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This article discusses the transformation of the meaning of the altar from Hebrew tradition to modern spiritual life, highlighting the important role of the altar as a symbol of the relationship between humans and God. In Hebrew tradition, the altar serves as a physical altar for offering sacrifices, reflecting the sacrifice, purification, and spiritual commitment of the people of Israel. However, as time has progressed, the meaning of the altar has evolved into a deeper symbol that encompasses spiritual and emotional aspects. In a modern context, the altar is interpreted as a symbol of the human heart, a place where worship and devotion to God are performed wholeheartedly. This article also explores the application of altar values, such as devotion, humility, and service, in everyday life. Additionally, the concept of the altar is connected to universal interpretations that are relevant to various spiritual traditions. The method used in this research is a qualitative method with a literature study approach, involving the collection and analysis of literature and biblical verses related to the altar. Thus, this article aims to provide a deep understanding of the essence of the altar as a spiritual element that remains relevant, universal, and applicable in daily life, while inviting readers to reflect on the application of the altar concept in their lives.

This article explores the integration of religious moderation values within the tradition of orphan charity (santunan anak yatim) in a multicultural community. Conducted as part of a community service program (Kuliah Kerja Mahasiswa) by ten students from Universitas Islam Negeri Maulana Malik Ibrahim Malang, this study took place in Sumberkradenan Village, Pakis Subdistrict, Malang Regency, East Java. Using a qualitative descriptive approach through interviews, observation, and documentation, the research uncovers how a routine act of religious compassion becomes a powerful medium for fostering social harmony, tolerance, and interfaith cooperation. The findings reveal that orphan charity is not merely a religious obligation but also a social practice that embodies the spirit of inclusiveness, solidarity, and mutual respect across diverse religious and cultural groups. This study highlights the potential of local religious traditions as grassroots models for promoting religious moderation in contemporary society.

The process of Islamization in Sulawesi is an important part of the cultural and religious history of the region. Islamization not only played a role in religious change, but also involved acculturation through strong oral traditions among local communities, such as the Bugis, Makassar, and Mandar. Oral traditions including poetry, fables, proverbs, and traditional rituals were used as the main media for spreading Islamic teachings. With the arrival of Islam in the 15th and 16th centuries, Islamic values ​​were combined with local customs such as siri’ and pangadereng. The role of the nobility and ulama was very important in spreading Islamic teachings through familiar cultural narratives. In addition, traditional performing arts such as kacapi and pakarena became a means of spreading Islamic values ​​in a form that was easily accepted by the community. This article highlights how oral traditions played a role as a tool for Islamization in Sulawesi, as well as the challenges faced in maintaining these traditions in the modern era.

Knowledge of fire extinguishers is crucial for enhancing preparedness in the event of a fire, particularly within school environments. This community service activity aims to analyze the knowledge of students at SMAN 4 Surakarta regarding portable fire extinguishers and traditional fire extinguishing tools through an educational approach. The method employed involved a pre-test and post-test design administered to 49 students who participated in a socialization session and a demonstration on the use of fire extinguishers. The results indicated a significant increase in students' knowledge concerning the use of both portable and traditional fire extinguishing tools. This activity not only improved students' understanding but also fostered awareness of the importance of preparedness and individual roles in fire prevention. Direct education combined with practical demonstrations proved to be an effective, engaging, and applicable learning medium. It is hoped that similar programs can be continuously implemented across all schools in Surakarta to cultivate a culture of safety awareness from an early age.

This article explores the meaning of millennials in Revelation 20:1–6 through the lens of amillennialism within the framework of Reformed theology. The millennium—the thousand-year period of Christ's reign—is a central issue in Christian eschatological discussions, giving rise to three main views: premillennialism, postmillennialism, and amillennialism. Using historical-theological hermeneutics as well as the study of literature, this paper examines the symbolic meaning of the book of Revelation and how it has been interpreted throughout the history of the church. The amillennial approach interprets that Christ has reigned spiritually since His resurrection through His presence in the church, and that the millennium is not a literal period in the future, but rather describes the present era of the church. This understanding rejects the view of a literal thousand-year kingdom and focuses on Christ's ongoing work on the world. Therefore, the proper interpretation of millennials influences.

