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Drug abuse constitutes a serious threat to public health, social stability, and national security. This study examines law enforcement mechanisms against drug abuse under Indonesian Law Number 35 of 2009 on Narcotics and evaluates preventive measures implemented to combat this phenomenon. Employing a normative juridical approach through a comprehensive literature review, this research analyses the implementation of both penal and non-penal approaches in addressing narcotics-related offences. The findings reveal that law enforcement practices predominantly emphasise punitive measures, despite legislative provisions accommodating rehabilitation for drug users. The dual approach integrating criminal sanctions with social and health services remains suboptimal due to institutional constraints, limited rehabilitation facilities, inadequate training for law enforcement personnel, and weak inter-agency coordination. Preventive efforts through education, family empowerment, school-based programs, community engagement, and media campaigns have been implemented but continue to face challenges, including social stigma and insufficient public awareness. This study recommends strengthening restorative justice implementation, expanding rehabilitation service capacity, and enhancing cross-sectoral collaboration to build societal resilience against drug abuse while ensuring that users receive appropriate treatment rather than mere criminalisation.

This manuscript does not aim to resolve ideological, historical, or religious claims over territory. Instead, it examines how contemporary forms of power shape protracted conflict through governance mechanisms that regulate land, labor, and resources. Drawing on conflict transformation theory, political economy, and critical governance studies, the article argues that dominant peace frameworks—centered on territorial partition, security coordination, or economic cooperation—are structurally limited because they leave asymmetric governance arrangements intact. These arrangements enable control without political integration, allowing domination to persist even in the absence of formal annexation. By reframing territorial maximalism as a governance project rather than a purely ideological aspiration, the study demonstrates how expansionist ambitions are operationalized through regulatory authority over space, mobility, and economic life. The case illustration of Jericho shows how localized stability and development initiatives can coexist with deep structural dependency when governance authority is not shared. Economic activity and administrative capacity, often interpreted as indicators of progress, may instead stabilize unequal power relations. To address these limitations, the article advances the concept of cooperative territorial governance as a pathway for conflict transformation independent of final-status agreements. By institutionalizing shared authority over labor regulation, land use, and resource management, this framework challenges governance-based domination and offers a pragmatic foundation for transforming the structural conditions sustaining modern territorial conflicts.

This study examines the price elasticity of fresh cow’s milk on the demand for raw materials at Anisa Yoghurt Company using a demand theory approach. Milk is the main input in yoghurt production, making price fluctuations potentially influential on production decisions. The objective of this research is to analyze the responsiveness of raw milk demand to price changes and to identify the elasticity characteristics of milk demand in a small-scale food processing business. This study employs a quantitative case study method using primary data collected through weekly observations of milk prices and quantities purchased over a three-month period, from September to November. The analysis applies the midpoint elasticity formula to measure price elasticity of demand. The findings indicate that the demand for raw milk is consistently inelastic across the observed periods, as shown by elasticity values with absolute magnitudes less than one. Both price decreases and increases result in relatively small changes in the quantity demanded, indicating low sensitivity of demand to price fluctuations. These results suggest that raw milk is an essential production input, and purchasing decisions are driven more by production needs than by short-term price changes. The study implies that yoghurt producers should prioritize supply stability and production efficiency rather than adjusting purchase volumes in response to minor price changes. This research contributes empirical evidence on demand elasticity in dairy-based agro-industries, particularly at the small enterprise level.

