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Diabetic nephropathy is a chronic complication resulting from hyperglycemia, which triggers oxidative stress and inflammation, leading to progressive structural and functional kidney damage. Orange peel and Aloe vera contain bioactive compounds with antioxidant and antifibrotic properties that may protect the kidneys from diabetes induced injury. Nanoemulsion delivery systems can enhance the bioavailability of these extracts in the body. This experimental study aimed to analyze the nephroprotective effects of orange peel and Aloe vera nanoemulsion in a diabetic nephropathy rat model, including glomerular morphology and kidney function. A post-test only control group design was used on Wistar rats divided into five groups: positive control, negative control, and three treatment groups receiving varying nanoemulsion doses. Glomerular structure was evaluated by assessing the number of glomeruli exhibiting synechiae and analyzed using the Kruskal–Wallis test due to non-normal data distribution, yielding p=0.2387 (p>0.05), indicating no significant differences among groups. Urea levels were elevated above normal, whereas creatinine levels remained within normal limits. Although not statistically significant, the treatment groups demonstrated nephroprotective tendencies, shown by improvements in glomerular synechiae in the diabetic nephropathy model.

The development of technology in the digital era has brought significant changes to global education systems, including in Indonesia. Digital transformation encourages learning models that are more flexible, interactive, and focused on 21st-century competencies. However, this progress also presents various challenges, particularly related to moral degradation among youth, unequal access to technology, and low digital literacy among teachers and students. This study aims to analyze character education models from a global perspective and evaluate the challenges and strategies for their implementation in Indonesia in the digital era. Using a qualitative research method with a library research approach, data were obtained from credible sources such as scientific journals, books, official reports, and national and international educational documents. The findings indicate that developed countries have successfully integrated technology into their curricula, teacher training, and educational policies, resulting in well- established digital learning ecosystems. In Indonesia, digitalization in education has grown rapidly, especially since the pandemic, but still faces obstacles such as limited infrastructure, varied levels of digital competence among teachers, and a lack of integration of digital pedagogy. In addition, student readiness and access inequality in frontier, outermost, and disadvantaged regions (3T) present further challenges in applying global education models

This study is motivated by the rapid development of science and technology, which expands the scope of academic freedom while simultaneously introducing new challenges related to moral responsibility in scholarly practice. Freedom of thought, research, and expression serves as the foundation of intellectual progress; however, without ethical oversight, this freedom risks leading to misuse such as data manipulation, plagiarism, and irresponsible use of emerging technologies. This research aims to conceptually examine the relationship between freedom and responsibility within modern ethics and explore its relevance to contemporary academic practice. The study employs a literature review method that analyzes philosophical works, academic reports, and scientific articles related to academic freedom, research ethics, and technological development. The analysis identifies converging ideas, differing ethical positions, and practical implications arising from the integration of both concepts. The findings indicate that academic freedom can function optimally only when accompanied by moral, professional, and social responsibility. Furthermore, the dynamics of digital technology and modern academic culture demand increasingly complex forms of responsibility, including research transparency, scientific integrity, and awareness of the social impact of knowledge production. This study implies that balancing freedom and responsibility is essential for cultivating an academic environment that upholds integrity and contributes positively to society. 

This study examines how climate justice principles can be integrated into fiscal governance frameworks to enhance accountability within global climate finance. As climate change intensifies economic vulnerabilities, particularly in developing countries, the allocation and oversight of climate finance have become critical determinants of equity and resilience. Current fiscal oversight mechanisms exhibit notable progress in transparency but remain insufficient in addressing fairness, distributive justice, and participation. Through a comparative institutional analysis of global financial institutions, national budget systems, and emerging technological tools, this study identifies persistent challenges—including fragmented accountability structures, lack of standardized reporting mechanisms, and political-economy dynamics that hinder equitable funding flows. The findings emphasize that climate finance often prioritizes procedural compliance over transformative outcomes, limiting its potential to reduce structural inequalities and build adaptive capacity. The study argues that accountability frameworks must evolve beyond conventional financial auditing, incorporating social and environmental metrics that reflect the moral imperatives of climate justice. By integrating participatory governance, digital innovations, and harmonized reporting standards, fiscal systems can foster more transparent, just, and impactful climate finance. This research contributes to the discourse on climate governance by proposing accountability reforms capable of linking financial decision-making with ethical considerations, thereby advancing global efforts toward a fair and resilient climate transition.

