in-depth interviews, limited observations, and a review of church documents. The findings indicate that Christian families face challenges such as declining communication quality, reduced family time, the pervasive influence of gadgets on daily interactions, and weakened spiritual disciplines. Furthermore, shifting parenting patterns and increasing psychological pressure also affect family stability. Within this context, pastoral counseling in GKII Efata Bonet Engkabang plays an essential role in providing spiritual, emotional, and practical guidance through empathetic, relational, and faith-based approaches. Pastoral care has proven effective in helping families realign life priorities, strengthen communication, and cultivate sustainable spiritual practices. The implications of this study highlight the urgency of enhancing structured family support programs in the church, improving pastoral leaders’ capacity as counselors, and encouraging families to develop healthy digital discipline to maintain relational and spiritual quality amid the demands of modern life.

Banking is crucial in efforts to prevent corruption, serving as the frontline in financial management and transactions. This article examines the role of education and training in combating corruption within the banking sector. The study aims to demonstrate that corruption in banking can undermine public trust and economic stability. I employ a literature review and observations of education and training initiatives aimed at corruption prevention in banking. Key issues identified include employees' inadequate understanding of work ethics and anti-corruption policies, along with insufficient systematic training. This research analyzes various education and training programs implemented in banks and assesses their effectiveness in enhancing employee awareness and commitment to anti-corruption practices. I highlight that comprehensive education and continuous employee training are essential for significantly mitigating the risk of corruption in banking by fostering a transparent and ethical organizational culture. It is critical for banking institutions to enhance anti-corruption awareness among their employees. Training programs should engage all employee levels and include regular evaluations to assess their effectiveness. Ultimately, the goal is to create a safer banking environment free from corrupt practices.

This study examines the impact of interest rates and inflation during the 2019-2023 period on asset allocation strategies in Indonesia's investment portfolio. Investment decisions are heavily influenced by two macroeconomic components, namely interest rates and inflation. These factors mainly affect how assets comprise a portfolio. In this study, data on Bank Indonesia's benchmark interest rate and the national inflation rate over the past five years are analyzed to see the pattern of change and its impact on asset allocation strategies, which include stocks, bonds, property, and other assets. The results show that rising interest rates significantly encourage people to shift from high-risk assets (e.g. stocks) to safer assets (e.g. bonds and deposits). Meanwhile, high inflation triggers an increased allocation to physical assets such as property and gold as a hedge against declining purchasing power. This research provides insights for investors to adjust their investment portfolios based on macroeconomic dynamics, especially in the face of interest rate volatility and inflation. The findings also highlight the importance of flexibility and diversification in asset allocation strategies to achieve optimal investment objectives amid economic uncertainty. The conclusion of this study confirms the importance of understanding interest rate and inflation dynamics in formulating effective investment strategies in Indonesia. The implications of these findings can be used by investors and policymakers in designing better monetary policies and investment strategies, in order to maintain national economic stability.

This research analyzes the performance of the Academic Information System (SIAKAD) in supporting student tuition payments at STMIK Widuri using the PIECES method (Performance, Information, Economy, Control, Efficiency, Service). SIAKAD aims to streamline academic administration and enable online payments. However, issues such as system access delays, especially near payment deadlines, still occur, negatively impacting students' academic services and resulting in administrative penalties. The study employed data collection techniques through observation, interviews, questionnaires, and literature review. The PIECES framework was applied to evaluate six key indicators: performance, information, economy, control, efficiency, and service. The findings reveal that all indicators achieved an average score above 3.80, indicating a "good" system performance. Nonetheless, further improvements are necessary, particularly in terms of access speed and data security, to minimize user difficulties. The study concludes that optimizing the SIAKAD system is crucial for achieving effective and efficient payment processes. Recommendations include enhancing service quality, improving information accuracy, and strengthening data security. This optimization is expected to increase user satisfaction and support the institution's financial management stability.

