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Adelia Azizah Arifin Putri; Endah Kurniawati; Nuril Aulia Munawaroh

Jurnal Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Teknologi 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This study aims to analyze the effects of social media marketing, store atmosphere, and service quality on consumers’ purchasing decisions at Titik Tuju Coffee & Roastery in Kediri City. The background of this research is based on the increasing competition in the coffee shop industry, which requires business actors to implement effective marketing strategies, create a comfortable store atmosphere, and provide high-quality services to influence consumers’ purchasing decisions. The research method used is a quantitative approach with data collection conducted through questionnaires. The research sample consisted of 120 respondents who were consumers of Titik Tuju Coffee & Roastery, selected using a simple random sampling technique. The data were analyzed using multiple linear regression analysis with the assistance of SPSS software. The results indicate that, partially, social media marketing, store atmosphere, and service quality have a positive and significant effect on purchasing decisions. In addition, the simultaneous test results show that the three independent variables collectively have a positive and significant effect on consumers’ purchasing decisions. The coefficient of determination indicates that most of the variation in purchasing decisions can be explained by these three variables. This study is expected to provide practical contributions for coffee shop managers in designing appropriate marketing strategies and improving service quality and store atmosphere to encourage consumers’ purchasing decisions.

Juwita Novitasari Simorangkir; Mishul Jayana; Nesa Einge Regina Br. Tarigan; Elga Gresia Br. Surbakti; Lionanda Maretcha Marpaung +2 more

Jurnal Nuansa : Publikasi Ilmu Manajemen dan Ekonomi Syariah 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

This research aims to explore the role of service excellence in enhancing consumer loyalty in culinary MSMEs, with a case study at RM Kamang Jaya in Medan City. In facing intense competition in the food industry, excellent service becomes an important strategy to maintain and expand the customer base. A qualitative approach with a case study method was employed to deeply examine customer experiences, perceptions, and service practices through interviews, observations, and documentation. The findings show that the consistent application of service standards, friendly attitudes of staff, and attention to detail in service delivery greatly contribute to customer satisfaction and loyalty. Good service has been proven to encourage repeat orders, create positive experiences, and enhance word-of-mouth promotion. Despite some technical obstacles, such as order errors or menu limitations, the quick response and professional attitude of employees were able to minimize their impact. These findings confirm that service excellence not only meets the functional needs of consumers but also builds emotional attachment, which becomes the foundation of long-term loyalty. The implications of this research are significant for other MSME actors in designing superior service strategies to face increasingly complex business competition.

Elga Bayu Santoso; Bambang Suwarsono; Brahma Wahyu Kurniawan

Jurnal Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Teknologi 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The company must be able to make the right policies so that the company can maintain its survival, so that the company can compete with competing companies and gain the trust of consumers. One of the important factors in achieving goals is HR (Human Resources) which has a very important role in determining the success of a company. This research aims to analyze the effect of work-life balance on job satisfaction and employee performance. This type of research uses quantitative research with a questionnaire instrument. The results of descriptive analysis show that all indicators of work-life balance, job satisfaction, and employee performance are in the “Good Enough” category, indicating that respondents' perceptions of work-life balance, job satisfaction, and employee performance still need to be improved. Validity and reliability tests show that the instruments used are valid and reliable. The results of structural model testing show that work-life balance has a significant and strong effect on employee performance (O=0.822; p<0.001) and job satisfaction (O=0.677; p<0.001), while job satisfaction also affects performance (O=0.367; p=0.006). In addition to the direct effect, there is also a significant indirect effect of work-life balance on performance through job satisfaction (O=0.249; p=0.011). Work-life balance improves employee performance, both directly and through increased job satisfaction, so companies are advised to create policies that support work-life balance in order to create a productive and sustainable work environment.