The capital market plays a strategic role in supporting national economic growth through its function of raising funds and providing investment vehicles for the public. However, the integrity of the capital market is often threatened by the practice of insider trading, which involves securities transactions conducted using material, non-public information by certain parties for personal gain. This practice violates the principles of fairness and transparency and has the potential to harm public investors and undermine confidence in the capital market. This study aims to analyze the law enforcement mechanisms for insider trading in the Indonesian capital market and examine legal protection efforts for investors. The research method used is qualitative research with a descriptive approach through a literature review of laws and regulations, scientific journals, books, and publications from the Financial Services Authority (OJK) and the Indonesia Stock Exchange. The results indicate that law enforcement against insider trading is carried out through mechanisms of supervision, investigation, and the imposition of administrative, civil, and criminal sanctions. However, the effectiveness of law enforcement still faces various challenges, particularly in proving the use of insider information and the complexity of transaction technology. Furthermore, insider trading negatively impacts investor confidence and capital market stability. Investor protection efforts are implemented through a preventative approach, including information disclosure, supervision, and investor education, as well as a repressive approach through legal sanctions, dispute resolution, and whistleblower protection. This research is expected to provide theoretical contributions to the development of capital market law and practical recommendations for strengthening law enforcement and investor protection in Indonesia.

Inclusive education requires learning approaches that are not solely oriented toward academic achievement but are also capable of supporting the psychomotor and emotional development of students with special needs, including those with mild intellectual disabilities. Students with mild intellectual disabilities commonly experience limitations in motor coordination, emotional regulation, and attention focus, which necessitate adaptive, holistic, and experiential learning strategies. This study aims to describe the implementation of contemporary dance as an art therapy approach in supporting the psychomotor and emotional development of students with mild intellectual disabilities in an inclusive school setting. The study employed a quantitative approach using a Single Subject Research (SSR) method with an A–B–A design. The research subject was one ninth-grade student with mild intellectual disability at SMPN 1 Karangtengah. Data were collected through systematic observation during the baseline-1 (A-1), intervention (B), and baseline-2 (A-2) phases, using indicators of psychomotor and emotional development. The results showed improvements in motor coordination, movement fluency and balance, imitation ability, attention focus, and emotional expression during the intervention phase. In the baseline-2 phase, most of the acquired abilities were maintained despite the termination of the intervention, indicating stability in behavioral changes. These findings suggest that contemporary dance as an art therapy approach has the potential to serve as a relevant and effective pedagogical-therapeutic strategy in supporting the psychomotor and emotional development of students with mild intellectual disabilities. The implications of this study indicate that contemporary dance can be integrated into arts learning or Individualized Education Programs as a humanistic learning alternative oriented toward students’ developmental needs within inclusive education contexts.

The financial crisis experienced by PT Garuda Indonesia Tbk prompted the company to enter into a Debt Payment Suspension (PKPU) process as a legal measure to avoid bankruptcy and restructure its finances. The complexity of debt, liquidity pressures, and post-pandemic operational challenges have made PKPU a strategic instrument for obtaining debt payment deferrals and formulating a settlement plan that is acceptable to creditors. This study aims to analyze how the implementation of PKPU affects Garuda's rescue efforts from the threat of bankruptcy and assess the extent to which the debt restructuring resulting from PKPU in 2021–2023 effectively improves the company's financial condition. The method used is normative legal research with a legislative, conceptual, and case study approach to the homologation decision and Garuda Indonesia's official financial reports. The results of the study show that PKPU provides legal certainty for debtors and creditors through a collective postponement mechanism, and debt restructuring has been proven to significantly reduce the company's liabilities from around US$10.1 billion to around US$4.6 billion, while improving financial and operational stability in the short to medium term. In conclusion, PKPU serves as an effective corporate rescue instrument, while post-PKPU debt restructuring provides a strong foundation for Garuda Indonesia's financial recovery, although long-term sustainability still depends on the consistent implementation of the peace plan and the company's operational performance.

