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As an agricultural country, farmers in Indonesia have a crucial role, their existence must be safeguarded within the agricultural sector. Encouraging farmers to engage in breeding or develop new superior plant varieties is essential for fostering independent and advanced Indonesian farmers. These breeding activities are governed by Law Number 22 of 2019 on Sustainable Agricultural Cultivation System, and Law Number 29 of 2000 Plant Variety Protection. However, these laws have led to challenges for farmers involved in breeding, as the Plant Variety Protection Law adopts liberal approach that prioritizes individual economic benefits and specifically protects breeders who have registered their new varieties. As a result, farmers who use traditional knowledge in their breeding practices are vulnerable to criminalization due to the registration system. This paper will examine the rights of farmers in breeding activities under Indonesian law and compare with regulations in Malaysia, which shares geographical proximity, customs, and membership in the World Trade Organization. The research method is normative legal research, utilizing both conceptual and comparative approach. The objective to explore the legal protection of farmers’ rights in breeding activities in both Indonesia and Malaysia, and provide recommendations for improving the protection of farmers' rights in the future.

This study aims to explore the practices and perceptions of tutors in implementing assessment in English for Specific Purposes (ESP) instruction at non-formal language course institutions. A quantitative method was used, involving data collection through questionnaires with both closed and open-ended questions, complemented by an online interview to deepen the understanding of assessment implementation. The results show that diagnostic and formative assessments are the most frequently used types (100%), while performance-based and project-based assessments are used by 50% of the respondents. None of the tutors reported using self-assessment, indicating a limited variety in assessment methods applied. The main purposes of assessment include identifying students’ learning needs, monitoring progress, and evaluating teaching effectiveness. Despite facing challenges such as limited time and low student motivation, tutors managed to apply solutions like group discussions and peer feedback. Assessment was found to positively impact both students’ skill development and tutors’ understanding of -learners’ needs. The study concludes that assessment in ESP plays a strategic role not only as an evaluation tool but also as a diagnostic and formative mechanism that supports continuous learning. Therefore, proper understanding and contextual adaptation are essential in maximizing the role of assessment in ESP instruction.

This research aims to identify the influence of utilizing interactive learning multimedia on the learning outcomes of class XI students in the economics subject at SMA Negeri 4 Gorontalo. This research employs a quantitative approach with a quasi-experimental design. The total sample consists of 60 students.The findings indicate that there is an influence of utilizing interactive learning multimedia on the learning outcomes of class XI students in the economics subject This is shown through data analysis using a paired sample t-test, which resulted in a significance value (Sig. 2-tailed) of 0 000. This value is far below the predetermined significance level of 005, indicating a significant difference between students' learning outcomes before and after utilizing interactive multimedia, as well as a significant difference between the experimental class (utilizing multimedia) and the control class (not utilizing multimedia). Therefore, the utilization of interactive learning multimedia not only provides variety in the teaching and learning process but also contributes meaningfully to improving students' conceptual understanding, material retention, and learning motivation.

The development of information technology encourages innovation in learning methods, one of which is through digital educational games. This study aims to assess the effectiveness of Wordwall educational game-based learning media in improving elementary school students' 21st century skills, such as critical thinking, creativity, collaboration, and communication. The method used is a literature study by analyzing various scientific sources and relevant research. The results showed that Wordwall is able to increase students' motivation and interest in learning through interactive features and a variety of games that are easily adapted to the subject matter. Obstacles faced include limited access to technology and teacher readiness, which can be overcome with intensive training and provision of adequate facilities. Therefore, Wordwall is proven to be effective and relevant as a learning media that supports the 21st century learning process in elementary schools. It is recommended that the utilization of Wordwall be optimized through continuous training for teachers and provision of adequate technological facilities to improve the quality of learning.

One of the cities in Indonesia that can be a tourist destination is Blitar City, which is located in East Java province. This city is widely known to the public as the National City because it is closely related to the figure of Proclaimer Bung Karno. Blitar City’s popularity is increasing thanks to the tourist attraction Bung Karno. This research aims to determine the existence and social culture impact of the existence of Bung Karno tourism objects in Blitar, East Java. This research uses qualitative methods with data collection techniques through interviews, observation, and documentation. The research shows that Bung Karno’s grave tourism has a significant impact on the social and cultural aspects of the surrounding community. Social change generation can be seen from various aspects, including the emergence of a variety of businesses and social interaction in the community. Tourism will experience real continuity if sustainable planning, environmental, economic, and social development (so that possible external influences are controlled with continuity) are supported by technology and cultural preservation through festivals, youth mentoring, and social media. Overall, this tourism strengthens social interaction.