This study aims to find out the social moral values ​​contained in the soro noto cultural tradition in the Jontona village community. The social moral values ​​contained in the cultural tradition will be juxtaposed with the theory of Confucian philosophy. The juxtaposition will be a compass for researchers to find the content of social moral values ​​contained in the soro noto cultural tradition. This study actually uses two methods, namely the interview method and literature review. So far, the researcher's investigation has found that the social moral values ​​contained in the soro noto cultural tradition based on the Confucian philosophy are the values ​​of solidarity, the value of kindness and the value of responsibility. In fact, the values ​​that have been mentioned can be used as life lessons for someone to become more mature in living in a community and strengthening the bonds of brotherhood and family in the social environment.

The indigenous Nggolonio community gave land to newcomers (Dhajong) with the mandate that this land was only for making settlements, surviving and earning a living and not for other interests. However, the Dhajong community used this land for the construction of public facilities, the indigenous community of Nggolonio Village questioned the implementation of the mandate from their ancestors. The research used was empirical legal research with a qualitative approach. Data collection for this research was interviews and document studies. The results of the study indicate that the position of the customary rights of the Nggolonio Community against the rights of the Dhajong immigrant community, customary rights are the collective rights of the indigenous community to a certain area that is inherited from generation to generation. This right includes control and management of land and the natural resources above it. In the context of immigrant communities, access to and use of customary land is usually regulated by customary mechanisms that apply in the local community. This can involve the involvement of special agreements or land use permits that are mutually agreed upon between the indigenous community and immigrants. It is important to note that each indigenous community has different rules and mechanisms in managing relations between indigenous communities and immigrants. Therefore, a deep understanding of customary law and local practices in Nggolonio Village is essential to obtain an accurate picture of the status of customary rights of indigenous peoples and the rights of immigrant communities in the area.

This study aims to describe the beliefs of people in Ujanmas Lama Village towards puyang and the customs carried out to honor them. By using documentation, interviews, and direct observation, this study uses ethnography as a method of data collection. The study shows that the residents of Ujanmas Lama Village interpret puyang as an ancestor or village founder who is respected from generation to generation. Therefore, the community has a strong belief that puyang has supernatural or magical powers that can influence their lives. Everything related to puyang relics is considered sacred and is believed to contain spiritual power, so it must be maintained and respected. This belief is reflected in various traditions that are still carried out today, such as visiting puyang graves, respecting puyang relics, and following customary laws that have been passed down since the puyang era. All of these traditions are real forms of community respect for puyang as an important part of their identity and cultural heritage.

This study aims to examine the effectiveness of traditional games as a strategy for instilling multicultural values and character education in elementary school students. Employing a qualitative approach, this research explores the potential of traditional games in shaping attitudes of tolerance, cooperation, and mutual respect for differences among students. The results indicate that traditional games are not only entertainment but also an effective learning medium for instilling positive values and strengthening students' character in the context of cultural diversity.

This study examines the role of technology in the transformation of Siri' na Pacce cultural values among the Z generation in Makassar City. The values of Siri' (shame) and Pacce (pain) are deeply rooted philosophical foundations in Bugis-Makassar society, but face relevance challenges in the digital era. Through a descriptive qualitative approach with data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, and documentation, this study analyzes how digital media such as Instagram, YouTube, and TikTok act as a means of transmitting traditional cultural values. The results show that technology facilitates the dissemination of Siri' na Pacce values in a broader and more engaging way for generation Z, while transforming cultural understanding from what was previously perceived as a culture of violence to civilized values. This research concludes that there is a need for synergy between digital technology, family and educational institutions to ensure that Generation Z does not only know the value of Siri' na Pacce superficially, but is able to internalize and implement it in daily life according to the context of the times.

Melemang tradition is a form of local wisdom of the people of Karang Raja Village, Muara Enim, which is held every 10th of Muharram. This tradition not only has cultural values, but also has social and religious values such as gotong royong, caring, and sharing. However, in the midst of modernisation and the declining interest of the younger generation in traditional culture, the question arises of how best to keep the Melemang tradition from disappearing. The purpose of this research is to study ways to preserve the Melemang culture and develop methods that can be used to introduce the culture to the general public. This research uses a descriptive-analytical approach and a qualitative approach through, interviews, and literature research. The results showed that the involvement of the younger generation is necessary to preserve the Melemang tradition. It is hoped that this effort will strengthen cultural identity and introduce the melemang tradition to the general public.

