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As the first principle of Pancasila, Belief in the One and Only God holds a fundamental position in shaping the moral and spiritual direction of the Indonesian nation. Divinity serves not only as an ideological foundation but also as an ethical guideline guiding individual behavior and national life. In the current global context, where secularism is rapidly advancing and encouraging a separation between religion and the public sphere, the relevance of divinity is even stronger. Uncontrolled secularism has the potential to weaken the moral foundations of society, erode social solidarity, and trigger a value crisis that threatens national integrity. Divinity serves as a counterbalance to global trends often dominated by materialistic and individualistic views. In this situation, strengthening divinity principles is a strategic necessity, both in the formulation of public policy, the national education system, and in the practice of social life. Public policies based on divinity can ensure that development does not merely pursue economic growth, but also pays attention to social justice, shared prosperity, and the preservation of human values. In education, internalizing religious values encourages the development of students' character with integrity, respect for diversity, and high moral awareness. Meanwhile, in the social realm, the application of these values strengthens tolerance, maintains harmony between religious communities, and affirms unity in diversity. This article emphasizes that religious values are not merely normative ideological symbols, but rather pillars of national integration capable of addressing the challenges of the times. By reviving the spirit of Belief in the One and Only God in every aspect of life, Indonesia can confront the influence of global secularism without losing its spiritual identity, while simultaneously building a just, civilized, and sustainable society. In addition, the application of religious values in Pancasila also has strategic relevance in Indonesia's cultural diplomacy and foreign policy.

Bekasam, a traditional Indonesian fermented fish product, is produced through a natural fermentation process involving complex microbial communities, particularly fermentative bacteria. These microorganisms play a vital role in developing the product’s characteristic flavor, aroma, and texture. This study aimed to identify the morphological characteristics of fermentative bacteria present in bekasam made from Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) using direct microscopic observation without staining. Fresh samples of bekasam were collected and subjected to serial dilution before being cultured on nutrient agar (NA) medium. The cultures were incubated at room temperature for 24–48 hours to allow colony formation. Morphological examination was carried out by observing the colonies directly under a light microscope to assess cell shape, size, and arrangement. The results demonstrated a diversity of bacterial morphologies, with the majority consisting of rod-shaped (bacillus) and spherical (coccus) forms. Bacillus cells were often observed singly or in short chains, whereas coccus cells appeared either as single units, in pairs (diplococci), or forming short chains (streptococci). The morphological diversity observed suggests that multiple bacterial species may be involved in the fermentation process, each contributing differently to biochemical transformations such as protein degradation, lactic acid production, and flavor compound formation. Although morphological characterization alone cannot provide definitive bacterial identification, these findings serve as preliminary data for subsequent microbiological and molecular analyses. Further research using biochemical tests and molecular approaches, such as 16S rRNA gene sequencing, is recommended to confirm species identity and to explore their specific roles in fermentation. Understanding the microbial composition of bekasam can provide valuable insights for optimizing fermentation conditions, improving product consistency, and ensuring safety in traditional fish-based fermented foods.

Biodiversity is a combination of the number of species and the number of individuals of each species in a community, one of which is in the Lichen group. Lichen is a form of mutualistic symbiosis between fungi and algae that morphologically and physiologically form a whole unit to produce new, unique individuals. This organism has an important role in the ecosystem, such as indicators of environmental quality, nutrient cycles, and soil surface cover. However, data on the diversity of Lichen species, especially in Geothermal areas, is still very limited so that information on their distribution and composition in the area is not optimal. This study aims to analyze the diversity index of Lichen species in the Jaboi Hot Spring area, Sukajaya District, Sabang City. The study was conducted in June 2025 using a combination of exploratory survey methods to determine research stations and transect line boundaries, as well as purposive sampling methods for Lichen sampling. Data were analyzed using the Shannon-Wiener diversity index (Ĥ). The results showed that there were 17 Lichen species belonging to 11 families with a total of 2027 colonies found in all observation stations. The obtained diversity index value was Ĥ = 2.819214, which is recommended as moderate diversity. These findings indicate that although the Jaboi Hot Springs area has unique environmental conditions due to geothermal activity, it still supports a diverse range of lichen species. This information is expected to form the basis for further research on lichen ecology, biodiversity conservation, and its potential use in geothermal areas. Furthermore, the results of this study can make important contributions to environmental management and bioindicator-based ecosystem quality monitoring.