This research focuses on optimizing the control system to improve voltage stability in a 10 kW Solar Power Plant (PLTS) located in a tropical region. The main issue addressed is voltage fluctuation caused by the intermittent nature of solar radiation (200–1200 W/m²) and temperature variations (20–50°C), which result in up to 12% overshoot in the inverter. The proposed method implements a Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller optimized using the Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) algorithm with real-time irradiation input data. The research integrates a 100 Hz digital low-pass filter to mitigate sensor noise under low irradiation conditions. Simulation results show that the PID-PSO system successfully reduces overshoot from 12.1% to 4.2% under high irradiation, and decreases settling time from 0.62 seconds to 0.31 seconds. The digital filter effectively reduces measurement deviation from 7.2% to 2.8% at 200 W/m² irradiation. The PSO optimization achieved optimal convergence within 37 iterations with an Integral of Time-weighted Absolute Error (ITAE) value of 0.18. This study concludes that the implementation of PID-PSO with a digital filter significantly enhances the voltage stability of the PLTS by 20.3% compared to conventional PID control and is ready to be applied in tropical-region smart grid systems.

Strengthening family-based microenterprises is one strategic approach to improving the economic resilience and independence of local communities. Family microenterprises not only serve as a source of income, but also as an important instrument in maintaining the social and economic stability of households. This study aims to describe the conditions of family-based microenterprises, identify obstacles to their development, and formulate strategies for optimizing family economics in Neighborhood I of Padangmatinggi Village, Padangsidimpuan City. This study uses a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques through in-depth interviews, field observations, and documentation studies. Research informants include family micro-business actors, village officials, and other related parties. The results show that family-based micro-businesses have a real contribution to increasing household income and meeting basic family needs. However, business development still faces limitations in capital, low financial literacy, limited product innovation, and minimal marketing access. Therefore, an integrated development strategy is needed that includes increasing human resource capacity, facilitating access to financing, utilizing digital technology, and institutional support from the local government to realize the sustainability of family micro-businesses.

The shift in economic structure from a reliance on traditional agriculture to modern industrialization has yielded various competitive advantages for a region. The presence of leading sectors at the local level is a strong indicator of increased added value and high productivity, fueled by a healthy competitive climate among business actors. This phenomenon is closely related to the characteristics of the industrial sector, which possesses very strong forward and backward linkages, making it a primary driver of national economic growth. Progress in the manufacturing sector is not merely a measure of economic success but also serves as a driver of fiscal stability through massive employment absorption and increased foreign exchange earnings. Industrial growth is considered highly strategic because it holds significant potential for future expansion through technological innovation and production efficiency. This condition makes industrial cluster development an instrument for driving sustainable economic growth in Indonesia, while simultaneously strengthening the competitiveness of local products in the global market through the integration of a more organized production system.

. Corruption is an extraordinary crime that has a systemic impact on economic stability, governance and the protection of human rights. Indonesia and Singapore show significant differences in the effectiveness of corruption eradication, despite both applying the rule of law principle. Indonesia established the Corruption Eradication Commission (KPK) through Law Number 30 of 2002 jo. Law No. 19/2019 as an independent institution with powers to investigate and prosecute, but its effectiveness has been weakened by political interference, regulatory revisions, and bureaucratic obstacles. Singapore, on the other hand, relies on the Corrupt Practices Investigation (CPIB) under the Prevention of Corruption Act 1960, which has historical legitimacy, stable political support, and consistent regulations. This difference in effectiveness is reflected in the 2024 Corruption Perception Index, where Indonesia ranks 99th with a score of 37/100, while Singapore ranks 3rd with a score of 84/100. Although the KPK normatively has broader authority, 2024, where Indonesia ranked 99th with a score of 37/100, while Singapore ranked 3rd with a score of 84/100. Although the KPK normatively has broader authority, empirical results show that the success of corruption eradication is determined by institutional integrity, regulatory consistency, and structural independence. This research uses a normative juridical method with a literature study approach and deductive thinking method to analyze the legal basis, and implementation of the two institutions. The results of this study found that the differences between the anti-corruption institutions of the two countries do not merely depend on legal instruments, but on political structure, organizational culture, and institutional commitment in upholding integrity. It is expected to provide normative recommendations to strengthen Indonesia's anti-corruption institution, namely the KPK, through structural, regulative, and institutional reforms