This community engagement program aims to strengthen the economic capacity of community groups in Azerbaijan through an integrated model combining artificial intelligence (AI)–supported learning, digital skills enhancement, and practical economic training. Although Azerbaijan has demonstrated rapid digital progress, micro-entrepreneurs still face challenges related to limited digital literacy, insufficient financial planning capabilities, and the absence of structured mentorship that integrates emerging technologies. This program utilizes a participatory development approach involving baseline assessment, AI-driven training modules, intensive workshops, and mentoring over two months. A total of 45 participants from three community clusters were included. Quantitative findings reveal a 63% increase in digital literacy scores and a 67% adoption rate of AI-supported tools for marketing and financial planning. Qualitative insights show improved confidence in business decision-making, better understanding of market dynamics, and enhanced practical skills in budgeting and content creation. Participants also reported early indicators of improved sales performance and customer engagement. The integration of AI tools into community-based capacity-building initiatives demonstrates high effectiveness in accelerating digital readiness and entrepreneurial resilience. The program concludes that structured AI-based interventions can significantly empower grassroots communities in emerging economies. Limitations include the small sample size and short mentoring duration. Future research should explore larger populations and long-term economic outcomes.

Early childhood is a critical period for growth and development, characterized by rapid changes in neurological, motor, sensory, and emotional systems. Stimulation during this stage plays a vital role, and non-pharmacological interventions such as massage and aromatherapy may enhance developmental outcomes. This quasi-experimental study employed a pretest–posttest control group design to evaluate the effectiveness of infant massage combined with aromatherapy. Twenty infants aged 3–12 months who met inclusion and exclusion criteria were recruited and assigned to either a control group (infant massage only) or an intervention group (infant massage with aromatherapy). Growth parameters (weight, length, head circumference) and developmental outcomes were measured using the Developmental Pre-Screening Questionnaire, covering gross motor, fine motor, language, and personal-social domains. Infants in the intervention group demonstrated significantly greater improvements in body weight, body length, head circumference, and developmental scores compared to the control group. These findings indicate that the addition of aromatherapy to infant massage provides measurable benefits for both physical growth and developmental progress. Combined infant massage and aromatherapy represent effective non-pharmacological strategies for early stimulation, supporting optimal growth and developmental trajectories in infants.

Inclusive education in early childhood settings emphasizes equal learning opportunities for children with special needs within regular classrooms. However, the implementation of inclusive practices in public kindergarten classrooms presents various challenges for teachers, particularly due to diverse learner needs and limited institutional support. This study aims to explore the challenges faced by teachers in teaching children with special needs in public kindergarten classrooms. Employing a qualitative descriptive research design, the study was conducted in a public kindergarten that implements inclusive education. The participants were kindergarten teachers selected through purposive sampling based on their direct experience teaching children with special needs. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and classroom observations, and were analyzed thematically to identify recurring patterns and issues. The findings indicate that teachers encounter significant challenges in managing children’s behavior and attention, implementing instructional adaptations without systematic planning, assessing inconsistent developmental progress, and coping with emotional stress. These challenges are further intensified by limited professional competence, lack of formal training in inclusive education, and minimal institutional support, including the absence of support teachers and specialist services. The study highlights the need for targeted professional development, structured instructional planning, and strengthened school support systems to ensure the effective and sustainable implementation of inclusive education in public kindergarten settings.

Village entrepreneurship is an initiative designed to stimulate regional economic growth by accelerating the development of rural areas, which have long been perceived as slow, less productive, and lagging behind urban centers. The creation of entrepreneurial villages offers a concrete strategy to enhance community productivity because it encourages all components of the village government, residents, and local institutions to participate in structured and collaborative entrepreneurial activities. Such villages are expected to generate new economic opportunities, strengthen local industries, and increase community independence. However, initial observations from this Community Service program show that partner villages still face significant barriers, including limited land area, geographical remoteness, and inadequate human and natural resources. Many peripheral villages have not yet utilized digital technology effectively, making it difficult to expand markets or access broader economic networks. In addition, challenges related to financial access, limited talent development, socio-cultural constraints, and weak market infrastructure continue to hinder economic progress. These conditions demonstrate the urgent need for strategic assistance, capacity-building programs, and stronger support systems to help villages transform into sustainable entrepreneurial ecosystems capable of contributing to long-term regional development.