Indonesia is a unitary state, has a lot of diversity that combines various nationalities, dialects, religions, and communities. Therefore, as a diverse nation, moderation in religion is needed so that there is no degenerate behavior that can divide a country. Internalization of religious values in a multicultural society is an effort to integrate religious values with cultural and religious diversity in society. The main purpose of this internalization is to increase tolerance, respect diversity, and form an inclusive religious culture. This study aims to discuss the internalization of religious moderation values in a multicultural society. This study uses a qualitative approach and data processing using descriptive-analytical methods. Data processing is used as a benchmark to find out how the internalization of religious moderation values in a multicultural society, then takes several sources from the Bantengan village community to be used as research objects, in order to answer the main research questions, including: 1) How is the process of conveying understanding the values of religious moderation in a multicultural society in Bantengan Village. 2) How is the negotiation process with the community regarding the values of religious moderation in a multicultural society in Bantengan Village. 3) -How is the implementation of the values of religious moderation in a multicultural society in Bantengan Village? From the results and discussion of this study, it shows that there are several ways that the Bantengan village community does to internalize the values of religious moderation in a multicultural society. This study concludes that internalization of the values of religious moderation in a multicultural society in Bantengan Village can be done in various ways. An important effort to internalize the values of religious moderation in a multicultural society is to make the Bantengan village community a harmonious society by strengthening tolerance between religious communities, and having a spirit of justice between communities.

Character education serves as a fundamental pillar in shaping a generation of morally upright, responsible, and resilient youth. It not only fosters ethical behavior but also equips children with the skills and attitudes necessary to contribute positively to society. This study aims to evaluate the implementation of character education among children through a combination of artistic activities—such as coloring and calligraphy—and environmental activities, specifically planting. The research was conducted in two orphanages located in Blitar Regency, namely Raudhatul Aitam Orphanage and Nurul Falah Orphanage. A descriptive qualitative method was employed, with data collected through observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that creative, participatory, and collaborative approaches are effective in nurturing essential character values among children, both under and over the age of ten. The core values instilled through the activities include appreciation for global diversity, cooperative spirit (gotong royong), faith, and environmental awareness. Practical activities, such as coloring illustrations of traditional houses, planting chili plants, and coloring calligraphic artworks, were found to enhance children’s creativity, self-confidence, patience, and social interaction skills. Moreover, these activities encouraged teamwork and a sense of responsibility, as children worked together to complete tasks and care for their environment. The study highlights the importance of integrating cultural, artistic, and ecological elements in character education programs to create engaging and meaningful learning experiences. Furthermore, continuous support and collaboration from various stakeholders—including caregivers, educators, community members, and government institutions—are essential to ensure sustainability. When consistently implemented, such programs have the potential to produce long-term positive impacts, helping children grow into individuals who are not only skilled and creative but also possess strong moral values and a deep sense of social responsibility.

