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This research explores the narrative of Cain and Abel in Genesis 4:1-16 to dissect the concepts of sin and moral responsibility within a modern Christian context. Amidst the rising tide of individualism and "bystander culture," ethical responsibility toward others is often neglected behind religious formalities. Utilizing a qualitative method with a biblical exegesis approach, this study analyzes narrative structures, the personification of sin, and the dynamics of the dialogue between God and Cain. The findings indicate that sin in this text is understood as a relational failure and a failure of self-mastery, where humans possess the moral authority to conquer destructive impulses. Cain's rhetorical question, “Am I my brother’s keeper?”, is identified as a form of moral erosion leading to social and ecological alienation. However, God’s provision of a “mark” for Cain affirms that divine justice is always accompanied by the grace of providence. This research concludes that moral responsibility is a fundamental essence of humanity that demands the integration of ritual piety and social integrity. These findings are expected to serve as an ethical framework for academic and ecclesiastical communities, particularly in restoring the commitment to be “keepers” of one another amidst contemporary moral crises.

This study was motivated by the low level of independence among Group B children at PAUD Matahari, Tohe Village, Raihat District, Belu Regency. Initial observations revealed that most children still depended on teacher assistance in completing learning activities, particularly in puzzle-solving tasks. Independence is a crucial developmental aspect in early childhood, as it relates to children’s ability to make decisions, complete tasks independently, build self-confidence, and develop a sense of responsibility. Therefore, appropriate instructional strategies are needed to stimulate the development of children’s independence through meaningful and educational play activities. The purpose of this study was to improve children’s independence through puzzle activities. The research employed Classroom Action Research (CAR) conducted in two cycles, each consisting of planning, action, observation, and reflection stages. The subjects were 12 children (6 boys and 6 girls). Data were collected using observation sheets with assessment categories: Very Well Developed, Developed as Expected, Beginning to Develop, and Not Yet Developed. The data were analyzed using descriptive quantitative methods by calculating the percentage of improvement in each cycle. The results indicated a significant increase in children’s independence from Cycle I to Cycle II. Thus, puzzle activities proved effective in enhancing the independence of Group B children at PAUD Matahari.

Instilling saving habits from an early age is an essential component of character education, particularly in fostering discipline, responsibility, and independence. Initial observations at PAUD Nurul Islam, Jelutih Village indicate that early childhood saving interest remains relatively low due to limited engaging learning media and the absence of structured habituation. This Community Service Program (KKN) aims to foster early childhood saving interest through creative piggy bank media aligned with children’s developmental characteristics. The implementation method comprised planning, execution, and evaluation stages. During execution, children were introduced to saving concepts through simple storytelling and interactive dialogue, followed by hands-on creation of creative piggy banks using simple, child-friendly materials. These piggy banks were then used to habituate saving behavior. The results demonstrate increased enthusiasm and saving interest among children, reflected in their willingness to set aside money and heightened responsibility toward their piggy banks. Therefore, creative piggy bank media serve as an effective alternative learning tool for fostering saving interest and positive character development among early childhood learners at PAUD Nurul Islam, Jelutih Village.

This study aimed to examine the effectiveness of emotion regulation training in improving the adjustment of adolescents living in orphan in Padang. The research employed a mixed method approach using a one group pre-test post-test experimental design supported by qualitative data. Participants were 26 adolescents from one orphan in Padang. Data were collected through an adjustment scale administered before and after the intervention, observation, and open-ended questionnaire  questionnaire  responses. Quantitative data were analyzed using the Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test with the assistance of IBM SPSS 23, while qualitative data were analyzed through thematic analysis using NVivo 12. The results showed a significant difference between pre-test and post-test scores, indicating an improvement in overall adjustment after the training. Most participants experienced increased scores across emotional maturity, intellectual maturity, social maturity, and responsibility. Qualitative findings revealed positive behavioral changes, including helping behavior, cooperation, rule compliance, and independent problem solving. These findings indicate that emotion regulation training is effective in enhancing adolescents adjustment in institutional care settings.