Background: Plastic film sheet production at PT EA1 requires a uniform M-Coat layer to meet product quality specifications; therefore, the suitability of the coating-media container is critical to process stability and coating consistency. Objective: This study aims to redesign the M-Coat tank so that its dimensions and configuration match the coating process requirements and the machine working mechanism. Methodology: The research employed an industrial case-study design, collecting data through observation, interviews, and documentation, supported by direct dimensional measurements of the product and equipment constraints. Data were analyzed using the Design for Manufacturing and Assembly (DFMA) method to develop and evaluate the redesigned tank concept in terms of manufacturability, assemblability, and operational suitability. Findings: The proposed M-Coat tank redesign is applicable to the production line and can be operated optimally to support the plastic sheet coating process at PT EA1. Implications: The results indicate that DFMA-based redesign of process equipment can improve implementation feasibility on the shop floor while supporting consistent coating performance in coating production environments. Originality: This study extends DFMA from conventional product/component redesign to coating-line process equipment redesign by integrating manufacturability and assembly considerations with real operational constraints in plastic sheet coating production.

The rapid expansion of digital technology has intensified the circulation of pornographic content, making it increasingly accessible across various online platforms and posing significant risks to social, psychological, and moral stability. This study aims to examine the underlying factors contributing to the spread of pornographic content, its impact on individuals and society, and the urgency of strengthening regulatory and preventive measures. Using a qualitative approach supported by interviews and questionnaires distributed to university students in Jatinangor and Bandung, the research explores public perceptions, access patterns, and social responses regarding pornography in digital spaces. The findings reveal that most respondents consider pornography dissemination a deviant behavior, with economic motives and revenge-driven actions emerging as predominant driving factors. The study also shows that existing legal regulations are perceived as insufficient in mitigating the rapid growth of pornographic content online. These results highlight the importance of enhancing digital literacy, strengthening law enforcement, and promoting moral education to reduce the risks associated with pornography exposure. The study contributes to a deeper criminological understanding of deviant behavior in digital environments and underscores the need for collaborative societal efforts to address this phenomenon.

This study is motivated by the increasing dynamics of criminal activity within the jurisdiction of the East Nusa Tenggara Regional Police (Polda NTT), characterized by regional variations and complex causal factors. Conventional crimes such as assault, theft, and mob violence dominate the crime landscape and significantly affect social stability. The purpose of this research is to analyze the patterns, causes, and crime control strategies implemented by Polda NTT in maintaining public security and order. The study employs an empirical legal approach using a mixed-methods design, combining quantitative analysis of crime statistics with qualitative interviews involving police officers. Data were obtained from the Directorate of General Criminal Investigation (Ditreskrimum) of Polda NTT and cover all police jurisdictions, including one city police department and twenty-one district police offices. Findings reveal that crime rates in NTT are strongly influenced by social, economic, cultural, and geographical factors. The most prevalent crimes include assault, ordinary theft, traffic accidents, and mob violence. Major contributing factors consist of a local culture of violence, alcohol consumption, economic hardship, and low legal literacy. Polda NTT’s strategies involve preventive measures (routine patrols and public legal education), repressive actions (law enforcement and offender guidance), and humanistic approaches such as the Jumat Curhat program, which facilitates direct dialogue with the community.

Information security incidents within government institutions have become a critical issue due to their potential impact on public trust and socio-economic stability. This study examines the social and economic impacts of information security incidents at the General Election Commission (KPU) of Jambi Province. The research aims to identify the types of security incidents that occurred, analyze their social and economic consequences, and evaluate mitigation efforts implemented by the institution. This study employs a qualitative case study approach, using data collection techniques including document analysis, media reports, and interviews with relevant stakeholders. The findings indicate that information security incidents significantly affect public trust in electoral institutions, increase public anxiety regarding personal data protection, and generate additional economic costs related to system recovery, security enhancement, and administrative delays. Furthermore, the incidents also indirectly affect voter participation and institutional reputation. The study highlights the importance of strengthening information security governance, improving human resource awareness, and implementing comprehensive risk management strategies. The results of this research are expected to contribute to the development of more resilient information security policies in public sector institutions, particularly in electoral management bodies.