Fermentation of ikan bekasam is a traditional process that involves the activity of microorganisms to produce a product with distinct taste, aroma, and texture. This process includes various microorganisms, such as bacteria, fungi, and yeasts, that play a crucial role in the transformation of fish properties during fermentation. This study aims to isolate, identify, and characterize the microorganisms involved in the fermentation of ikan bekasam using Gram staining and specific staining techniques. The isolation process was carried out using selective media to grow microorganisms from the bekasam samples, including both the fish and the fermentation liquid. Microorganism identification was performed by observing colony morphology, microscopic characteristics, and biochemical reactions. Gram staining was used to differentiate between Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria, while specific staining techniques were employed to detect certain cellular structures that aid in the identification of microorganisms. The characterization of microorganisms included an analysis of their physiological and biochemical properties, such as their ability to produce enzymes or secondary metabolites that play a role in fermentation and the development of the characteristic bekasam flavor. The results of the study showed that ikan bekasam contains a variety of microorganisms, including lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus spp. and Pediococcus spp., which play a primary role in fermentation by providing the characteristic sourness. In addition, yeasts such as Saccharomyces cerevisiae were found in the bekasam samples, contributing to the fermentation process. Fungi, such as Aspergillus spp., were also isolated, although their role in the fermentation of ikan bekasam is more limited. This study provides insights into the diversity of microorganisms involved in the fermentation of ikan bekasam and their potential applications in the food industry. These findings open up opportunities to optimize the fermentation process by utilizing these microorganisms to produce more consistent and high-quality bekasam. Future research could further explore the optimal conditions for improving the quality of this fermented product.

Indonesia has vast mangrove forest potential with high biodiversity and great ecological benefits. One of the developing management approaches is community-based mangrove ecotourism which not only emphasizes economic aspects but also environmental conservation. This study aims to analyze the involvement of local communities in mangrove ecotourism management and its impact on mangrove forest conservation in Indonesia. The method used is literature analysis with a descriptive-qualitative approach to ten studies published in the last 5-10 years. The results of the analysis show that active community participation in planning, implementing and evaluating the management of ecotourism areas contributes significantly to the sustainability of mangrove ecosystems. Despite the challenges of unequal capacity and strategic roles, this study confirms that community involvement is an important pillar in the success of community-based conservation. Thus, a collaborative approach between the community, government, and other stakeholders needs to be continuously strengthened to support ecotourism as well as mangrove conservation.

Indonesia is recognized as one of the world’s richest countries in terms of biodiversity, including a wide variety of traditional medicinal plants. One of the lesser-known yet promising local species is matoa (Pometia pinnata J.R. Forst & G. Forst), whose leaves have been traditionally used by local communities to treat various ailments, including diarrhea and seizures. This study aims to investigate the pharmacological effects of matoa leaf extract, with a particular focus on its anticonvulsant activity, while also reviewing its potential chemical constituents as a basis for herbal medicine development. The research was conducted using a combination of literature review and experimental testing on mice (Mus musculus) induced with strychnine to trigger seizures. Key observed parameters included seizure onset time and survival duration (dead time) following the administration of either synthetic drugs or matoa leaf extract. The results demonstrated that the matoa leaf extract exhibited significant anticonvulsant effects, as indicated by prolonged seizure onset and increased survival time in test animals. These pharmacological effects are presumed to be related to the presence of active compounds such as flavonoids, tannins, and alkaloids, which may contribute to the stabilization of the central nervous system. Compared to conventional synthetic anticonvulsants, matoa leaf extract may offer a safer, plant-based alternative with potentially fewer side effects. The findings of this study provide valuable scientific evidence supporting the potential of Pometia pinnata leaves in the development of Indonesian herbal phytopharmaceuticals. Furthermore, they highlight the importance of further research, including preclinical and clinical trials, to validate efficacy, determine optimal dosages, and ensure safety for human use.

Illegal logging causes deforestation, disrupts forest ecosystems, and threatens biodiversity, contributing to climate change by reducing carbon absorption. It also leads to soil erosion and other environmental issues. This study examines the measures taken by the Lampung Provincial Forestry Service to combat illegal logging in the Way Waya Protected Forest, Pringsewu Regency, and the challenges faced in these efforts. Using a normative and empirical legal approach, the study collects data through literature review and interviews with investigators from the Forestry Service, the Lampung Regional Police, and academics. The findings reveal that preventive actions, such as community outreach and education, alongside repressive measures like joint operations, patrols, and law enforcement, are in place. However, technical and social challenges hinder their effectiveness, requiring institutional improvements and better inter-agency collaboration. This study highlights the need for stronger partnerships between the government, communities, and relevant agencies to combat forest crimes. The recommendations aim to improve forest management policies and raise public awareness of forest preservation.