This study analyzes the ethics of Christian Religious Education teachers based on James 3:1, which emphasizes the great responsibility carried by those who teach in the context of educational ministry. The research aims to examine the relevance of biblical principles regarding the role and duties of teachers with the implementation of the professional code of ethics for Christian Religious Education teachers in Indonesia. Teachers are not only responsible for delivering academic knowledge but also serve as moral and spiritual role models whose words, attitudes, and actions significantly influence students’ faith development. This study uses a descriptive qualitative method through literature analysis, including the interpretation of James 3:1, ethical guidelines, and theological-pedagogical studies. The findings show that James 3:1 provides a strong warning for teachers to be cautious, responsible, and accountable in their teaching practices, as their judgment before God is greater. In conclusion, the ethics of Christian Religious Education teachers reflect their faith commitment in carrying out their responsibilities with integrity.

This study aims to explore the effectiveness of group counseling services integrated with self-regulated learning (SRL) techniques in enhancing students’ learning motivation. Learning motivation is a crucial factor influencing academic achievement, yet many students still experience low motivation due to various internal and external challenges. The integration of SRL is considered beneficial as it encourages students to actively manage their learning processes through goal setting, self-monitoring, and reflective evaluation. This research employs a literature review approach by examining recent and relevant academic sources. The findings indicate that the application of SRL within group counseling contributes positively to students’ motivation, as reflected in increased participation, improved learning discipline, and stronger responsibility toward academic tasks. Furthermore, students demonstrate better ability in organizing their learning activities and maintaining consistency in achieving learning objectives. These results suggest that SRL-based group counseling can serve as an effective strategy for school counselors in supporting students’ academic motivation and engagement.

This study aims to analyze the application of reality therapy counseling in improving students’ learning motivation influenced by social and family environmental factors. This research uses a qualitative approach with a literature study method supported by interview data as complementary information. Data were collected through the analysis of relevant scientific literature and supported by interviews with parents to describe students’ daily behavior. The results show that low learning motivation is influenced by an unfavorable social environment and lack of family supervision, leading to behaviors that do not support learning activities, such as poor time management and low engagement in academic tasks. The application of reality therapy using the WDEP technique (wants, doing, evaluation, planning) helps students develop self-awareness, evaluate their behavior, and plan more adaptive actions. The findings indicate that reality therapy contributes positively to improving students’ learning motivation through behavioral change and increased personal responsibility. This study concludes that reality therapy can be used as an alternative approach in helping students overcome learning motivation problems.

This study aims to examine the use of deixis in the film Habibie and Ainun (2012) through a pragmatic approach and to explore its implications for character education. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method by analyzing utterances containing personal, spatial, temporal, discourse, and social deixis in the main characters’ dialogues. The data were obtained through transcription and contextual interpretation to uncover the pragmatic meanings embedded in the linguistic expressions. The findings reveal that deixis functions not only as a linguistic reference marker but also as a medium for expressing and reinforcing character values such as loyalty, responsibility, perseverance, and love. The contextual use of language in the film reflects the process of moral formation and emotional depth, demonstrating how language contributes to shaping character development. This study contributes to the development of Indonesian language learning by emphasizing the integration of pragmatic analysis and character education through film media. Therefore, it is recommended that language educators utilize educational films containing pragmatic elements as effective learning resources to enhance both linguistic competence and moral awareness among students.