This study examines the relationship between educational attainment, gender inequality in education, and their impact on unemployment rates and economic resilience across various regions. Gender inequality in education has long-term consequences on labor market outcomes and economic stability. In regions with higher gender inequality, the underutilization of female talent results in higher unemployment rates and weaker economic resilience. In contrast, regions with higher gender equality in education show improved labor market performance and a more resilient economy. The study utilizes cross-regional regression analysis, incorporating data on education levels, gender inequality indices, unemployment rates, and economic resilience metrics. The findings suggest that gender inequality in education plays a more significant role in shaping unemployment rates and economic resilience than traditional macroeconomic variables such as GDP and inflation. Furthermore, the results highlight the importance of improving access to education for underrepresented genders, particularly women, to foster more inclusive and sustainable economic growth. The study emphasizes the need for policies that promote gender equality in education as a means to enhance labor market outcomes and strengthen economic resilience. Limitations of the study include potential data constraints and regional variations in cultural, economic, and policy contexts, which may affect the generalizability of the findings. Future research could expand this study by exploring different regions and countries to gain a deeper understanding of the long-term effects of reducing gender inequality in education on economic outcomes.

The phenomenon of "vigilante" is still a serious problem in various regions, including Pangkalan Jati Village. This extrajudicial action not only violates social norms, but also has the potential to threaten public order and security. This study aims to analyze the phenomenon of "vigilante" in Pangkalan Jati Village, as well as its impact on environmental security. The method used is a case study with a qualitative approach through in-depth interviews with community leaders, village officials, and victims/perpetrators of "vigilante" actions. The results of the study indicate that factors such as weak law enforcement, public distrust of the authorities, and lack of legal awareness are the main triggers for these actions. The impacts include increasing rates of violence, social divisions, and security instability. As an effort to overcome this problem, legal socialization has been carried out to the community as part of community service activities. This socialization is expected to increase public legal awareness, strengthen trust in the authorities, and encourage the community to resolve problems legally. This study concludes that legal socialization is an important step in preventing "vigilante" actions and creating a safe and conducive environment.

This study aims to critically analyze how accounting policies implemented in insurance companies contribute to effective risk management and overall financial stability. As the business environment becomes increasingly complex and competitive, insurance firms must adopt robust accounting policies that not only facilitate accurate financial reporting but also enhance their ability to identify, assess, and manage various risks. By employing a mixed-methods approach that integrates both qualitative and quantitative data, this research will explore the intricate relationships between accounting policies, risk management strategies, and their subsequent impact on the financial performance of insurance companies. The study will first provide a theoretical framework that outlines the significance of sound accounting practices in the context of risk management. It will then delve into empirical analysis through case studies of selected insurance companies, assessing how their accounting policies influence risk assessment and mitigation processes. Data will be collected via surveys and interviews with key stakeholders, including financial managers, risk officers, and auditors, to gather insights on the effectiveness of these policies in practice. Furthermore, this research will evaluate the correlation between specific accounting practices and key performance indicators, such as profitability, solvency, and liquidity ratios. By identifying best practices and potential areas for improvement, the study aims to offer practical recommendations that can enhance the alignment between accounting policies and risk management efforts. Ultimately, this research seeks to contribute to the existing literature on accounting and risk management in the insurance sector, providing valuable insights that can inform policy formulation and strategic decision-making within the industry. Through this comprehensive evaluation, the study aspires to foster a deeper understanding of how effective accounting policies can serve as a foundation for robust risk management frameworks, thereby promoting long-term financial stability in insurance companies.

This research aims to explore the relationship between language policy and national identity formation through a macro-linguistic lens. By employing qualitative case study methodology, the study analyzes the language policies of Canada, Belgium, and India, examining their impacts on social cohesion, cultural identity, and political stability. The research investigates specific language policies, such as bilingualism in Canada, collaborative language programs in Belgium, and multilingual education in India, assessing their effects on various communities within these nations. The findings indicate that inclusive language policies significantly enhance social cohesion and foster national pride, while exclusive policies can lead to division and marginalization. In Canada, continued support for bilingual education strengthens ties between linguistic groups. In Belgium, fostering mutual respect among linguistic communities mitigates political tensions. In India, promoting multilingual education protecs regional languages and cultivates a sense of unity. By focusing on the interplay between language and identity, this study highlights the critical importance of inclusive language policies in fostering social harmony and national unity. Ultimately, the findings provide actionable insights for policymakers, emphasizing the need for frameworks that recognize linguistic diversity while promoting dialogue and integration among different language communities. This research contributes to the understanding of effective strategies for strengthening national identity in an increasingly globalized world, reinforcing the idea that language can serve as a bridge rather than a barrier.

Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs) play a strategic role in Indonesia's economy, particularly through their contributions to the formation of Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and employment absorption. MSMEs are also recognized for their strong economic resilience, making them a key pillar of national financial and economic stability. Acknowledging this significance, through the Student Community Service Program (KKM), Group 36 conducted training and mentoring for MSME actors in Bulakan Village over a two-month period. This initiative aimed to enhance the understanding of MSME actors regarding the critical impact of branding, packaging design, and product innovation on marketing strategies. The outcomes of this activity include the creation of distinctive product branding and logos, as well as innovations that have the potential to improve the quality of MSME products.

This study provides a comparative analysis of the regulatory frameworks governing Buy Now Pay Later (BNPL) services across ten ASEAN countries: Indonesia, Malaysia, Singapore, Thailand, the Philippines, Laos, Brunei Darussalam, Vietnam, Myanmar, and Cambodia. As BNPL services rapidly expand throughout the region, understanding the diverse regulatory landscapes and their implications becomes increasingly critical for fostering financial stability, consumer protection, and innovation in the digital financial ecosystem.  Utilizing a literature review methodology, the research examines existing regulations, legal frameworks, and market trends, assessing their impact on financial stability, consumer protection, and fintech innovation.  Singapore is identified as the leader in regulatory practices, effectively balancing fintech innovation with stringent consumer protection. Indonesia and Malaysia emphasize financial inclusion and systemic risk management, with Indonesia's framework focusing on transparency and financial literacy. Thailand and the Philippines are refining their frameworks, while Myanmar, Laos, Brunei, Vietnam and Cambodia are still developing their regulatory approaches. BNPL services, driven by growing e-commerce and fintech ecosystems, offer significant opportunities for financial inclusion but also pose challenges related to over-indebtedness, credit risk, and data protection. The analysis emphasizes that while BNPL presents significant opportunities for financial inclusion and fintech innovation, effective regulation is critical to ensuring sustainable growth and protecting consumers from debt traps and financial instability.

This study aims to determine the effect of monetary policy on economic growth. This study uses the Vector Autoregression method by completing the assumption test and estimation on the research variables of inflation, investment, credit, interest rates and gross regional domestic product. Time series research data from 2003-2022 sourced from the Central Bureau of Statistics of North Sumatra (BPS) SUMUT with the results obtained are inflation and interest rates give the results that inflation is influenced by investment and credit, until investment affects gross regional domestic product. Then credit also affects inflation and interest rates and gross regional domestic product is influenced by investment and credit. Thus, in determining policies that encourage economic growth the government must consider a more coordinated monetary policy strategy to deal with the dynamics of strengthening interest rates, controlling inflation, can be measures that support economic stability.

Financial conglomerates are considered to have a significant role in a country’s economy. A well-developed financial conglomerate will bring economy’s positive growth. However, when one collapses, systemic risk cannot be avoided to the financial system. The study conducts a comparative analysis of financial conglomerates/financial holding companies policies in six countries: Indonesia, South Korea, Taiwan, Malaysia, Singapore, and Australia. Furthermore, the research examines the literature review method of financial conglomerates criteria, structure, synergy, intragroup transactions, and data protection. In general, the requirements of financial conglomerates within research sample countries align with the Joint Forum. Indonesia is still developing the financial conglomerate’s minimum assets and members. Singapore is more concerned with a portion of assets, capital, liabilities, or income, while Taiwan regulates the total assets and paid-in capital. Malaysia regulates strictly with specific minimum ownership, while Australia focuses more on transaction materiality. The synergy among members of financial conglomerates may improve efficiency—however, the intragroup transactions raise systemic risk. Consumer data protection should be considered when financial conglomerates conduct cross-selling. From this study, policymakers should enhance their policies so that financial conglomerates take more advantage of generating the country’s economy while managing challenges to the financial system’s stability.