This study explores the role of Hadith as a foundation for instilling the values of religious tolerance, with a focus on shaping the awareness of Generation Z in the contemporary era of technology and globalization. The Qur'an and the Hadith of Prophet Muhammad SAW emphasize respect for religious diversity and firmly prohibit intolerance, offering a strong theological basis for promoting harmonious coexistence. As a digitally active generation, Gen Z possesses significant potential to disseminate tolerance values through online platforms. Nevertheless, they face challenges such as disinformation, hate speech, and the spread of distorted religious interpretations, which may hinder the cultivation of inclusive attitudes. This research highlights that the integration of tolerance values requires methods aligned with Gen Z’s characteristics, including interactive discussions, the strategic use of social media, and educational approaches rooted in prophetic principles. By adopting such methods, religious teachings can be contextualized in a manner that resonates with Gen Z’s communication styles and digital literacy levels. The study employs a qualitative literature review to analyze relevant Hadith texts, their interpretations, and contemporary strategies for value transmission. The findings suggest that a combination of religious education, digital engagement, and community-based initiatives can effectively foster interfaith understanding and reduce intolerance among youth. Ultimately, this research offers a practical framework for educators, religious leaders, and policymakers to strengthen inter-religious tolerance by enhancing the comprehension and application of Hadith in addressing the unique challenges of the digital era.

This study explores the crucial role of legal certainty in the management of natural resources, with a focus on forest areas, as a key factor in ensuring a balanced approach to economic use, environmental sustainability, and the protection of community rights. Forests, both with and without tree cover, require clear legal frameworks to prevent overlapping claims, illegal activities, and degradation. The state's authority in regulating the status and function of forest areas is vital and must be supported by coherent, enforceable policies. Employing a normative juridical method, this research examines primary, secondary, and tertiary legal sources, particularly Law Number 41 of 1999 concerning Forestry, to assess the extent to which Indonesia’s legal system provides certainty in forest area governance. The findings reveal that legal certainty is still challenged by overlapping regulations, inconsistencies in enforcement, and gaps between formal legal provisions and their implementation in the field. These issues often lead to land conflicts, unclear tenure rights, and unsustainable exploitation. Nevertheless, when implemented effectively, the legal framework has the potential to promote responsible management practices, preserve biodiversity, and safeguard indigenous and local communities' rights. The study underscores the need for harmonizing sectoral laws, strengthening institutional coordination, and improving transparency in forest area designation and use. Legal certainty is not only a prerequisite for sustainable development but also a cornerstone for legal justice and equitable resource governance. This paper contributes to the discourse on forest policy reform and aims to inform legislators, policymakers, and stakeholders involved in natural resources management about the importance of strengthening legal foundations for better governance and sustainability.

This study aims to develop a contextual learning-based mathematics test instrument focused on Statistics and intended for eighth-grade junior high school (SMP) students. The instrument developed consists of essay questions designed by integrating real-life situations to make them more relevant and meaningful for students. This contextual approach is expected to help students understand statistical concepts more deeply and improve their ability to solve mathematical problems related to everyday life. In the instrument development process, a series of analyses were conducted to test the quality of the test items, including validity, reliability, discriminating power, and difficulty level. The validity of the test items was tested using the correlation between item scores and total scores, with the results showing that all test items had a correlation coefficient greater than the r value of the table, thus being declared valid. Meanwhile, the reliability coefficient obtained was 0.84, indicating that this instrument has a high level of consistency and is suitable for use in measurement. Analysis of the discriminating power showed that each test item had excellent ability to differentiate students with high and low abilities. The analysis of the difficulty level showed balanced variations, namely from easy, medium, to difficult categories. This variation is important to accommodate differences in student ability levels and reflect the diversity in the context of the problems presented. Overall, the results of this study indicate that the developed test instrument is of excellent quality and can be used as an evaluation tool to measure students' mathematical problem-solving abilities. Furthermore, this instrument supports more contextual, interactive, and meaningful statistics learning.