The digital era presents various opportunities as well as challenges in the world of education, particularly in the formation of student character. The development of technology, social media, and the unlimited flow of information influence the way students think, act, and behave. This condition demands the role and responsibilities of Christian Religious Education (PAK) Teachers that are increasingly complex and strategic. This study aims to describe the responsibilities of PAK Teachers in the formation of student character in the digital era. The research method used is a qualitative method with a literature study approach. Data were collected through a review of scientific journals, academic books, and theoretical sources relevant to the research topic. The results of the study indicate that PAK Teachers are not only responsible for conveying Christian faith material, but also guiding students in internalizing and practicing Christian values such as love, honesty, responsibility, self-control, and empathy, both in real life and digitally. PAK Teachers act as educators, role models, guides, and spiritual counselors who integrate character education into the learning process. In addition, PAK Teachers are required to have adequate pedagogical, professional, personality, and social competencies, as well as the ability to utilize technology wisely. Collaboration with parents and schools is a crucial aspect in sustainably shaping students' character. Thus, Christian Religious Education teachers act as agents of transformation in shaping a generation with Christian character ready to face the challenges of the digital era.

The global environmental crisis requires a development approach that not only focuses on economic aspects but also on ecological sustainability and humanity's moral responsibility toward nature. The perspective of ecotheology views the environment as a trust that must be preserved through spiritual awareness and social practices. This community service aims to internalize the values of ecotheology to strengthen ecological culture and support sustainable village development. The method used is a participatory approach based on community empowerment through three stages: preparation, implementation, and follow-up. The core activities include educating ecotheology values, fish seed distribution, tree planting, and strengthening waste bank management. The results show an increase in ecological awareness among the community, marked by a change in their view of environmental responsibility, the development of eco-friendly habits, and strengthened social solidarity. The integration of spiritual values in ecological practices has proven effective in building a collective culture that supports village sustainability. This program demonstrates that a value-based approach and direct experience can drive a sustainable transformation of ecological behavior.

This research aims to examine in depth the essence of social moral values in QS. Ibrahim verses 44–47 are based on the interpretation of Buya Hamka in Tafsir Al-Azhar. This research uses a qualitative method with a library research approach and thematic interpretation analysis (maudhu'i). Primary data sources are in the form of the Qur'an and Tafsir Al-Azhar by Buya Hamka, while secondary data sources include relevant books of tafsir, books, and scientific journal articles. The data analysis technique is carried out through content analysis with the stages of data reduction, data presentation, and interpretive conclusions. The results of the study show that QS. Ibrahim verses 44–47 contain the main social moral values, including moral awareness, personal and collective responsibility, social justice, honesty, integrity, and belief in the certainty of Allah's promises (sunnatullah). Buya Hamka emphasized that tyranny, arrogance, and rejection of the truth are the main factors in the destruction of individuals and society, as shown through the stories of the previous people. These values are not only normative, but also applicable in social life. This study concludes that the internalization of the social moral values of QS. Ibrahim verses 44–47 are very important as an ethical foundation in building a just, responsible, and truth-oriented society.

The moral crisis continues to be a concern for Indonesian society today. Therefore, reading literacy in elementary schools is an appropriate strategy that is not only oriented towards the ability to understand texts but also plays an important role in the formation of students' morals and character. The selection of literacy reading materials needs to be adjusted to the stage of moral development of students so that the values contained in the reading can be understood and internalized optimally. This article aims to examine the criteria for literacy reading materials based on the moral development of elementary school students based on Banten Province folklore. The method used is a literature study by analyzing the theory of children's moral development, criteria for selecting literacy reading materials, and moral values contained in Banten folklore. The results of the study indicate that Banten Province folklore has great potential as literacy reading materials that are appropriate to the moral development of  elementary school students because they contain values of honesty, responsibility, hard work, courage, leadership, empathy, social concern, and religiosity. Thus, Banten folklore is relevant to be used as literacy reading materials that support character learning in elementary schools.

The rapid spread of hoaxes and disinformation in the digital era poses serious challenges to social cohesion, societal stability, and the internalization of moral values, particularly within Muslim communities. The circulation of unverified information has the potential to trigger conflict, polarization, and a decline in public trust. This study aims to explore digital literacy as an ethical and religious instrument in actualizing the Islamic principle of amar ma’ruf nahi munkar in the contemporary digital sphere. Employing a qualitative library research approach, the study examines classical Islamic sources, including the Qur’an and Hadith, alongside contemporary literature on digital communication ethics and digital citizenship. The findings indicate that digital literacy from an Islamic perspective extends beyond technical competence in accessing and disseminating information; it represents a form of moral responsibility (amanah) grounded in honesty (ash-shidq), prudence, and accountability. Practices such as information verification (tabayyun), clarification, and corrective engagement in online spaces are concrete expressions of amar ma’ruf nahi munkar. Strengthening ethically grounded digital literacy is therefore essential for fostering a healthy, just, and civilized digital public sphere.  