The development of digitalization has brought significant progress in the dissemination and accessibility of creative works, particularly through digital platforms that enable rapid and widespread distribution. The digitalization of creative works provides significant opportunities for creators and the creative industry to expand market reach and increase creative productivity. However, on the other hand, this progress also poses various challenges, particularly related to the increase in copyright infringement such as piracy, unauthorized duplication, and illegal distribution of digital content. This article aims to examine criminal acts against copyright infringement in the digital era based on Law Number 28 of 2014 concerning Copyright. The research methods used are literature study and case analysis to identify types of digital copyright infringement, the application of criminal law, obstacles in law enforcement, and possible solutions. In addition, this article also analyzes the effectiveness of applicable legal regulations and the impact of copyright infringement on the sustainability of the creative industry. The results of the study indicate that firm and adaptive law enforcement to technological developments is crucial to protect creators' rights and maintain the sustainability of creativity in the digital era.  

Multiple diastema is a space or gap between two or more adjacent teeth. Diastema management can be corrected using removable orthodontic treatment and eliminating etiological factors. Treatment in this case shows the progress of successful treatment of multiple diastema in Soelastri General Hospital using removable orthodontic appliances based on the indications and needs of patient care. Case management: A 24-year-old woman came to Soelastri General Hospital Surakarta with complaints of gaps in the teeth between the 4 lower front incisors. The patient's bad habit history is known to be tongue thrusting. Intraoral examination found interdental gaps in the 4 lower incisors measuring 33.32 (1.6mm), 32.31 (1.2mm), 31.41 (1.1mm), 41.42 (1.3mm). Diastema closure with finger spring activation towards the mesial and labial arches of the upper and lower jaws. Activation was carried out gradually at each control so that the diastema at the fourth control on teeth 33-32 (0.5 mm). Conclusion: This shows that removable orthodontic appliances are effective for closing multiple diastema with mild to moderate degrees, with patient compliance in using the appliance and the effect of using a tongue crib in reducing the patient's tongue thrusting habit.

This study examines the role of the contextual teaching and learning (CTL) model in supporting teachers to create active and meaningful learning experiences. The research highlights the importance of linking instructional content with students’ real-life contexts to strengthen conceptual understanding and improve problem-solving abilities. Through descriptive analysis, this paper outlines the main components of CTL, including constructivism, inquiry, questioning, learning communities, modeling, reflection, and authentic assessment. The findings show that the CTL model enables students to construct knowledge independently, apply concepts to practical situations, and develop critical thinking skills. Furthermore, this study describes challenges faced by teachers across educational levels—such as limited time, students’ low independence, and variations in academic abilities—and proposes practical solutions to address them. The implications of this study emphasize the need for teachers to design engaging learning activities, build supportive classroom environments, and integrate authentic assessment to measure students’ holistic progress. Overall, CTL serves as an effective model for enhancing learning relevance, increasing student participation, and preparing learners to face real-world challenges.

The construction of the Manado Student Dormitory (AMN) is one of the President's priorities, the construction of which is based on PP No. 106 of 2021. The aim of building the AMN is so that students from various regions studying in North Sulawesi can interact with each other and get to know and respect each other's cultures. After the pre-construction meeting (PCM) was carried out, the service user instructed that acceleration be made by shortening the implementation time. To implement these instructions, PT. Widya Satria implemented the BIM (building information modelling) system to accelerate the work, by modelling the construction phase starting from BIM 3D (modelling), BIM 4D (scheduling), and BIM 5D (quantity take off). Accelerating work is carried out by applying the fast track method so that any work that has a long critical path time can be shortened by overlapping work between one stage and another that can be done together. The implementation results simulate that the work can be completed faster than the contract time with a workforce requirement of 296 people, 1 (one) tower crane unit, and 1 (one) mobile crane work unit, even after implementing BIM in the construction of AMN Manado, all stakeholders It is easy for the holder to coordinate and control work progress.