This study aims to extract and purify secondary metabolite compounds from Coffea arabica leaves using various separation techniques, such as maceration, column chromatography, thin layer chromatography (KLT), and preparatory KLT, and followed by flavonoid content analysis using UV-Vis spectrophotometry. The process begins with drying the arabica coffee leaves, then extraction is carried out using 96% ethanol for three days. After that, the solvent is evaporated with a rotary evaporator at 60°C to obtain a viscous extract. The extracts were further separated using column chromatography with a mixed solvent of n-hexane: ethyl acetate (3:1), resulting in 12 fractions that showed color differences, which was an indication of the diversity of the compounds in the extract. Advanced identification was carried out with KLT using methanol solvents: chloroform (9:1) at UV wavelengths of 254 nm and 366 nm, indicating the presence of compounds with medium to high polarity. Furthermore, the isolated compounds were further separated using the preparative KLT (KLTP) method. To determine the flavonoid content, UV-Vis spectrophotometry was performed at a wavelength of 431 nm, using quercetin as standard. The results of the analysis showed that Arabica coffee leaf extract had a yield of 7.35% and a total flavonoid content of 19.0605 mgQE/g. These findings show that arabica coffee leaves are a source of flavonoid compounds that have the potential for the development of herbal or phytopharmaceutical products. The flavonoid content found may provide health benefits, particularly in increasing antioxidant activity, which can be used in the treatment of oxidative stress-related diseases. The results of this study also open up opportunities for the development of plant-based products, especially Arabica coffee, in the pharmaceutical and cosmetic industries as an efficacious natural active ingredient.

This study aims to identify the process of making and cultivating media using tempoyak samples as a source of fermentation microorganisms. Tempoyak is a traditional fermented product made from durian (Durio zibethinus) that has long been consumed in various regions in Indonesia. This product is rich in microorganisms such as Lactobacillus spp., Leuconostoc spp., and Saccharomyces spp., which play an important role in the fermentation process, forming a distinctive flavor, and have the potential as probiotic agents. The research stages include the preparation of growth media in the form of Nutrient Agar (NA) for general microorganisms and de Man Rogosa Sharpe Agar (MRSA) for lactic acid bacteria. Tempoyak samples were inoculated aseptically into the media to avoid cross-contamination. Next, the media were incubated at a temperature of 30–37°C with an acidic pH, which is the optimum condition for the growth of lactic acid bacteria. Observations were made to assess the growth of microbial colonies on each media. The identification results showed the dominance of lactic acid microorganisms that were able to grow and develop well under the natural fermentation conditions of tempoyak. The resulting colonies were then cultured to increase the number of microorganisms, thus enabling them to be used as potential isolates in functional food fermentation. These findings confirm that tempoyak has value beyond traditional food, namely as a source of microbial biodiversity applicable to bioprocess technology and the development of probiotic food products. Utilizing local microorganisms from tempoyak can reduce dependence on imported cultures, encourage biotechnology innovation based on local biological resources, and support environmental sustainability. Integrating local wisdom with scientific research like this contributes to the preservation of culinary heritage while opening up economic opportunities through the development of value-added food products.

