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This study investigates the development of Indonesian language literacy among third-grade elementary school students. The primary problems identified were acute classroom passivity and low reading comprehension, evidenced by an initial learning mastery of only 45.16%, which were largely driven by conventional teacher-centered pedagogy. The objective of this research is to enhance early-grade reading literacy and active participation through an innovative instructional intervention. The proposed method employed a two-cycle Classroom Action Research (CAR) design at SDN Jrebeng Kulon 1, integrating the Problem-Based Learning (PBL) model assisted by serial picture media. This approach utilizes chronological visual scaffolding to facilitate narrative comprehension for students in the concrete operational stage. The results demonstrated a highly significant academic progression: classical learning mastery increased to 70.97% (mean score: 80.80) in Cycle I and culminated in an absolute 100% mastery rate (mean score: 94.51) by the end of Cycle II. The synthesis of these findings reveals that transitioning from static visual aids to serial visual stimuli within a problem-oriented framework effectively mitigates cognitive dissonance and eradicates classroom passivity. In conclusion, the integration of the PBL model with serial picture media serves as a comprehensive pedagogical solution that not only maximizes cognitive reading comprehension but also reconstructs students' verbal articulation and social-collaborative skills, offering a highly scalable strategy for early primary education.

This research is motivated by the low critical thinking skills of third-grade students in learning Pancasila symbols and the limited use of interesting, interactive learning media in the classroom. The purpose of this study is to develop the Magic Letter Spinwheel learning media, determine its feasibility, and examine the improvement of students’ critical thinking skills after using the media. This study employed a Research and Development (R&D) method with the ADDIE development model, consisting of Analysis, Design, Development, Implementation, and Evaluation stages. The research subjects were third-grade students of SDN Sumber 02, Blitar Regency. Data were collected through observation, interviews, validation questionnaires from media and material experts, as well as pretests and posttests. The data were analyzed descriptively using qualitative and quantitative approaches, including feasibility percentages and the N-Gain test. The development results show that the Magic Letter Spinwheel is an interactive learning medium in the form of a spinning wheel containing Pancasila symbols, questions, and learning activities that encourage students to think critically. This medium is designed with an attractive display and is supported by light features and an automatic rotation button to increase students’ learning interest. Based on expert validation, the media is declared feasible for classroom use. The implementation of the Magic Letter Spinwheel can improve students’ critical thinking skills through active, enjoyable, and student-centered learning activities. Therefore, this media is suitable for use in Pancasila Education learning to support the development of critical thinking skills among third-grade elementary school students.

This study aims to reconstruct a Greek Exegesis learning model based on formative hermeneutics by integrating syntactic analysis with the spiritual transformation of theology students. Traditional Greek instruction often emphasizes technical grammar and textual translation, thereby creating a gap between academic rigor, interpretive sensitivity, and spiritual formation. To address this issue, the present research develops and evaluates an instructional model that positions grammatical inquiry not merely as a linguistic exercise, but as a formative process for understanding Scripture responsibly. This research employs a quantitative descriptive-correlational design involving 30 theology students as participants. Data were collected through syntactic analysis tests and Likert-scale instruments measuring hermeneutical awareness and spiritual disposition. The results show that the implementation of the formative hermeneutical model achieved a high effectiveness level of 81.7%. Students’ syntactic competence reached 78%, which falls into the good category, while spiritual transformation attained 84.8%, categorized as very good. These findings indicate that the model significantly improves both analytical competence and spiritual development. This study proposes an integrative pedagogical framework in which syntactic analysis functions as a formative hermeneutical practice that shapes theological virtues, interpretive responsibility, faith maturity, and holistic ministerial readiness among theology students within diverse contemporary theological education contexts and ministries.

This study aims to analyze the effectiveness of the experimental method in teaching Natural Science at the elementary school level. A quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design using a pretest-posttest control group was applied. The sample consisted of an experimental group taught using the experimental method and a control group taught using conventional methods. Data were collected through tests, observations, and documentation, and analyzed using t-tests and N-Gain calculations. The results show that the experimental method is more effective in improving students’ activeness, conceptual understanding, and learning outcomes compared to conventional methods. Students actively participated in experiments, discussions, and observations, making learning more meaningful. However, variations in improvement were influenced by students’ initial ability, interest, and participation, as well as supporting factors such as teacher readiness and facility availability. In conclusion, the experimental method is effective for science learning in elementary schools when supported by proper planning and adequate resources.