The rapid spread of hoaxes and disinformation in the digital era poses serious challenges to social cohesion, societal stability, and the internalization of moral values, particularly within Muslim communities. The circulation of unverified information has the potential to trigger conflict, polarization, and a decline in public trust. This study aims to explore digital literacy as an ethical and religious instrument in actualizing the Islamic principle of amar ma’ruf nahi munkar in the contemporary digital sphere. Employing a qualitative library research approach, the study examines classical Islamic sources, including the Qur’an and Hadith, alongside contemporary literature on digital communication ethics and digital citizenship. The findings indicate that digital literacy from an Islamic perspective extends beyond technical competence in accessing and disseminating information; it represents a form of moral responsibility (amanah) grounded in honesty (ash-shidq), prudence, and accountability. Practices such as information verification (tabayyun), clarification, and corrective engagement in online spaces are concrete expressions of amar ma’ruf nahi munkar. Strengthening ethically grounded digital literacy is therefore essential for fostering a healthy, just, and civilized digital public sphere.  

William Shakespeare’s Romeo and Juliet portrays deep reflections on human nature and moral values, emphasizing the importance of dignity, freedom, and emotional connection in human life. The tragedy explores the conflict between personal feelings and social constraints, revealing how human ideals often clash with rigid traditions and authority. Through the struggles of Romeo and Juliet, Shakespeare presents the essence of humanity love, empathy, and the pursuit of understanding amid division and hostility. This study aims to analyze the values of humanism in William Shakespeare’s tragedy Romeo and Juliet. The research focuses on how humanist ideals such as dignity, freedom, solidarity, and communicative rationality are reflected through the characters’ dialogues, decisions, and relationships. Using a qualitative descriptive method, the analysis applies Hardiman’s theory of humanism, supported by references from academic books and journals. The findings reveal six categories of humanism values: appreciating opinions (20%), cooperation (17%), sacrifice (23%), caring for others (13%), helping (13%), and solidarity (14%). Among these, sacrifice appears as the most dominant value, especially reflected in the willingness of Romeo and Juliet to risk everything for love and moral ideals. These findings indicate that Romeo and Juliet embodies humanist values that emphasize empathy, moral responsibility, and the importance of understanding in overcoming social barriers. Although the story ends in tragedy, the play highlights that love, empathy, and dialogue are essential for building a humane society. Therefore, Romeo and Juliet is not only a timeless love story but also a literary work that reflects enduring humanist ideals relevant to modern life.

Child violence cases in Jayapura City demonstrate a distinctive pattern of legal settlement characterised by the strong coexistence of customary law and the formal juvenile criminal justice system. While national legislation mandates diversion and restorative justice as primary mechanisms in handling children in conflict with the law, empirical findings reveal that most cases are resolved through indigenous customary forums known as para-para adat. This study aims to analyse the forms of settlement applied to child violence cases and to identify the constraints encountered in implementing both customary mechanisms and the formal juvenile justice system. The research employs a normative-empirical approach by combining statutory analysis with field data obtained from law enforcement institutions, legal aid organisations, and community respondents. The findings indicate that approximately ninety percent of cases between 2019 and 2024 were settled through customary mechanisms involving collective responsibility and the payment of customary fines as symbolic and material restoration. Diversion mechanisms under the formal system were rarely implemented. Although customary settlement is perceived as flexible, culturally legitimate, and socially restorative, several obstacles persist, including disagreement over compensation, inability to fulfil customary obligations, and limited awareness of restorative justice procedures. The study highlights the need to harmonise legal pluralism within child protection policies to ensure that customary practices align with the best interests of the child and national legal standards.

