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Critical thinking skills are essential for developing quality individuals, as mandated by Law No. 20 Year 2003. Effective learning should integrate material with the context of local wisdom. This study aims to design a valid and reliable critical thinking skills test incorporating science content oriented to Tri Hita Karana local wisdom for use in primary school education, particularly for fourth-grade students. This research adopts a development methodology based on the steps outlined by Borg and Gall. The process consists of seven stages, starting with research and information gathering and concluding with product revision. An extensive trial was conducted during the seventh stage to finalize a valid and reliable critical thinking skills test. The results indicate that the developed test, comprising 30 items, is both valid and reliable, with a reliability coefficient of 0.89, indicating a very high level of reliability. The study successfully created a critical thinking assessment tool that integrates science content with Tri Hita Karana local wisdom. In conclusion, this research contributes to the development of a robust critical thinking skills test for fourth-grade primary school students. By incorporating local wisdom, particularly Tri Hita Karana, into the learning process, the test promotes the integration of cultural context into education. This contribution is significant for enhancing the educational experience and fostering critical thinking among students.

This research aims to improve students' knowledge and thinking abilities by developing an inquiry learning model. The method used by the researcher is qualitative, which describes something in the form of writing. In addition, the Inquiry also teaches students to think critically, namely by giving opinions and using reason when deciding something or what is being discussed. It also concerns the potential of students to learn by involving critical thinking or inquiry learning. This research shows that learning based on the Quran must be applied because this will make it easier for teachers or prospective teachers in the teaching and learning process. In addition, by learning the Quran, students can be active in the classroom and think logically.

Question and answer is a classroom activity that allows learners to create or recreate meaning through language. Effective questioning is a means for students to respond during the learning process. Designing questions that capture student interest and attention comprises diagnosing and verifying specific facts or information, determining, and encouraging analytical, inductive, differentiation, extension, application, problem-solving, and synthesis skills. To be effective, we must design questions and answers to request information. Effective classroom questioning techniques require good preparation and do not require students to use thinking skills. This article illustrates that Q&A is a very common activity that can help students learn English and is an important way for students to exchange ideas with teachers and students. The article also covers some basic questions and examines questioning techniques in English teaching.

Initially, the organization was a bridge in forming a component that could be used as a member to solve a problem. The essence of a learning organization is the organization's ability to utilize the mental capacities of all its members to create the kind of process that will improve it.Organizations where people continually develop their capacity to create the results they truly desire, where new and evolving patterns of thinking are fostered, where group aspirations are given freedom, and where people are continually learning studying (learning to learn) something together, but in general organizations have become a discourse in activities that can be used as part of a group. Basically, this is because humans are social creatures, which in this context is homo socius. This fact is a natural characteristic.It is impossible for humans to live alone, apart from society, groups or living with their communities. Humans are creatures that think and can develop. Every human being has the instinct to live in society. To fulfill these various needs, humans must collaborate because they will not be able to fulfill their own needs. That is where the level of human limitations is a reflection that humans need cooperation and that forum is found in organizations.

Competency standards are a breakthrough in the world of education in improving the quality of teachers so as to make teachers not only professional but competent in their fields.  This is an implementation of the national education system law, the national standard of education (SNP), the Teacher and Lecturer Law (UUGD), which is realized in the RPP on teachers which will soon be passed. Departing from the above thinking, the author takes the title "Principal's Manajmen in Improving Teacher Competence at SMP Negeri 21 Bandar Lampung" which aims to describe teacher competence and efforts to improve it, as well as supporting and inhibiting factors in efforts to improve teacher competence at SMP Negeri 21 Bandar Lampung. In this study, there are theoretical approaches listed in chapter one and chapter two which explain the theory of efforts to improve teacher competence at SMP Negeri 21 Bandar Lampung, then in chapter three the research methods used are qualitative descriptive, and chapter four research results and exposure to research findings data, chapter five discussion or data analysis, and chapter six are conclusions and suggestions. The data that has been obtained explains that the real state of teacher competence at SMP Negeri 21 Bandar Lampung states that every aspect of competence such as pedagogic competence or teacher learning management ability is stated to be still not very masterful and still below standard, but in the aspects of evaluating learning outcomes, understanding students, and implementing educational and dialogical learning, it can be said to be good.