Teachers, as professionals, play a crucial role in managing learning in the classroom. One essential skill that teachers must have is managerial skills, which involve organizing learning activities, setting up the learning environment, and applying suitable methods for learning tasks. In the context of differentiated learning focused on student needs, teacher managerial competence is vital for designing and managing instruction tailored to each student's requirements. Differentiated learning is an approach that emphasizes meeting the needs, interests, and learning styles of individual students. This study was conducted using a literature review method, drawing data from various sources including books, articles, and relevant previous research. The review shows that for successful differentiated learning, teachers need to implement managerial strategies for identifying students’ learning needs, managing content, processes, learning products, and conducting regular formative assessments. Furthermore, teachers must create an environment that supports the learning process through strong collaboration among students, between teachers and students, and with parents. Therefore, improving teacher managerial skills is one way to achieve inclusive learning and accommodate student diversity.

Environmental-based diseases remain a major public health issue associated with unsafe drinking water, inadequate sanitation, poor hygiene behavior, improper household waste management, and unsafe domestic wastewater disposal. Community-Based Total Sanitation, known in Indonesia as Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat or STBM, is a community empowerment approach designed to change hygiene and sanitation behavior through five pillars. This article aims to develop an STBM program planning design and an impact evaluation model for reducing environmental-based diseases, particularly diarrhoeal disease. This study used a narrative review method by analyzing national regulations, official guidelines, global WASH reports, and recent scientific literature. The proposed program design includes situation analysis, multisectoral advocacy, community triggering, household mentoring, strengthening sanitation facilities, monitoring, verification, and impact evaluation. The evaluation model uses process, output, outcome, and impact indicators, with diarrhoea incidence as the main measurable health indicator. The findings indicate that an integrated STBM program supported by community participation, valid baseline data, and periodic evaluation can strengthen the prevention of environmental-based diseases. This article recommends implementing STBM as a sustainable community-based public health intervention rather than a short-term sanitation activity. 

Balanced nutrition intake is an important factor in supporting the performance of young athletes, especially during the growth period that requires optimal nutrition for intense physical activity. However, the lack of nutritional knowledge among parents of young athletes often leads to nutritional imbalances that have a negative impact on athlete health and performance. This study aims to measure the effect of balanced nutrition education on improving the knowledge and attitudes of parents of athletes at the Kancil Mas Football School (SSB), Karawang. The method used was a quasi-experiment with a pre-test and post-test design involving 20 respondents who were parents of U-13 athletes. Education was provided in the form of direct counseling sessions and group discussions, which were supplemented with supporting materials such as leaflets. The Wilcoxon signed rank test was used to analyze changes in parental knowledge and attitude scores before and after the intervention. The results of the analysis showed a significant increase in parents' understanding and positive attitudes towards balanced nutrition after education (p < 0.05). The results showed a significant increase in the level of parents' understanding and positive attitudes towards nutrition after the education intervention. These findings highlight the importance of active parental involvement in ensuring that young athletes' nutritional needs are met, as well as providing a basis for developing nutrition education programs in other sports schools.

This article examines the use of cooperative learning strategies in Christian Religious Education (CRE) as an instructional approach that emphasizes the strengthening of students’ faith and Christian character. The discussion covers the definition, objectives, conceptual foundations, principles, and operational procedures of cooperative learning, which are then connected to the theological goals of CRE. The study employs a qualitative approach using a library research method, analyzing pedagogical and theological literature to construct a conceptual framework for implementing cooperative learning within the context of CRE. The findings indicate that cooperative learning strategies are highly aligned with the essence of CRE, as they foster dialogical interaction, shared responsibility, empathy, and the internalization of Gospel values through collaborative learning processes. The effective implementation of this strategy can create a participatory, reflective, and formative learning community that enhances not only cognitive understanding but also students’ attitudes, spirituality, and Christian character. This research is significant in providing both theoretical and practical foundations for CRE educators in designing learning experiences that are relevant, relational, and transformative in accordance with the goals of faith formation.