The development of digital technology has significantly transformed Islamic education, particularly in the growing discourse on gender equality within digital public spaces. Social media has become a new arena where diverse gender narratives—from progressive to conservative—compete for public attention, requiring a more systematic response from Islamic education. This study aims to describe the foundational concepts of gender in Islamic education, analyze how social media shapes gender perceptions among Muslim communities, and formulate effective educational strategies for responding to these challenges in the digital era. Using a library research design with a descriptive qualitative approach, this study applies thematic content analysis to synthesize relevant academic literature. The findings indicate that Islamic education holds strong potential to promote gender justice through theological, pedagogical, and digital literacy approaches. Nevertheless, significant challenges persist, including biased interpretations, the spread of misinformation, and the dominance of patriarchal narratives in online spaces. The study’s implications highlight the need for curriculum reform grounded in gender equality, teacher capacity development, strengthened Islamic digital literacy, and collaborative efforts among educators, scholars, and digital communities to build a more inclusive and moderate digital da'wah environment. These findings are expected to serve as a foundation for developing adaptive Islamic educational strategies that respond effectively to gender dynamics in the cyber era.

The implications of progressivism in learning serve as an essential foundation for building an educational process that fosters active, creative, adaptive, and innovative students in accordance with 21st-century competency demands. The progressive approach positions students at the center of the learning process through direct experience, deep exploration, collaboration, dialogue, experimentation, and problem-solving relevant to real-life contexts, ensuring that learning is not only focused on content mastery but also on the development of potential, character, independence, and higher-order thinking skills. This study employs a literature review method by examining primary and secondary sources on the principles of progressivism, active learning strategies, and their relation to the Merdeka Curriculum as a foundation for national educational transformation. The findings indicate that progressivism plays a significant role in shaping critical thinking, creativity, communication, collaboration, digital literacy, and initiative through the implementation of learning by doing, project-based learning, simulations, scientific experiments, reflective discussions, and technology integration that strengthens learner autonomy. This experience-based approach effectively supports students in constructing knowledge independently while enhancing confidence, responsibility, social awareness, and cooperative skills. However, its implementation still faces challenges such as passive learning culture, limited teacher competence in active methods, insufficient facilities, overloaded curriculum, psychosocial barriers, academic anxiety, and students’ low confidence in expressing opinions. These findings affirm that progressivism is highly relevant to educational reform in Indonesia; therefore, improving teacher competence, strengthening facilities, reinforcing policies, providing continuous support, and creating safe, democratic, inclusive, and supportive learning environments are essential to help students develop optimally as independent, creative, and innovative learners.

Difficulty reading and writing is still a fundamental problem for some elementary school students, even though these two abilities are an important foundation in understanding various subjects. In the context of madrasah ibtidaiyah education, teachers play a strategic role in helping students overcome literacy barriers in order to be able to achieve basic competencies optimally. This study aims to describe the efforts of teachers in overcoming reading and writing difficulties experienced by three 5th grade students at MIN 1 Gresik. The research method uses a descriptive qualitative approach with observation, interview, and documentation techniques. The research subjects included grade 5 teachers and three students who experienced literacy barriers. The results of the study showed that teachers carried out various strategies, including adding special tutoring hours outside of regular learning, providing gradual exercises according to students' abilities, and utilizing visual media and educational games to increase learning motivation. Teachers also apply an individualized approach so that students are more focused and confident. In addition, parental involvement is optimized through intensive communication so that reading and writing exercises can continue at home. The obstacles faced include time constraints, differences in basic abilities, and low student concentration. Nevertheless, the perseverance and creativity of teachers have proven to be able to drive significant progress in the development of students' basic literacy.

The manual submission of employee complaints often leads to slow handling, disorganized documentation, and limited transparency regarding complaint progress. These issues hinder internal communication and reduce the effectiveness of administrative processes. This study aims to design and implement a Web-Based Employee Complaint Submission System using PHP and the Bootstrap framework to improve efficiency and accuracy in managing complaints. The system supports three main categories of complaints: payroll, occupational safety and health, and work facilities. It also enables employees to track complaint status through request, approved, and rejected indicators. Administrators can manage user accounts and generate official follow-up letters. Implementation results show that the system improves data recording, enhances documentation order, and increases transparency in complaint handling. Overall, the system facilitates more structured, efficient, and traceable communication between employees and management, supporting better corporate governance.