Salsabila Adira Balqis

Jurnal Kajian Ilmu Sosial, Politik dan Hukum 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

This study discusses allegations of abuse of dominant position by Lion Air Group in the domestic aviation market and air cargo services in Indonesia. By controlling more than 50% of the market share, the group is suspected of unilaterally setting ticket prices and logistics costs, which could hinder healthy business competition and harm consumers and competing airlines. This study uses a normative juridical approach with a descriptive qualitative analysis method, supported by secondary data from legislation, KPPU reports, and academic literature related to competition law. The study's findings indicate that the concentrated market structure and weak regulatory oversight contribute to the formation of dominant behavior that harms the market and consumers. Legally, such actions violate Article 25 of Law Number 5 of 1999, as they result in discriminatory practices and unreasonable price control. Synergy between the KPPU and the Ministry of Transportation is needed to strengthen regulations in the aviation sector in order to create a business climate that is more fair, competitive, and oriented towards public welfare.

Yuni Firanyanti; Edy Suchmawan; Didik Didik; Marhamah Marhamah; Siti Romlah

Jurnal Ilmiah Ekonomi, Akuntansi, dan Pajak 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to determine the influence of attitudes on the interest in buying pineapple dodol as a superior commodity in Galang Village, Sungai Pinyuh District, to determine the effect of price on the interest in buying pineapple dodol as a superior commodity in Galang Village, Sungai Pinyuh District, and to determine the effect of quality on the interest in buying pineapple dodol as a superior commodity in Galang Village, Sungai Pinyuh District. This study uses a quantitative research method. The population in this study were pineapple dodol consumers in Galang Village, Sungai Pinyuh District with a population of 4000 and a sample of 98 respondents. The sampling method used a purposive sampling technique with data collection techniques using a questionnaire. Data analysis in this study includes descriptive statistical analysis test, validity test, reliability test, normality test, multicollinearity test, heteroscedasticity test, multiple linear regression test and coefficient of determination test, T test, F test with IBM SPSS 25 tools. The results of the T Test can be concluded that Attitude has a significant effect on purchasing interest, Price has a significant effect on purchasing interest, Product quality has a significant effect on purchasing interest, The results of the F Test analysis can be concluded that the variables of attitude, price and product quality simultaneously influence the purchasing interest of Pineapple dodol as a superior commodity in Galang Village, Sungai Pinyuh District.

Lia Handayani; Handayani, Lia; Ayyub Hamdanu Budi Nurmana MS; Muhammad Sholikhan

JURNAL ILMIAH KOMPUTER GRAFIS 2025 UNIVERSITAS STEKOM

Digital technologies have been developed very fast, and as a result, we have seen a big change in the way companies are marketing their products, especially in the case of Micro, Small, and Medium Enterprises (MSMEs). Ovie Cake, a local MSME in Semarang, is experiencing difficulties in seeking market expansion because the product photos on its social media have been fluctuating; thus, the engagement has dropped. The objective of this research is to find out the most applicable product photography methods and put together a promotional medium based on the website. The study utilized various methods such as an observation method, social media analysis, a photography experiment, and catalog-based website development. For photography, they picked still life combined with the 45-degree angle and high-key lighting. Properly lit product photos attract consumers’ attention and show the professionalism of the brand. The website, attracting users without borders, became a successful digital promotion platform to open new markets.

Ali Sodikin; Miftahurrohman Miftahurrohman

International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This research goals to investigate and prove the impact of Price, Product Quality, and Location on Purchasing Interest in choosing Complete Supermarket as a place to shop for baby and household supplies. Purchasing interest is a crucial element that determines the accomplishment of a retail business, and is impactd by various marketing elements. This study employs a descriptive quantitative approach with a study framework. The population in the research is consumers of Complete Self-Utility. Sampling was carried out using certain techniques (for example, Purposive Sampling or Simple Random Sampling) with a total of 100 respondents. Data were collected through questionnaire deployment and looked over using multiple linear regression analysis. The outcome of the research are expected to reveal that: (1) Price has a positive and substantial effect on Purchasing Interest; (2) Product Quality has a positive and substantial effect on Purchasing Interest; (3) The location has a positive and substantial effect on the Purchasing Interest; and (4) Price, Product Quality, and Location simultaneously have a substantial effect on purchasing Interest.