This research aims to examine and understand how the tradition of “Maragat Tuak Bagot” (tapping palm sap) in the Batak community in the Central Tapanuli region reflects an ecological imagination that is in line with the principles of Catholic Eco-Theology (Laudato Si). This tradition is a cultural practice that contains ecological and spiritual meaning, in which the Batak people in the Central Tapanuli utilize natural resources in a sustainable manner and with full respect for the environment. Through a Catholic Eco-Theology approach, this research seeks to explore the theological values ​​contained in this tradition and how these values ​​are lived out in society. The research method used is qualitative and literature study. Field data was obtained by conducting in-depth interviews with community leaders and practitioners of the “Maragat Tuak Bagot” tradition. The research results show that the “Maragat Tuak Bagot” tradition not only has a socio-cultural function but also contains deep ecological messages. This practice contains reflections on the importance of maintaining natural balance, respecting creation, and involving the spiritual dimension. Apart from that, the “Maragat Tuak Bagot” tradition also represents the relationship between humans and nature which is in line with Catholic Eco-Theological teachings about human’s moral responsibility to care for the earth as a shared home. The results of this research provide an important contribution in enriching the discourse on ecology and theology in Indonesia, as well as offering a new perspective in environmental conservation efforts based on local wisdom and religious values.

The cacao plant (Theobroma cacao L.) has long been used in traditional medicine and has been proven to contain phytochemical compounds such as polyphenols, flavonoids, alkaloids, and tannins, which exhibit pharmacological activities, including antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties. This study aims to review the potential development of antibacterial formulations based on cacao extract through a literature review. The method used is a qualitative descriptive analysis of national and international journals published in the last 10 years. The review results indicate that extracts from cacao seeds, fruit peels, and leaves are effective in inhibiting the growth of various pathogenic bacteria, both Gram-positive and Gram-negative. Various formulations such as gels, creams, lotions, soaps, toothpaste, and mouthwash have been developed with promising results. The utilization of the cacao plant as an antibacterial agent in pharmaceutical formulations holds great potential as a natural alternative in the healthcare field while also adding value to cocoa industry by-products.

This study aims to investigate the impact of the traditional game Balakeh on the improvement of basic motor skills in students with mild intellectual disabilities at SDN Gayungan 2 Surabaya. The research employed a Classroom Action Research (CAR) approach with a One-Group Pretest-Posttest Design, involving 12 students with mild intellectual disabilities from grades 4, 5, and 6. The study was conducted in two cycles, each consisting of planning, implementation, observation, and reflection. The instruments used to measure basic motor skills included the Zig-Zag Run Test (agility), Static Flexibility Test (flexibility), and Standing Stork Test (balance). The results showed a significant improvement in all three aspects of motor skills after the implementation of the Balakeh game. On agility, the average time decreased from 11.13 seconds to 10.56 seconds, flexibility increased from 20.96 cm to 22.23 cm, and balance improved from 16.52 seconds to 17.45 seconds. The percentage of students meeting the completion criteria also increased, with agility reaching 83.33%, flexibility 91.67%, and balance 75%. These findings indicate that the Balakeh game is effective in enhancing basic motor skills in students with mild intellectual disabilities and can be integrated into adaptive PJOK education for children with special needs.

The Grand Harvest tradition in Penutuk Village, Lepar District, is an annual celebration that is rich in meaning and cultural value. As an expression of gratitude for the abundant harvest from the rice fields, this event becomes a social glue that strengthens ties between residents. More than just a harvest celebration, this tradition reflects the noble values ​​of the Penutuk Village community, such as togetherness, mutual cooperation, and preserving local culture that has been passed down from generation to generation. The series of events which took place on January 19 2025 involved all levels of society, from children to the elderly, with active participation in each procession. This article will examine in depth the philosophical meaning behind this tradition, describing in detail the series of events which include traditional ceremonies and social activities. Apart from that, this article will also discuss efforts to preserve the harvest tradition in Penutuk Village so that it remains sustainable and can be passed on to future generations, including adaptation strategies to changing times and the challenges of modernization. It is hoped that this research can contribute to a more comprehensive understanding of the importance of preserving local culture in Indonesia, especially in the context of agriculture and the social life of rural communities. Thus, this article does not only describe a tradition, but also offers a broader perspective on the social, economic, and cultural values ​​contained therein.