This research is motivated by the importance of understanding the niqab (face veil) as a religious symbol and an identity marker for Muslim women, which continues to spark public debate in Indonesia. The niqab is often viewed from various perspectives—religious, cultural, social, and political—making it a controversial topic. These differing viewpoints highlight the need for a deeper exploration of the meaning and practice of wearing the niqab, especially within Islamic higher education institutions. The study aims to examine both the normative and sociological aspects of niqab use among female students at Ma’had Al-Birr, Muhammadiyah University (Unismuh) Makassar. This institution is known for having a significant number of students who wear the niqab, each with different backgrounds and motivations, ranging from theological beliefs to personal convictions and environmental influences. The research employs a descriptive qualitative method with a field-based approach. It combines normative Islamic theological perspectives with sociological analysis, using data collection techniques such as observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation. The findings reveal that students perceive the niqab not merely as a religious obligation to cover one's aurat (parts of the body that should be concealed), but also as a symbol of piety, honor, obedience, and personal ijtihad (independent reasoning) in practicing Islamic teachings. An inclusive campus environment supports these students in engaging freely in both academic and social activities. However, challenges still arise, particularly in the form of stereotypes and perceptions of exclusivity that some individuals associate with niqab wearers. These misconceptions underscore the importance of cross-perspective understanding in addressing this phenomenon. This study is expected to contribute to the development of campus policies that support freedom of expression, uphold mutual respect, and promote a more inclusive, open, and tolerant atmosphere within Islamic higher education institutions—one that embraces the diversity of religious practices and encourages respectful coexistence.

Revision of the Law on Sexual Violence (UU TPKS) has become a strategic urgency in efforts to eliminate gender bias inherent in the current legal construction, especially related to the subjectivity of men as perpetrators and the objectivity of women as victims. The current TPKS Law, although it has provided an important legal basis for the protection of victims of sexual violence, still contains a gender paradigm that limits the understanding that perpetrators of sexual violence are only men and victims are only women, thus ignoring the complexity of social reality and the diversity of victims and perpetrators23. This approach not only reinforces patriarchal stereotypes, but also hinders fair and inclusive law enforcement. Therefore, the revision of the TPKS Law must be directed at eliminating rigid gender constructions, adopting a more neutral and inclusive perspective, and strengthening responsive legal protection for all victims without exception. This revision must also emphasize the role of the state in fulfilling victims' rights and integrating independent monitoring mechanisms to ensure effective and equitable implementation. Thus, the revision of the TPKS Law is not merely a normative update, but rather a transformation of the legal paradigm that prioritizes gender equality, respect for human rights, and substantive justice for the entire community

This community service activity addresses the growing need for adaptive education in the digital era by focusing on strengthening the character and competence of students in line with rapid technological developments. The Pancasila Student Profile, which serves as the foundation of the Merdeka Curriculum, outlines six core dimensions: faith and piety, global diversity, cooperation, independence, critical reasoning, and creativity. Among these, creativity, independence, and critical thinking are crucial for preparing students to become innovators and problem-solvers in the digital world. However, schools in developing regions often face limitations in implementing these dimensions due to lack of resources and digital literacy. This program was implemented at SMA Negeri 2 Sorong Regency with the objective of strengthening the Pancasila Student Profile by providing training in the use of Thunkable, a visual programming platform for creating drag-and-drop mobile applications. The activity used a Project-Based Learning (PjBL) approach, enabling students to actively engage in designing simple educational applications that align with their learning context. The method encouraged hands-on exploration, teamwork, critical analysis, and creative thinking. Throughout the training, students not only learned how to navigate the Thunkable platform but also developed functional mobile apps addressing real-life learning challenges. The outcomes of the program showed a marked improvement in students’ digital literacy, problem-solving ability, innovation, and collaboration. Furthermore, students began to view themselves not just as consumers of technology but as producers of meaningful digital solutions. This initiative demonstrates that integrating digital technology with project-based learning can effectively support the implementation of the Pancasila Student Profile, even in remote or underdeveloped areas. It provides evidence that with the right approach and tools, students can be empowered to become digitally literate, creative, and socially responsible individuals who are ready to act as agents of change in the 21st century.