The issue of plastic waste is increasingly becoming an environmental concern, including in elementary schools, due to its non-biodegradable nature and its potential to cause environmental pollution if not properly managed. This activity aims to implement the Ecobrick method as an innovative solution for managing and utilizing plastic waste at SDN 054945 Desa Dogang, Gebang District, Langkat Regency. The method used is a descriptive qualitative approach involving 65 students from grades IV and V through a community service activity. The activity was carried out on July 17, 2024, through preparation, implementation, and evaluation stages, with data collection techniques including observation, documentation, and reflective discussion. The results show that the application of the Ecobrick method successfully increased students' understanding and awareness of the dangers of plastic waste and fostered an early environmental concern. Moreover, previously worthless plastic waste was processed into functional Ecobrick benches that can be utilized within the school environment. This activity also encouraged a sense of mutual cooperation, responsibility, and creativity among the students. Thus, the Ecobrick method has proven to be an effective alternative for plastic waste management and a contextual learning medium in creating an environmentally friendly school culture.

This study analyzes the mangakkai’ ceremony in the Aluk To Dolo tradition in the villages of Suppiran, Mesakada, and Salisali (SMS), Toraja, as a rite of passage that has religious, symbolic, and social meanings. The study aims to explain the structure of the mangakkai’ ritual based on Victor Turner's theory of liminality and to examine its relevance to contemporary human relations. The method used is qualitative research with a literature study approach enriched by field interviews with Aluk To Dolo figures. The results of the study show that mangakkai’ consists of three main stages, namely pre-liminal (lao ma’tundan) as a phase of separation, liminal (passurusan and mata kandean) as a space for community formation, and post-liminal (ma’palulangngan) as reintegration and refinement of relations with Puang Matua. This rite not only guides the soul of the deceased to a transcendent destination, but also strengthens solidarity, mutual cooperation, and the transmission of values between generations. In a modern context marked by individualism and social fragmentation, mangakkai’ presents a model of relationships based on togetherness, empathy, and collective responsibility. Thus, this ritual has anthropological and ethical significance as a source of reflection for the formation of more humanistic and communal human relationships.

Community service is one of the pillars of the Tri Dharma of Higher Education aimed at implementing academic knowledge in real community life. One form of educational community service is scientific writing training for students. This activity was motivated by the low ability of Madrasah Aliyah students to write scientific papers, particularly in understanding academic structure, scientific language, citation techniques, and reference writing. This community service activity aimed to improve the knowledge, skills, and academic attitudes of students at Madrasah Aliyah Nurul Falah Sangiang, Tangerang City, in writing scientific papers in accordance with academic standards. The method used was a participatory and educational approach through interactive lectures, discussions, and writing practice with mentoring. The results showed an improvement in students’ understanding of scientific writing concepts and structure, enhanced skills in developing outlines and introductory sections, and the growth of positive academic attitudes such as honesty and responsibility in academic writing. This activity contributes significantly to improving students’ academic literacy and supports the development of a sustainable academic culture within the madrasah environment.

This study examines the juridical aspects of guardianship applications by parents to obtain permission to sell a minor’s inherited land and analyzes the judicial considerations in Decision Number 199/Pdt.P/2025/PN Blt. The research employs an empirical juridical method with a sociological legal approach. Primary data were collected through interviews and case documents at the Blitar District Court, while secondary data consist of statutes, doctrine, and related literature. Qualitative-descriptive analysis was applied to interpret the findings. The study reveals that the guardianship application process involves both administrative and judicial stages. Judges scrutinize material evidence and the probity of sale objectives, weighing important principles such as utility, legal certainty, fairness, and justice. Guardians are granted limited authority to sell a minor’s property only if it can be proven to be in the child's best interest and legal protections are assured. Recommendations include strengthening post-decision monitoring, enhancing legal outreach, improving procedural transparency, and ensuring comprehensive implementation.