Nuryaman, M.; Apriadi, Deri

Populer: Jurnal Penelitian Mahasiswa 2025 Universitas Maritim AMNI Semarang

This study aims to analyze the influence of digital marketing on customer loyalty at the Uban Muslim Clothing Store MSME in Cianjur in the context of e-commerce development. The increasingly rapid digital transformation requires MSMEs to adapt to technology-based marketing strategies to be able to compete and retain consumers. This study uses a quantitative approach with a survey technique on 20 adult respondents, both men and women, who have interacted with the store. The research instrument in the form of a questionnaire distributed through Google Forms, measuring two main variables: digital marketing (as an independent variable) and customer loyalty (as a dependent variable). The analysis technique used is simple linear regression. The results of the analysis show that there is a positive influence of digital marketing on customer loyalty, as indicated in the regression equation Y = 3.5226 + 0.582XY = 3.5226 + 0.582XY = 3.5226 + 0.582X. The regression coefficient of 0.582 indicates that every one unit increase in digital marketing activity can significantly increase customer loyalty. Meanwhile, the intercept value of 3.5226 indicates that customer loyalty remains high even without digital activities, indicating a strong foundation of loyalty from non-digital factors. This finding has important implications: digital marketing is not just a promotional tool, but a key strategy for building long-term customer engagement. This study recommends that MSMEs optimize digital content, online interactions, and data-driven communication systems to maintain and enhance customer loyalty in the digital marketing era.

Adlan Ali; Emir Zaygh

Majelis : Jurnal Hukum Indonesia 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

The rapid growth of online commerce in Indonesia has significantly transformed the way people fulfill their daily needs by providing easier, faster, and more flexible access to goods and services through digital technology. Despite these advantages, the development of e-commerce also presents serious challenges, including rising cases of online fraud, discrepancies between advertised and delivered products, failed transactions, and personal data breaches that threaten consumer privacy. These issues create imbalances in digital contractual relationships, undermining trust and legal certainty for buyers. This study aims to analyze the implementation of the principle of fairness for consumers in e-commerce practices in Indonesia, while also identifying regulatory weaknesses and existing dispute resolution mechanisms. Using a normative legal research approach supported by case studies, the study examines the effectiveness of relevant legal frameworks, particularly the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK) and the Electronic Information and Transactions Law (UU ITE). The findings reveal that although these regulations provide a legal basis for consumer protection, their implementation remains inadequate. Weak supervision of online business actors, limited accountability of platform providers in ensuring transaction security, and complex, costly compensation procedures continue to hinder consumer rights protection. These conditions highlight the urgent need to strengthen consumer protection systems that are more adaptive, efficient, and oriented toward public interest. The study emphasizes the importance of improving online dispute resolution mechanisms, enhancing transparency and responsibility of digital platforms, and expanding digital literacy among consumers. Such measures are essential to ensure that fairness in e-commerce is not only guaranteed normatively, but also effectively realized in everyday digital transactions.

Bambang Tresno Wahyudi

Majelis : Jurnal Hukum Indonesia 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

The main objective of this study is to examine whether agreements reached in electronic transactions through online shopping platforms comply with the fundamental principles of contract law. The principles tested include the principle of freedom of contract, the principle of consensualism, the principle of pacta sunt servanda, and the principle of good faith. In addition, this study also aims to understand the legal protection framework for consumers in the context of digital transactions. The methodology applied in this study is normative law, using an approach that focuses on legislation and a conceptual approach. The legal material used consists of primary, secondary, and tertiary legal materials. The collection of legal material was carried out through a literature study, which was then analyzed using deductive logic.Based on the results of the research and data analysis, it was concluded that agreements formed in electronic transactions through online shopping sites have fulfilled the principles of freedom of contract, consensualism, pacta sunt servanda, and good faith. Legal protection for consumers in e-commerce transactions has been adequately provided through the regulation of Law Number 11 of 2008 concerning Electronic Information and Transactions and Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection.