The rapid growth of the digital era has significantly influenced Christian Religious Education (CRE), requiring curriculum transformation that integrates Christian household values into academic learning. This study employs a descriptive qualitative approach with an exploratory case study design to analyze the integration of family-based Christian values, such as love, open communication, and spiritual discipline, into the CRE curriculum. The findings reveal that this integration effectively nurtures Christlike character in students across cognitive, affective, and spiritual dimensions. In addition, technology-enhanced learning becomes more meaningful when it is rooted in household values that shape daily faith practices and relational responsibility. The study also indicates that the family context provides an important foundation for strengthening moral awareness, spiritual maturity, and responsible digital engagement among students. This research concludes that integrative curriculum models can develop educators who are not only theologically competent but also Christlike, adaptive, and responsive to digital challenges. Therefore, integrating Christian household values into CRE curriculum design is essential for strengthening holistic faith formation in higher education and preparing future educators to serve faithfully in contemporary digital contexts.

Classroom Action Research (CAR) is a widely used approach to improve teaching practices through iterative cycles of planning, action, observation, and reflection. Despite its popularity, many studies report methodological weaknesses, particularly in ensuring coherence between research problem formulation, objectives, and success indicators. This study aims to examine the alignment among these three key components in CAR studies using a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) approach. Data were collected from peer-reviewed articles indexed in Scopus, ScienceDirect, Taylor & Francis Online, ERIC, and Google Scholar, published between 2015 and 2025. The study selection followed PRISMA 2020 guidelines, including identification, screening, eligibility assessment, and final inclusion of relevant studies. A qualitative thematic synthesis was applied to analyze patterns in the relationship between problem formulation, research objectives, and success indicators. The findings show that CAR problem formulations are generally contextual and based on classroom issues, while research objectives function as operational translations of these problems. Success indicators are used as measurable criteria to evaluate the effectiveness of interventions. However, inconsistencies are still found in several studies, such as misalignment between objectives and problems or poorly defined success indicators. Overall, the study emphasizes the importance of conceptual coherence to improve the quality and credibility of CAR research designs.

This study aims to analyze the role of kenotic Christology as a theological foundation for spiritual formation and non-dominative leadership in undergraduate theological education at STT Kerusso Indonesia. A quantitative survey design was employed, involving 26 students as respondents through a Likert-scale questionnaire. The results indicate that all measured variables are in the high category, with mean scores for kenotic Christology ranging from 4.10 to 4.30, spiritual formation at approximately 4.20, and non-dominative leadership at approximately 4.25. Correlation analysis shows strong positive relationships between kenotic Christology and spiritual formation (r≈0.65), as well as between spiritual formation and leadership (r≈0.70). Regression analysis further reveals a significant simultaneous contribution of 55%, indicating that the variables collectively support the formation of servant-oriented leadership. These findings confirm that kenotic Christology functions as a meaningful theological foundation in shaping spiritual habits, humility, self-emptying attitudes, and leadership practices that avoid domination. The study concludes that theological education should intentionally integrate kenotic values to strengthen spiritual maturity and servant leadership among future church leaders within academic communities that prepare students for humble ministry in diverse ecclesial contexts.

This study aims to analyze the use of generative artificial intelligence (GenAI) among theology students and its ethical and theological implications for theological education in the Society 5.0 era. The study employs a light mixed-methods approach with a sequential explanatory design, involving theology students as survey and interview participants. The findings show that GenAI is primarily used as a tool to understand course materials, seek initial explanations, develop ideas, and complete academic assignments. Although students demonstrate awareness of potential bias, dependency, plagiarism, and other ethical risks, practices of transparency, information verification, and critical reflection have not been carried out consistently. The concept of imago Dei is relevant as a theological lens for evaluating technology use because it affirms human dignity, responsible freedom, and moral accountability in academic practice. This study concludes that GenAI can support theological learning constructively when used wisely, integrated with Christian faith-based ethical literacy, and strengthened through clear institutional policies, lecturer guidance, and an academic culture that upholds integrity, discernment, and accountability.