The purpose of writing this journal is to analyze the psychological subject of Raskolnikov, the main character in Fyodor Dostoevsky's novel Crime and Punishment from the perspective of psychoanalytic theory. This journal outlines an in-depth psychological analysis of the characters and context of Fyodor Dostoyevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment". This novel tells the story of a poor student named Rodion Raskolnikov, who decides to plan the murder of an old woman, which he thinks is an event that can bring social benefits. Throughout the story, Raskolnikov experiences inner conflict and is overcome by feelings of guilt. This journal also outlines the ideas of psychological theory that can be applied to understanding Raskolnikov's character, including the concepts of desire, inner conflict, and moral conflict. The author also examines the impact of psychological concepts such as psychoanalytic thinking and wisdom on human behavior in the context of this journal. The results of the analysis show that this novel is a deep reflection on the complexity of human psychology, depicting the tension between desire, morality and common sense considerations. Overall, the novel invites readers to reflect on the nature of crime, punishment, and human wisdom through a deep psychological lens.

The aim of this research is to find out what media can improve the thinking abilities of slow learner ABK students. The method used in this research design is a literature review study. Literature study is a form of research used to collect data sources related to a topic found in the field. Data collection for literature studies was carried out using the Google Scholar search tool. The screening results matched the required data, there were 7 national journal articles based on the articles found and analyzed. The results of this research are the discovery of media that are suitable and can support the success of slow learner ABK students in improving their thinking abilities, namely bussy box media, stamp game media, and puzzles.

This research discusses the implementation of the Project for Strengthening the Profile of Pancasila Students (P5) in the Independent Curriculum at the UNP Laboratory Development High School. The Merdeka Curriculum emphasizes the character of students with six main dimensions, such as faith, diversity, mutual cooperation, independence, critical thinking and creativity. Implementation of P5 is carried out through project-based activities involving these elements, with a focus on the theme "Local Wisdom." UNP Laboratory Development High School implements P5 every three months, involving all education stakeholders. P5 evaluation does not focus on written grades, but rather on strengthening character, especially local wisdom which describes the culture, identity and ethics of the local community. This program aims to prepare students to face the challenges of globalization while maintaining harmony with Pancasila values ​​and local wisdom. The research method used was qualitative with data collection through observation and interviews with the P5 coordinating teacher. The findings show that P5 involves project-based activities aimed at strengthening students' competencies and character in accordance with the Pancasila Student Profile. The implication of this research is the importance of character education that integrates local wisdom in learning to create a competent and characterful generation.

Economic education is a branch of education that focuses on the study of the economy from its understanding to its influence on life. The economics education study program prepares students to become economics teachers in the future. Meanwhile, educational economics is a science that studies how humans and society choose to use money or not to utilize scarce productive resources to produce various types of training and development of knowledge, skills, thinking power, character and so on. Automatically, economic education influences every human behavior, including students' consumptive nature or desire to shop. Technological advances that provide easy access to online shopping make a person's consumptive nature increasingly high

Abstract Startups are designed to find the right business model to make the business survive. Startups have the possibility to succeed or fail. This is influenced by capabilities in digital transformation and business development in the technology sector. Indonesia has a low number and quality of digital talent and low entrepreneurship (3.1%). Pontianak has the least number of digital startups (0.74%). Every part in the digital ecosystem is very influential on the sustainability of digital startups. The digital ecosystem in Pontianak is the government, accelerators, universities, incubators, students/talent, communities, and digital startups. This research aims to help digital ecosystems overcome difficulties in collaborating for the development of digital startups in Pontianak. The research method is direct surveys and interviews with 6 local digital startups and startup stakeholders in Pontianak. Stakeholder analysis to determine respondents. The results of in-depth interviews were analyzed using design thinking and focus group discussion (FGD) methods. The results of the research are the main factor for overcoming difficulties in collaborative digital startup development in Pontianak: 1) digital ecosystem activation; and 2) digital-sociopreneurship development and competency improvement. The recommended startup development strategy aims to realize these two things.