Dinni Sabrina Bahri; Daniel Handoko

Jurnal Penelitian Komunikasi dan Sosialisasi 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Sosial Indonesia

This study aims to determine the influence of Jejuby's TikTok content on the purchasing decisions of followers of the @jejubyofficial TikTok account. In today's digital age, social media platforms like TikTok have become one of the most effective promotional tools for reaching consumers, particularly in the beauty and skincare industry. Jejuby, as a local brand on the rise, actively leverages TikTok as a marketing platform by creating various types of content, including tutorials, testimonials, and visually appealing content. The theories used in this study are the Marketing Communication Theory with dimensions: Advertising, Sales Promotion, Personal Selling, Public Relations, and Direct and Digital Marketing. The Content Theory with dimensions: Credible, Shareable, Useful or Fun, Interesting, Relevant, Different, On Brand. The Purchase Decision Theory with dimensions: Need Recognition, Information Search, Evaluation of Alternatives, Purchase Decision, Post-Purchase Behavior. This study used a quantitative approach with a survey method. Sampling was conducted using simple random sampling and calculated using the Slovin formula with a margin of error of 5%. Data collection was carried out by distributing questionnaires to 92 respondents who were followers of the @jejubyofficial TikTok account. The research instrument was tested using validity and reliability tests, while data analysis was conducted using simple linear regression with a correlation coefficient (R) value of 0.711 in the strong category. The coefficient of determination (R²) value of 0.506 indicates that 50.6% of purchasing decisions are influenced by TikTok content, while 49.4% are influenced by other factors. The research results for TikTok content had an average of 3.47, while purchase decisions had an average of 3.54. The research results indicate that there is a significant influence between Jejuby's TikTok content and its followers' purchase decisions. This means that content packaged in a relevant manner and aligned with the brand's identity can influence consumers' decisions to purchase Jejuby products.

Albertaadinata Albertaadinata; Sudarmiatin Sudarmiatin; Agus Hermawan

International Journal of Economics and Management Sciences 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study conducts a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) to examine how key dimensions of digital service quality—namely system quality, ease of use, perceived value, and payment availability—shape customer loyalty among Generation Z culinary consumers, with customer satisfaction functioning as the mediating variable. Bibliometric mapping reveals that previous studies have predominantly focused on Millennials and Gen Y and have emphasized traditional service quality rather than digital service performance, indicating a significant research gap in Gen Z–specific digital consumption behavior. The SLR findings show that fast, secure, stable, and user-friendly digital systems strongly influence perceived value and user satisfaction, while the availability of digital payments such as QRIS and e-wallets enhances seamless transactional experiences. Customer satisfaction emerges as the primary psychological mechanism mediating the relationship between digital service quality and Gen Z loyalty, reflected in repeat purchases, positive word of mouth, and emotional attachment to digital culinary platforms. This study contributes theoretically by addressing existing research gaps and proposing a conceptual model of Gen Z loyalty grounded in digital experience.

Sefika Pradana

Federalisme : Jurnal Kajian Hukum dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

The growth of digital transactions has made it easier for people to buy goods or services, including concert tickets. However, this convenience also increases the risk of fraud, especially through social media. The case of Golden Disc Award (GDA) 2024 ticket fraud on Twitter shows a systematic modus operandi, such as the use of fake accounts and identities, suspiciously cheap ticket prices, and the transfer of communication to private platforms. Victims suffer material and psychological losses, while perpetrators often disappear after receiving payment. Legally, these actions violate Article 378 of the Criminal Code, the Electronic Information and Transactions Law, and consumer rights as stipulated in the Consumer Protection Law (UUPK). This study emphasizes the importance of consumer protection in digital transactions, strengthening regulations, and improving public digital literacy to prevent fraudulent practices. Collaboration between the government, law enforcement agencies, concert organizers, digital platforms, and consumers is key to improving the security of online transactions.