Mining sequence design is one of the important stages in open pit mining activities that aims to organize the excavation stages so that production activities run effectively, efficiently, and in accordance with the established targets. This research was conducted at PT Putra Perkasa Abadi Site SKS with the aim of designing a mining sequence in January and February 2025. The methods used include analysis of topographic data, geology, pit design, and monthly production targets. The data was processed using mining software to determine the excavation sequence based on elevation, overburden volume, and coal reserves. The design results show that the total planned overburden and coal volume is able to meet the company's production targets by considering slope stability and the efficiency of digging and loading equipment. In addition, the resulting sequence design also takes into account aspects of work safety and field operational conditions, such as mine road access and drainage systems. With a structured design, it is expected that mining activities during this period can run according to schedule, minimize operational obstacles, and support the achievement of production targets and cost efficiency at PT Putra Perkasa Abadi Site SKS.

Guaranteeing the geotechnical stability of slopes is an absolute prerequisite for the sustainability of open pit mining operations, considering the potential for multidimensional losses due to slope failure. The specific geological conditions at PIT B1 PT. Pancaran Surya Abadi, which is composed of sedimentary rocks (coal, sandstone, and claystone), are susceptible to degradation and softening, especially due to high rainfall that causes an increase in pore water pressure and a decrease in rock shear strength. This study aims to analyze the stability of highwall slopes using the Morgenstern-Price Method to determine the Safety Factor (SFF) value according to Ministerial Decree number 1827 K/30/MEM/2018, and continued with a semi-quantitative risk analysis. The analysis results show that the initial slope has a static SFF of 0.77 (Not Safe). After redesign, the recommended optimal single slope geometry is: sandstone (Height 5 m, Angle 20°, Berm 5 m) and claystone (Height 10 m, Angle 60°, Berm 5 m). This redesign resulted in a FK of 1.34 (Safe). Sensitivity analysis to groundwater level rise (GTL) showed that the GTL value remained safe (GTL ≥1.30) up to a 30% increase in GTL. However, a 40% to 80% increase in GTL caused the GTL to decrease (1.28–1.21), classified as Medium Risk. A 100% increase in GTL drastically reduced the GTL to 1.05, classified as High Risk. This study emphasizes the need for close monitoring and additional drainage to maintain the long-term stability of slopes under the influence of rainfall.  

This study aims to evaluate the actual sump capacity in accommodating mine water discharge, design a sump that fits field conditions, and determine the optimal pump capacity and system at PT Satria Alam Manunggal, Telen Orbit Prima Site. The research methods include field data collection (sump condition, water discharge, and pump capacity) and supporting data (rainfall, geological maps, and pump specifications). The design rainfall was calculated using the Gumbel method with a five-year return period, while water discharge was estimated from runoff, rainfall, and groundwater inflow. The results indicate that the existing sump, with a capacity of 508 m³, is insufficient to accommodate an inflow of 1.210 m³/s. Therefore, two new sumps were designed: the West Sump with a capacity of 38,400 m³ and the East Sump with 78,281 m³. Each sump employs a DnD 150-4H pump with a discharge rate of 480 m³/hour. The West Sump pump can drain water within approximately three days, while the East Sump requires about seven days. The trapezoidal sump design was chosen for its efficiency, structural stability, and effectiveness in sediment (TSS) deposition control, maintaining levels within safe limits. In conclusion, the design of the West and East sumps is considered optimal in accommodating mine water discharge and improving the overall effectiveness of the mine drainage system.