The Digital Era is a time where information can be accessed and disseminated very easily using digital technology. Globally, technology is present to help humans carry out various activities. So the era of technological disruption is something that needs to be faced. In order to continue to be able to provide the best for individuals and community groups in the business world, it is necessary to carry out various innovations and improve the quality of skills. The aim of this literature research is to find out how the era of digital disruption has affected technological development in Indonesia. The research method used is descriptive theoretical study, namely a method that discusses several possibilities for solving actual problems by collecting data, compiling or classifying them, analyzing and interpreting them with existing theories and comparing them from literature sources. The research results show that the era of digital disruption in Indonesia has developed and has entered the modern era, such as digital technology disruption in the fields of health, finance and education. It can be concluded that digital disruption is an innovation that changes people's way of life and thinking patterns, changes company work culture, or even creates new markets that have never existed before. So it has positive and negative impacts with the era of digital disruption. Therefore, if it is not faced with the right strategy, technological disruption can threaten conventional businesses and threaten industrial markets. In facing technological/digital disruption, companies need to improve the quality of more modern technology so that they are not left behind and can compete with industry and companies as well as improving the quality of human resources.

This research aims to determine the role of teaching assistance in the fourth generation campus teaching program in increasing student learning motivation, especially for seventh grade students in social studies subjects at SMP Negeri 3 Maumere. Teaching assistance is one part of the Teaching Campus program of the Merdeka Belajar Kampus Merdeka (MBKM) activities. This activity aims to empower students to help with the learning process in elementary and middle schools in various villages/cities, one of which is at SMP Negeri 3 Maumere which is in Sikka Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province. In this program, students are responsible for assisting the school in the teaching process, assisting with technology adaptation, and assisting with administration. Apart from that, students have a responsibility to improve students' morals and increase students' learning motivation and interest in learning while at school. The results of this research show that the role of teaching assistance plays a very important role in maintaining and growing students' learning motivation, especially in seventh grade students at SMP Negeri 3 Maumere. The results of this program are expected to be able to foster social sensitivity in students to hone their thinking skills. work together with teachers and students across fields of science to solve the problems they face.

This research aims to describe the application of the precautionary principle in dealing with bad credit and to determine the assessment in providing financing to PT. BSM Kcp Script. This type of research is descriptive qualitative, data collection techniques use interviews and documentation, data analysis uses qualitative data analysis techniques using inductive thinking, and this research data uses primary data sources obtained from supporting sources, namely books, the internet and literature. other. PT. BSM Kcp Aksara has applied the precautionary principle in bad credit using the 5C principle analysis, which includes Character, Capacity, Capital, Condition and Colliteral as well as producers that customers must go through in submitting financing applications, providing financing, paying financing installments and obstacles to bad credit. . The results of this research, PT. BSM Kcp Aksara in implementing the principle of prudence in the financing that has been carried out is not good enough, BSM provides financing by emphasizing the 5C principle which includes Character, Capacity, Capital, Condition and Collateral. The important thing in providing financing to customers is Collateral (Guarantee). Judging from the results of customer data, the 5C principle has not been able to completely prevent bad credit due to the Account Office (AO) being less careful in analyzing financing. However, BSM's consistency in handling problematic financing customers has been carried out according to producers by collecting them periodically and providing warning letters I, II and III in stages.  

This research aims to determine the effect of outdoor study-based problem-based learning on high school students' critical thinking abilities on respiratory system material. This research methodology uses quantitative methods with a quasi-experimental type. The research population was class XI high school students with a sample size of 86 students. Data collection techniques were carried out by observation and written tests. Data analysis techniques use descriptive statistics and inferential statistics. The results of the research show that the average critical thinking ability of students in the experimental class taught using the outdoor study-based Problem Based Learning learning model is in the high category and the average critical thinking ability of students in the control class taught using the conventional learning model is low, this is based on the average posttest score from the experimental class, namely 80.22 and the control class, namely 55.95. The results of hypothesis testing using Independent Sample t-test statistics show that there is an influence of the outdoor study-based problem based learning model on the results of students' critical thinking abilities in the material on the human respiratory system Class XI Science SMA Brigjen Katamso 2 Medan.

The development of puemla learning media on the material of practicing the Pancasila precepts of Pancasila learning subjects in grade 2 elementary schools is intended to facilitate understanding of the material, obtain meaningful learning and increase motivation in learning. Learning media is a learning tool that helps students improve their thinking, attention, and abilities or skills. the method used is 4D which consists of define, design, develop, and dessiminate. (1) the defining stage of define is to conduct a needs analysis on students, which aims to find out the basic problems needed in the development of learning media and to find out about the advantages and disadvantages of learning media used by teachers so far, media analysis, and analysis of students, (2) the design stage of design that is done first is to choose material that suits the characteristics of students, (3) the development stage of develop is the process of creating it into reality, (4) the spread of dessiminate is a real rarity whether the learning system that is built is successful, in accordance with expectations or not. The results showed that puemla learning media can increase the motivation of students and in accordance with the characteristics of students who can be used as a means of supporting the learning process as evidenced by the evaluation of the board of teachers at SDN Klagen, Wilayut village, Sukodono District and the enthusiasm of students in grade 2.