Nurul Fazirah; Niadatus Soliha; Lailatul Qomariyah; Ersya Faraby

Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi Syariah dan Akuntansi 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

This study aims to understand the meaning of halal lifestyle for Generation Z Muslim consumers in East Java through a phenomenological approach. In recent years, the concept of halal lifestyle is no longer limited to food and beverage consumption, but has expanded to include fashion, skincare, digital services, and even social media interactions. Generation Z, as digital natives, interprets halal not only as a religious rule, but also as an identity, a social trend, and a form of self-actualization. This study integrates the results of previous empirical studies that show that halal awareness, religious education, marketing strategies, and the influence of public figures play a significant role in shaping halal behavior among the younger generation. The results of the literature review indicate that Generation Z in East Java experiences complex dynamics in adopting a halal lifestyle, ranging from identity dilemmas, ethical challenges, to the influence of local culture. This phenomenological study confirms that halal lifestyle is a multidimensional phenomenon influenced by spiritual values, consumption rationality, and digital interactions. These findings are expected to provide a conceptual contribution to the study of Muslim consumer behavior and form the basis for developing a halal industry that is more adaptive to the characteristics of the younger generation..

Ninggar Agustina Cindya Putri; Siska Hadiyanti; Andriya Risdwiyanto; Sabilla Saberina

JURNAL EKONOMI MANAJEMEN AKUNTANSI 2025 sekolah Tinggi Ilmu Ekonomi Dharma Putra Semarang

This study aims to analyze the influence of consumer trust and product price, mediated by e-WOM (electronic word-of-mouth), on purchase decisions on the Shopee platform. A quantitative approach was used, with a sample of 75 undergraduate students living in boarding houses in the Special Region of Yogyakarta who shop on Shopee. Data were collected via questionnaires and analyzed using Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) based on Partial Least Square (PLS) with SmartPLS version 4. The results show that consumer trust and product price have a significant positive influence on purchase decisions, both directly and indirectly through e-WOM. This confirms the vital role of user reviews and recommendations in the decision-making process. The study provides strategic implications for e-commerce platforms and guidance for consumers. In addition, this study also provides guidance for consumers in considering factors that influence purchasing decisions on online platforms and educate them to be more careful in assessing available information before making a purchase. Overall, the results of this study underscore the important role of consumer trust, product price, and e-WOM in shaping purchasing decisions on e-commerce platforms.

Muhammad Andriansyah; H.R. Adianto Mardijono

Federalisme : Jurnal Kajian Hukum dan Ilmu Komunikasi 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Legal protection for consumers is a crucial element in the legal relationship between business actors and the public, particularly in high-risk service sectors such as gas stove repair services. In practice, many consumers still experience losses due to negligence by service providers, whether caused by inadequate technical handling or insufficient information regarding the condition of the stove after repairs. This study aims to identify and analyze the forms of legal protection available to consumers who suffer losses as a result of such negligence, as well as to determine the types of legal liability that may be imposed on gas stove repair service providers. Using a normative legal research method, this study applies both legislative and conceptual approaches. The legislative approach examines relevant laws and regulations concerning consumer protection, while the conceptual approach analyzes legal principles and expert doctrines related to liability. The findings indicate that consumer protection is provided in two forms: preventive protection, which ensures product and service safety in accordance with Indonesian National Standards (SNI), and repressive protection, which is implemented through enforcement mechanisms such as claims for compensation or dispute resolution through the Consumer Dispute Settlement Agency (BPSK) or the courts. Business actors who commit negligence in providing repair services can be held legally responsible based on the principles of negligence or strict liability. To strengthen consumer protection, the study recommends the establishment of derivative regulations concerning technician certification, standardized repair service procedures, and integrated supervision of safety compliance within the gas stove repair service industry.

Dewa Ngakan Putu Haris Aricandra; Putu Saroyini Piartrini

International Journal of Management Science and Entrepreneurship 2025 International Forum of Researchers and Lecturers

This study confirms that brand trust and product involvement have an important role in increasing brand engagement among Kamen RareBali consumers. The analysis results show that brand trust has a significant positive effect, meaning that the higher the level of consumer trust in the brand, the greater their involvement with the brand, both through interactions on social media and product purchases. This is in line with the theory that trust in the brand is an important foundation in building loyalty and long-term relationships with consumers. Meanwhile, product involvement also shows a significant positive effect, indicating that consumers who feel more involved, interested, or care about the product tend to be more active in brand engagement . These findings indicate that Kamen RareBali needs a strategy that emphasizes improving consumer experience with the product, including through educational content, interactive promotions, and personalized services. Simultaneously, these two variables explain 63.1% of the variation in brand engagement , implying that other factors such as service quality, shopping experience, and communication strategy also influence consumer engagement. The practical implication is that companies should focus on building brand trust through positive reputation, testimonials, and transparency, as well as increasing product engagement through emotional experiences and meaningful interactions.