This study aims to analyze the ibdal rule in Arabic word derivation with an integrative approach between traditional methods and modern linguistics. The ibdal rule, namely the change of one letter into another letter in a word, has long been a concern in classical Arabic studies. The traditional approach views ibdal as part of an effort to maintain the purity and beauty of the Arabic language, based on oral history, analysis of ancient poetry, and readings of the Qur'an. Meanwhile, modern linguistics views ibdal as a rational phonological phenomenon, occurring due to phonetic considerations, ease of articulation, and social dynamics. Through an integrative study, this study found that a comprehensive understanding of ibdal can only be achieved by combining an appreciation of classical Arabic heritage with scientific analysis based on modern phonology and morphology. The results of this study indicate that ibdal is not only linguistic, but also reflects the vitality of the Arabic language in responding to changes in the times. The integration of these two approaches also has an impact on the development of curriculum, teaching methods, and the expansion of Arabic language research space towards a more interdisciplinary direction. This study emphasizes the importance of building a scientific attitude that respects tradition while being open to renewal in Arabic studies. Thus, it is hoped that this research can be a significant contribution to the development of Arabic linguistic studies in a contemporary academic context.

Traditional linguistics has been an important foundation in language studies for decades. However, with the development of the times and technological advances, traditional linguistics has faced challenges and criticism from various parties. The purpose of this study is to critically analyze traditional linguistics, identify advantages and disadvantages, and its relationship to culture as an inseparable part of traditional linguistics. This study uses a qualitative approach to deeply understand traditional linguistics through library research by analyzing various sources of literature relevant to traditional linguistics and various journals directly related to traditional linguistics. The results of the study indicate that traditional linguistics has advantages and disadvantages. It is hoped that this study can be a reference for other researchers who are interested in the topic of traditional linguistics to better understand language and culture.

Gross motor development is essential for elementary students’ physical growth and learning. Traditional games are a fun and culturally rich method to stimulate gross motor skills. To examine the effectiveness of the Karapan Sapi traditional game in improving gross motor skills among 4th-grade students at SDN Bubutan IV Surabaya. This study employed Classroom Action Research (CAR) in two cycles involving 26 students, using observation, interviews, and documentation for data collection. Initial observations showed most students were in the "Less Skilled" category. After the intervention using the Karapan Sapi game, all students progressed to the "Highly Skilled" category. The Karapan Sapi game enhanced not only physical abilities but also teamwork, student engagement, and appreciation for local culture. The Karapan Sapi traditional game is an effective and enjoyable educational tool to improve elementary students’ gross motor skills through contextual and cultural-based learning.

Industri peternakan memiliki kontribusi penting dalam mendukung perekonomian nasional serta penyediaan protein hewani. Kambing merupakan salah satu komoditas ternak potensial yang banyak dibudidayakan masyarakat pedesaan, termasuk di Desa Besowo, Kecamatan Kepung, Kabupaten Kediri. Namun, keterbatasan sarana, pengetahuan teknis, dan pola pemeliharaan tradisional masih menjadi kendala dalam meningkatkan kinerja peternak kambing. Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menganalisis pengaruh modal sosial terhadap kinerja peternak kambing. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kuantitatif dengan teknik analisis regresi untuk mengukur hubungan antara variabel modal sosial (norma, jaringan, kepercayaan, dan hubungan timbal balik) dengan kinerja peternak. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa modal sosial peternak kambing di Desa Besowo relatif baik, tercermin dari adanya praktik titip ternak, penggunaan fasilitas bersama, hingga kegiatan kelompok ternak. Kinerja peternak cenderung masih tradisional, dengan pola pemeliharaan dan pemberian pakan bergantung pada kondisi alam serta usaha ternak yang dijalankan sebagai profesi sampingan. Analisis regresi menghasilkan nilai koefisien determinasi (R²) sebesar 53,7%, yang mengindikasikan bahwa modal sosial berpengaruh signifikan terhadap kinerja peternak kambing. Hal ini menegaskan bahwa penguatan modal sosial dapat membantu mengatasi keterbatasan teknis dan sarana prasarana, sekaligus meningkatkan keberlanjutan usaha peternakan kambing.

This community service activity aims to increase the motivation, confidence, and love of male students for traditional Acehnese art, particularly the Likok Pulo dance. This dance is characterized by its energetic and rhythmic nature, making it suitable as a dance teaching material for male students who have previously shown little interest in participating in dance activities. The methods used include demonstrations and peer tutoring, covering training in various dance movements, mastering the lyrics, and accompanying music with the rapa’i instrument. The training was conducted over three days from 2:00 PM to 5:00 PM. The dancers involved were specifically male students who had previously shown little interest in dance practice. The results of the activity showed that male students were highly enthusiastic, as evidenced by their ability to master movement variations, sing lyrics, and play musical accompaniment in a short period of time, despite having never participated in dance extracurricular activities before. This activity demonstrated that selecting appropriate dance material can change students' negative perceptions of dance and serve as a medium for preserving local culture through formal education.