Critical thinking is one of the skills that is needed in today's digital era because in the future students are required to have a way of thinking that is more sensitive to diversity. Thus, the purpose of this research is to identify in depth the effect of STEM-based PBL learning model on critical thinking skills through literature study. This research uses the literature review method and bibliographic analysis. In the literature review method, collecting information which was then reduced until three samples of articles were reviewed. In bibliography analysis, collecting data with the help of Publish or Perish software with many 199 articles, in ris file format, and then visualized by VOSviewer. The results showed that the STEM-based PBL model was able to improve the critical thinking skills of high school students.

This study aims to analyse the implementation of literacy programs in three primary schools, namely SDN 8 Bandar Laksamana, SDN 14 Teluk Mesjid and SDN 92 Pekanbaru. The research method used was observation and document analysis of literacy activities conducted by these schools. The results show that the three schools have implemented various types of literacy, such as literacy in reading and writing, digital literacy, science literacy, financial literacy, numeracy literacy and cultural-civic literacy. Through habituation, development and learning, students are given the opportunity to develop literacy skills holistically. Keywords relevant to this study are literacy, literacy program, primary school, observation, document analysis. This study shows that the successful implementation of literacy programs is supported by the commitment and efforts of schools in providing varied literacy experiences and actively involving students. The literacy programs help students improve their skills in reading, writing, using digital technology, understanding science, managing finances, understanding mathematics, and appreciating culture and citizenship. The findings provide important insights for educators and policy makers in improving the quality of basic education and students' literacy development.

This article aims to describe the concept of transformative leadership in organizations or companies. This article uses a qualitative descriptive approach with a library research method. The results of this article explain overall about transformational leadership which includes understanding, principles, styles, various factors, characteristics, steps, advantages and disadvantages of transformational leadership. The conclusion obtained in this article is that leadership with a new approach is an inevitable need in facing the demands of the times that are so fast. One of them is the need for a transformative leadership model that is able to develop the potential of themselves and their subordinates innovatively, empowering staff and organizations with changes in thinking, developing vision, understanding and understanding of organizational goals, and bringing the organization towardssustainable change.    

Business legality is a standard that must be met by economic entities. Micro, small and medium enterprises (MSMEs) must meet these requirements to compete in the free market era. This requirement is problematic because many business actors do not have business legality. We face various obstacles such as lack of means to ensure legality, difficulty in responding, and lack of knowledge. This paper discusses the results of community service provided, namely assistance and the importance of business legality for MSMEs. The purpose of this service is to raise awareness and provide a framework of thinking about the importance of business legality for MSMEs to compete in the open market. The implementation method used is touse in-depth interviews, observation, and documentation. The result of the implementation is the issuance of a Business Identification Number (NIB) which is the legal umbrella of an official business and recognized by the state through the OSS Institution or known as Online Single Submission.

The emergence of literary works is not solely written to provide entertainment to readers, but this is also a means of instilling cultural values ​​in the lives of readers. The presence of cultural values ​​in a literary work aims to provide positive values ​​in people's lives which will become a human guide in behaving. In addition, this cultural value will be a driving factor for a good way of thinking in society. This study aims to analyze cultural values ​​in one of Bernard Batubara's novels because the novel contains many life values, especially cultural values. This research is a type of library research. The data in this study is in the form of a novel entitled "Batu Manikam". The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. The results of this study can be concluded that the novel "Batu Manikam" contains cultural values, namely the relationship between man and God, between man and himself, and between man and man, and between man and the environment. In this novel, the cultural values ​​that are more commonly found are cultural values ​​related to human relations with humans, including (1) ridiculing, (2) killing, (3) not having sympathy, (4) lying, (5) betrayal, (6) not holding grudges, (7) conveying the truth, and others. In addition, this study also found its implications for learning Indonesian in high school.