This study examines contextual discipleship as a strategic approach to Christian education in a multicultural society. It employs a convergent mixed-methods design to obtain a comprehensive understanding of how discipleship contributes to students’ spiritual growth and character formation. Quantitative data were gathered through structured questionnaires, while qualitative data were collected through in-depth interviews and focus group discussions with relevant participants. The findings show that contextual discipleship significantly strengthens students’ understanding of faith, promotes tolerance and respect for diversity, encourages social engagement, and helps students respond wisely to challenges arising from technological development and digital culture. Contextual discipleship becomes effective when it is implemented consistently, supported by relational mentoring, and grounded in the translation of Gospel values into the learners’ real-life social context. The study concludes that contextual discipleship is a strategic and transformative model for developing holistic Christian education that is spiritually formative, socially responsive, and relevant to multicultural realities. Therefore, this approach can strengthen Christian educational practice and equip learners to live faithfully, responsibly, and constructively within diverse contemporary communities amid ongoing social, cultural, and increasingly digital transformation today.

This study examines the role of social media as a contemporary arena of spiritual warfare and its impact on Christian spirituality amid the growth of digital disinformation. Employing a mixed-method approach, the research combines quantitative surveys and qualitative interviews to identify patterns of religious disinformation and explain their influence on doctrinal understanding, worship practices, and the faith identity of church members. The findings indicate a negative relationship between exposure to disinformation and the depth and consistency of spiritual practices. They also reveal increasing theological confusion and the emergence of digital influencers as “alternative authorities” who shape religious interpretation outside established church guidance. In addition, low levels of media literacy and the church’s limited readiness for digital ministry further heighten believers’ vulnerability to misleading narratives. The study concludes that the digital sphere functions as a strategic field of spiritual warfare requiring an integrated theological, pastoral, and literacy-based response. Recommendations include developing theologically grounded media literacy programs, training digital ministry leaders, strengthening pastoral guidance online, and designing contextual, evidence-based church content for contemporary digital communities across diverse contemporary congregational settings and contexts.

Multicultural education offers hope in addressing various social tensions that have emerged in recent times, as it is an educational approach that consistently upholds values, beliefs, heterogeneity, plurality, and diversity in all aspects of education. This study aims to describe the implementation of multicultural inclusive learning in developing students’ moral character and to identify the challenges of its implementation at MIN 2 Gunungkidul Yogyakarta. The study employed a qualitative approach with a case study design. Data were collected through observation, interviews, and documentation involving the principal, teachers, and students as sources of information. The data were analyzed through data collection, data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing or verification. The findings show that multicultural inclusive learning was implemented through the habituation of the 5S values (smiling, greeting, addressing, politeness, and courtesy), inclusive classroom arrangement for students with special needs, and the strengthening of discipline, responsibility, independence, care, and religious activities within the madrasah environment. These practices contributed to a warmer learning atmosphere, acceptance of differences, and social interaction between regular students and students with special needs. The main challenges included the limited availability of special assistant teachers, teachers’ limited competence in handling students with special needs, and insufficient inclusive learning facilities

This study designs and implements an up-down counter system based on an AT89C2051 microcontroller programmed in assembly using the MC-51 application. The system modifies an existing digital clock board by mapping the display selector pins, seven-segment segment pins, pushbuttons, and buzzer to the microcontroller ports. The research method consists of literature review, hardware identification, algorithm design, assembly programming, program downloading, and functional testing using a 5 V DC supply. The implementation uses a four-digit common-cathode seven-segment display and a multiplexing routine to show the counter value in real time. The functional test shows that the system can display the initial value, increase the value through the up button, and decrease the value through the down button. The display is readable during operation, and the program can run on the target circuit after being downloaded to the AT89C2051. This study confirms that assembly programming on MC-51 can be applied to implement a simple counter system on a reused digital clock circuit. The main limitations are the absence of explicit button debouncing, overflow and underflow protection, quantitative response-time measurement, and non-volatile data retention.