Hypertension is one of the main risk factors that can cause damage to target organs, including the eyes. One of the complications that often occur in hypertensive patients is hypertensive retinopathy, which is damage to retinal blood vessels due to a persistent increase in blood pressure. This damage can be progressive and asymptomatic in the early stages, so it often goes undetected until severe visual disturbances appear. This study aims to identify and analyze the role of blood pressure control in the prevention of ocular complications in hypertensive patients through a literature review. The method used is literature review by selecting national and international research articles published in 2021–2025 from the PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, and Cochrane Library databases. Inclusion criteria include full-text articles, relevant research designs, and discussing the relationship between blood pressure control and ocular complications. The results of the study showed that uncontrolled blood pressure increased the risk of retinal damage, decreased ocular perfusion, and microvascular changes detected through funduscopy and Optical Coherence Tomography Angiography (OCTA) examinations. Some studies have concluded that stable blood pressure control, not just the average value of blood pressure, has a significant effect in preventing the progression of hypertensive retinopathy. In addition, regular eye exams have been proven to be able to detect retinal changes early, so that preventive interventions can be carried out in a timely manner. Thus, optimal blood pressure control, therapy adherence, healthy lifestyle education, and regular retinal examinations are effective strategies in preventing ocular complications and maintaining vision quality in hypertensive patients.

PT Mandiri Banana Indonesia still requires further development and arrangement of its layout and facilities to enhance the efficient and optimal use of land. This study aims to determine whether the existing layout at PT Mandiri Banana Indonesia is effective in supporting operational flow and the uninterrupted progression of the production process. The research adopts a quantitative descriptive approach, which is used to measure the correlation between activities through the Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) and Total Closeness Rating (TCR) methods. These methods enable the analysis to be presented in a measurable and objective manner as a basis for improving the facility layout. This study proposes a new layout design for the main production area and supporting facilities. The proposed layout is based on the results of ARC and TCR analyses, which indicate several critical spatial interrelationships among the facilities. Based on the findings and discussion regarding the application of the Activity Relationship Chart (ARC) and Total Closeness Rating (TCR) in designing the facility layout at PT Mandiri Banana Indonesia, it may be inferred that layout improvement exerts a significant impact on enhancing workflow efficiency and the overall work environment. The proposed alternative layout is expected to achieve a safer, more hygienic, and more productive spatial arrangement by establishing a clear separation between the production zone, administrative zone, and supporting areas.

This community service activity aims to strengthen teachers' capacity to manage deep learning through the utilization of artificial intelligence (AI) in elementary school classrooms. The rapid development of AI technology provides opportunities for teachers to design more personalized learning, conduct assessments efficiently, and make data-driven learning decisions. The program is implemented in three stages: preparation, execution, and evaluation. The preparation stage includes the development of training modules and mapping relevant AI applications to support deep learning. The execution stage consists of workshops, hands-on practice using AI applications, and collaborative development of teaching materials by teachers. Evaluation is conducted through reflective assessments, task performance evaluations, and follow-up interviews. The results of the activity show significant improvements in teachers' understanding of AI-based deep learning management, including the ability to use AI for lesson planning, formative assessment, and analyzing students' learning progress. Teachers also reported increased confidence in integrating AI into teaching activities and recognized the benefits of AI in promoting students' higher-order thinking skills. This program demonstrates that strengthening teachers' competencies in utilizing AI can enhance the quality of deep learning management in elementary schools.

This study aims to examine the influence of Social Media Marketing, Bundling Price, and Electronic Word of Mouth on Purchase Decisions for Spotify Premium, with Brand Awareness functioning as a mediating variable. A quantitative approach was applied using a survey method involving 120 Spotify Premium users in South Tangerang. The research instrument employed a Likert scale and was analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling with Partial Least Squares to evaluate validity, reliability, and causal relationships among variables. The results reveal that Social Media Marketing, Bundling Price, and Electronic Word of Mouth have positive and significant effects on both Brand Awareness and Purchase Decisions. Brand Awareness significantly mediates these relationships, strengthening the impact of digital marketing variables on subscription decisions. The findings demonstrate that consumer decision processes progress through attention, brand recognition, and conversion, shaped by exposure to digital content, perceived value of bundled pricing, and peer-generated reviews that reinforce trust and perceived service quality. This study highlights the importance of strategic and experience-driven digital marketing in increasing customer acquisition for subscription-based music streaming services.