Firyaal Faadhilah; Cory Vidianti

Jurnal Inovasi Ekonomi Syariah dan Akuntansi 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ekonomi dan Akuntansi Indonesia

The development of digital technology has led to significant changes in economic behavior, including among Muslim communities in Tegal Gubug. Economic activities that were once centered in traditional markets have now begun to shift to digital platforms such as marketplaces and social media. This study aims to examine the shift in the economic behavior of the Muslim community from direct interactions in Tegal Gubug Traditional Market to digital-based interactions in buying and selling transactions. The research employs a qualitative descriptive approach, with data collected through interviews and observations of Muslim traders and consumers who have transitioned to using digital platforms. The findings reveal that the main factors driving this shift are ease of access, time efficiency, and the expansion of marketing networks. However, the study also identifies challenges such as reduced direct social interaction among economic actors and a lack of understanding regarding the application of Islamic business ethics in the digital space. This research emphasizes the importance of internalizing Islamic values such as honesty, justice, and responsibility in every digital economic activity to ensure alignment with sharia principles.

Pendik Dwi Prasetiyo; Afni Tri Rahayu; Sudarmiatin Sudarmiatin; Trisetia Wijayanti; Ablayeva Shoira

International Journal of Management and Strategic Business Leadership 2025 Asosiasi Riset Ilmu Manajemen Kewirausahaan dan Bisnis Indonesia

The tea franchise industry in Indonesia has experienced significant growth over the past decade, transforming the traditional tea drinking culture into a modern business opportunity. This research explores the dynamics of tea franchises in Indonesia through cultural perspectives, business strategies, and innovation. This study aims to identify critical success factors, cultural adaptation strategies, and innovation models implemented by major tea franchise brands operating in Indonesia. Using a qualitative research method with a phenomenological approach, data was collected through in-depth interviews with 25 franchise owners, 15 brand managers, and 50 consumers in five major cities in Indonesia, complemented by observation and document analysis. The findings reveal that successful tea franchising effectively balances three key elements: maintaining Indonesia's tea drinking culture while introducing modern consumption patterns, implementing adaptive business models that accommodate local economic conditions, and continuously innovating in product development and service delivery. The study identified four key innovation patterns: product localization (85% of successful franchises), digital integration (92%), experiential marketing (78%), and sustainability practices (68%). Cultural factors significantly influence menu adaptation, store ambient design, and marketing strategy. This study concludes that tea franchising in Indonesia represents a unique hybrid business model that successfully blends the global franchise system with local cultural values, creating a sustainable competitive advantage in the beverage industry.

Adinda Marsha; Najwa Nur; Ahmad Azmi

Majelis : Jurnal Hukum Indonesia 2025 Asosiasi Peneliti dan Pengajar Ilmu Hukum Indonesia

Consumer protection is an important pillar in ensuring fairness and balance in the relationship between business actors and consumers, including for foreign nationals who transact in Indonesia. Economic globalization and digital developments are expanding the range of cross-border economic activities that demand the presence of an inclusive legal protection system that is adaptive to modern trade dynamics. This research aims to analyze consumer protection for foreign nationals in Indonesia through juridical and sociological approaches to understand the implementation of legal norms, the effectiveness of dispute resolution mechanisms, and the social realities faced by foreign consumers in practice. The research method used is normative legal research with a legislative approach and a sociological approach through the analysis of the literature, regulations, and empirical findings from various studies related to cross-border consumer protection. The results of the study show that although normatively Law Number 8 of 1999 concerning Consumer Protection guarantees equal rights for all consumers, in practice there are still administrative, cultural, linguistic, and information access obstacles experienced by foreign citizens. These findings affirm the importance of harmonizing consumer protection policies with the principles of global justice, accessibility, and non-discrimination.