In engineering practice, various methods have been implemented to stabilize landslide-prone slopes, one of which is the use of bore piles. Bore piles are structures that hold back soil and make slopes more stable by reinforcing the ground inside them. However, the application of bore piles in landslide mitigation presents its own challenges, making it essential to identify and anticipate potential issues that may arise in field engineering practice. Bore piles are installed vertically, either parallel or staggered, at specific spacing and are often combined with capping beams and struts to resist soil movement and provide lateral restraint. This method is commonly applied to high-risk slopes or critical infrastructures such as roads, bridges, and buildings. Anticipation strategies in engineering practice consist of three stages: planning, implementation, and long-term maintenance, with this study focusing specifically on anticipation strategies during the implementation stage. Although bore piles serve as an effective solution to reduce landslide risk, their success depends heavily on proper planning, construction execution, and maintenance. Issues such as soil conditions, construction quality, and external factors must be addressed through a comprehensive engineering approach.

This study aims to analyze the comparison of the durability of natural fiber and synthetic fiber composites in a high-temperature production environment. Testing was conducted on carbon fiber, aramid (synthetic), ramie, and jute (natural) fiber-based composites with exposure to temperatures of 80-150°C for 500 hours. The parameters measured include tensile strength, elastic modulus, dimensional stability, morphological changes, and moisture absorption. The research results show that synthetic fiber composites have superior durability compared to natural fibers. Carbon fiber composites retain 87% of their initial tensile strength with only a 4.2% reduction in modulus, while flax fibers only retain 62% strength with a 26% reduction in modulus. Microscopic analysis revealed significant delamination in natural fiber composites with interface gaps of 15-25 μm, compared to 3-5 μm in synthetic fibers. Natural fibers undergo thermal degradation due to the decomposition of lignin and hemicellulose, resulting in significant color changes and a dimensional shrinkage of 3.2%. The moisture absorption of natural fibers increases to 8.5% after exposure, indicating damage to the cellular structure. This research concludes that synthetic fiber composites are more suitable for long-term high-temperature production applications, but natural fibers can still be considered for low-temperature applications with appropriate chemical modification.

The purpose of this research is to formulate a model for the Strategy to Enhance Competitiveness and Sustainability of SMEs in Supporting Independence in East Java. The research method is descriptive qualitative. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation. Data analysis techniques use 1) Data reduction, 2) Data display, 3) Data triangulation, 4) Data verification. The informant determination technique uses indepth interviews with key informants such as SME actors, relevant agency officials, representatives from East Java's SME Banks, and academics. The results of data analysis and literature review indicate that the Strategy to Enhance Competitiveness of SMEs in East Java focuses on the adoption of digital marketing (utilization of social media, marketplaces, and e-commerce), product and process innovation (development of unique and quality products, production efficiency), as well as strengthening partnerships and collaborations with various parties (government, financial institutions, large companies) to expand market access and resources. The strategy for enhancing the sustainability of MSMEs in East Java heavily relies on prudent financial management practices (cash flow management, access to affordable financing such as Prokesra and Dagulir), compliance with legal and certification requirements (PIRT, halal, BPOM), as well as the potential implementation of circular economy concepts for resource efficiency and waste reduction. The strategy supporting the independence of MSMEs in East Java focuses on a comprehensive empowerment program, including entrepreneurship training and intensive mentoring for capacity building, ease of access to capital, and facilitation of business matching and exhibitions/bazaars for network and market expansion. The active role of the government and supporting institutions is crucial in creating a conducive ecosystem. The relationship between competitiveness, sustainability, and independence of SMEs is synergistic and mutually reinforcing. Increasing competitiveness directly contributes to economic sustainability. Sustainability creates stability that allows SMEs to continue innovating and enhancing their competitiveness. Meanwhile, independence empowers SMEs to be proactive in achieving competitiveness and sustainability, with the ability to make strategic decisions and adapt to changes. Overall, SMEs in East Java have great potential to continue growing and contributing to the economy. However, sustained support through appropriate policies, relevant empowerment programs, and facilitation of access to essential resources will be key to realizing SMEs that are not only competitive and sustainable but also fully independent.