The topic of Differentiated Instruction (DI) has recently been studied by researchers and practitioners due to its importance and potential to improve student learning. In this regard, the current study aims to provide a concise overview of DI in the context of EFL to illustrate the need for its implementation in the classroom to foster successful language learning. Since differentiated instruction is designed to place students at the centre of the teaching and learning process, promote equity and academic success, as well as recognize diversity among students, it enables teachers to address a student’s unique needs, interests, abilities, English proficiency, and preferred learning strategies. While challenges such as increased workload and implementation pressure in DI may arise, the potential benefits of this approach to students' learning processes, attitudes toward learning, and long-term success are notable. Therefore, the learning process is maximized when teachers are committed to differentiated instruction. SMA ISLAM PLUS ADZKIA (SIPA) is one of the most popular spotlight of school in Medan which the school was succeed in graduating their Alumni to Kedinasan and private university both inside and outside the country with scholarship. This school becomes the spot or role model for many other schools in Medan, therefore, the researcher intended to investigate further about the teaching model applied in this school, especially in EFL classroom in studying English. Some problems need to be answered after applying this study, such as how the English teachers manage the class to apply the DI, how is the students’ understanding about the subject after they applied DI

Class C sand mining activities in Nagari Aia Dingin, Lembah Gumanti District, Solok Regency have been ongoing since 1999 and continue to expand to this day. This mining provides economic contributions to the local community, but on the other hand, it also has a significant impact on the environment, particularly on land cover changes. This study aims to analyze changes in open land caused by sand mining activities, using remote sensing technology as a monitoring tool. The approach used is descriptive quantitative, through the interpretation of Google Earth satellite imagery in 2015 and 2018 and Sentinel-2 imagery in 2024. Spatial analysis was conducted with the help of ArcGIS software to obtain a visual and numerical picture of land cover changes. The results of the study indicate a significant increase in the area of sand mining from 2015 to 2024. In 2015, the mining area was recorded at 8.72 hectares, and increased to 22.14 hectares in 2024. This indicates an increase in mining land area of 13.42 hectares over a nine-year period. Land use conversion has occurred on a massive scale, from dryland forest, scrubland, and dryland areas to open-pit mining areas. This land cover change has the potential to cause environmental degradation such as erosion, reduced biodiversity, and disruption to regional water systems. These findings underscore the importance of stricter monitoring and sustainable spatial planning in natural resource management. The use of remote sensing technology has proven effective in monitoring the dynamics of land use change and can serve as a basis for formulating environmental policies that are more responsive to the impacts of mining activities.

The role of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) teachers in shaping students' religious moderation is highly needed. The very diverse religious diversity in public schools is a challenge for PAI teachers compared to religious-based schools. The purpose of this study is to identify PAI learning based on Problem Based Learning (PBL) to improve students' moderate attitudes and national insight which includes; planning, implementation, evaluation, supporting and inhibiting factors as well as the impact of problem-based PAI learning to shape students' moderate attitudes and national insight. This study uses a qualitative approach using the case study method. Data collection techniques are carried out through interviews, observations and documentation analysis. The data analysis technique uses the Miles and Huberman analysis technique using the ATLAS.ti analysis tool. The results of the study found that: First, PBL learning planning is carried out by; setting learning objectives, compiling learning steps and learning evaluation. Second, implementation is carried out by; orientation stage, guiding stage, developing stage and conclusion stage. Third, evaluation is carried out by; holistic, diagnostic, formative and summative evaluation stages. Fourth, supporting factors include; student involvement, high teacher creativity, student collaborative learning, program collaboration, contextualization of issues in learning, support for infrastructure and school culture. Inhibiting factors include; difficulty in determining relevant problems, time availability, lack of teacher understanding, student diversity, difficulty generating ideas, social and cultural barriers, and resistance to change. Fifth, a moderate attitude is demonstrated by; tolerance, openness, respect for diversity, good ethics in interactions, wasathiyah, social harmony, critical and objective.