The Tabernacle, established by Moses at God's command in the wilderness, was His holy dwelling place, signified by the pillar of cloud and fire. As the center of worship in the Old Testament, the Tabernacle featured a divinely designed structure: the outer court with the Altar of Burnt Offering and the Laver; the Holy Place containing the Table of Showbread, the Golden Lampstand, and the Altar of Incense; and the Most Holy Place housing the Ark of the Covenant with the mercy seat. Though historically exclusive to Israel, the spiritual meaning of the Tabernacle remains relevant for believers today. In the era of grace, every believer is a priest with direct access to God through Christ. This study explores the application of the "Tabernacle Tour" as a guide for personal prayer, where each piece of furniture symbolizes a spiritual stage from confession of sin to intimate communion with God. Through biblical reflection and practical experience, the author finds that this symbolic journey helps believers experience quality time with the Lord in prayer, transforming the Tabernacle from a historical reality into a living spiritual model for faith growth and contemporary worship.

This research is designed to portray the use of YouTube as an instructional medium, measure student learning outcomes before and after its implementation, and examine how YouTube media impacts the academic performance of fourth-grade students at SDN Socah 1. The study employed a pre-experimental design with a one-group pretest-posttest pattern. A total of 22 fourth-grade students at SDN Socah 1 were designated as research participants through purposive sampling. A written multiple-choice test consisting of 10 items was used as the data collection instrument. Data were analyzed using the normalized N-Gain formula and the Paired Sample T-Test at a significance threshold of α = 0.05. Findings showed a rise in the students' mean score from 40.9 on the pretest to 78.6 on the posttest, producing an average N-Gain of 0.67, which is classified as moderate. The Paired Sample T-Test produced a t-count of 8.751 with a significance value of 0.000 < 0.05, resulting in the rejection of H₀ and confirming that YouTube media exerted a meaningful and constructive effect on students' learning achievement. Therefore, YouTube media is worthy of consideration as an innovative and effective digital technology-based instructional alternative for fostering comprehension and academic performance among elementary school students.

Congestive Heart Failure (CHF) is a condition in which the heart is unable to pump blood adequately to meet the metabolic needs of the body. CHF is one of the most prevalent cardiovascular disorders globally, nationally, and locally, contributing to significant morbidity and mortality. This study aims to describe a comprehensive nursing care process applied to a patient (Mr. R) diagnosed with CHF at the Mawar 1 Ward of RSUD dr. Soeselo, Tegal Regency. This study used a descriptive case study design. Data were collected through interviews, physical examination, observation, and medical record documentation on February 9–11, 2026. Three nursing diagnoses were identified: ineffective airway clearance related to airway hypersecretion, fatigue related to physiological conditions (chronic disease), and knowledge deficit related to insufficient information exposure. Nursing interventions applied included airway management (semi-Fowler positioning, oxygen therapy, effective coughing technique), energy management (range-of-motion exercise, gradual activity), and health education about CHF. After 2×24 hours of nursing care, all three nursing diagnoses were resolved: airway clearance improved (SpO₂ increased from 91% to 95%, respiratory rate decreased from 28 to 23 times/minute), fatigue decreased, and patient knowledge about CHF improved. Systematic nursing care significantly improved the patient's condition in CHF management.

. The effort to re-visualize regional architectural elements combined with modern touches is known as neo-vernakular architecture. In North Sumatra, there are various ethnic groups, including Batak, Mandailing, Malay, and others, each possessing rich traditional architectural values. This study aims to identify and analyze traditional architectural elements applied to the façade of the North Sumatra Regional House of Representatives (DPRD) building. The DPRD North Sumatra building is one of the government buildings that functions as a workplace for representatives of the people, council members, and the secretariat in carrying out governmental duties and public services. The building is located on Jalan Imam Bonjol with an area of approximately 8,000 square meters. This study uses a qualitative descriptive method with data collection techniques through direct field surveys and literature studies related to the façade design of the DPRD North Sumatra building. The results show that the neo-vernakular character on the building façade is represented through several architectural elements, such as exposed columns, sunshading, opening forms, and other supporting elements that reflect a combination of traditional and modern architectural features.