The purpose of this study is to determine and analyze the influence of store atmosphere, service quality, and product variety on purchasing decisions at Yaw Yaw Restaurant, Surabaya. This study adopted a quantitative method involving 96 respondents, who were consumers of Yaw Yaw Restaurant in Surabaya and its surroundings. Sampling was carried out using a non-probability sampling technique with a convenience sampling method, where the selected respondents had at least made a purchase once. The collected data was then processed using SPSS software version 25. The results of the analysis showed that store atmosphere has a positive influence on consumer purchasing decisions at Yaw Yaw Restaurant, Surabaya. Likewise, service quality and product variety also positively influence consumer purchasing decisions at Yaw Yaw Restaurant, Surabaya. In this study, the most influential variable is service quality, therefore it is necessary to maintain excellent service quality in a restaurant. High-quality service is directly correlated with increased purchasing decisions based on consumer purchasing experiences. In this study, there is also a variable that has the lowest influence, namely the product variety variable. Yaw Yaw Restaurant, Surabaya needs to review its product variety strategy, ensure that the existing variations are truly relevant and provide added value, while still prioritizing improving the atmosphere and service.

The development of culinary tourism in Indonesia is growing rapidly. Various new types of food, new menus with new names, and new ways of serving food continue to emerge. Mie Gacoan is one of Indonesia's original culinary delights, with a variety of unique menus and names. Mie Gacoan has become one of the most popular spicy noodle products in Indonesia. This study aims to analyze the competitive advantage strategies of Mie Gacoan in Indonesia. The research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive approach. Data collection was carried out through in-depth interviews, digital observations, and documentation. The results of the study indicate that Mie Gacoan's success in attracting and retaining customers amid intense culinary business competition is driven by several key factors, including product differentiation through variations in spicy noodle menus with adjustable levels of spiciness, creative menu names, and continuous product innovation, which serve as the main attractions for consumers. Effective digital marketing strategies through social media, competitive pricing, operational efficiency in service, and strong branding also significantly contribute to Mie Gacoan's competitive advantage. To maintain its position in the market, Mie Gacoan must continue to innovate, adapt to consumer trends, and leverage customer data to enhance overall satisfaction. As a result, Mie Gacoan has successfully established a strong foundation for sustainable growth in Indonesia's culinary industry.

This community service project at SD Negeri 16 Kota Bengkulu aims to enhance children's awareness of local culture. The primary objective is to cultivate a love for Bengkulu’s indigenous heritage through integrated cultural education. Utilizing the Asset-Based Community Development (ABCD) approach, the program leverages existing community strengths and cultural assets. Service-learning, field observation, and a descriptive qualitative methodology guide the design and implementation of a variety of cultural activities. Key activities include training in traditional dance and Dol music, the introduction of local games, exposure to Bengkulu folk songs, as well as the introduction of Batik Besurek and traditional foods. As part of the Pancasila Student Profile Strengthening Project (P5), the program also features the creation of Tabot miniatures and coloring wayang figures. Additionally, the program introduces the Kaganga script and raises awareness about cultural preservation. This comprehensive initiative is expected to significantly enhance students' appreciation and understanding of Bengkulu’s rich cultural heritage, contributing to the sustainable preservation of local traditions.  

This study aims to analyze the influence of Brand Preference (X1), Brand Awareness (X2), and Product Variety (X3) on Purchase Decision (Y) at Marugame Udon in Tunjungan Plaza Surabaya. As a Japanese fast-food restaurant, Marugame Udon faces intense competition in the culinary industry, making it essential to understand the factors that influence consumer behavior. This research employs a quantitative descriptive approach, with data collected through an online questionnaire distributed to 100 respondents who are customers of Marugame Udon. The results show that all three independent variables significantly affect purchase decisions, both partially and simultaneously. Brand preference is identified as the most dominant factor influencing consumers, followed by brand awareness, which enhances brand recognition, and product variety, which offers menu flexibility and increases consumer satisfaction. This study recommends that Marugame Udon's management continue to strengthen brand image, improve promotional efforts, and maintain product innovation to enhance customer loyalty and purchase decisions.

This study aims to analyze the syntactic structure and function in a news text containing the statement of the Speaker of the Indonesian House of Representatives (DPR RI) regarding the case of a specialist medical education (PPDS) student at Padjadjaran University (UNPAD). The focus of this research is on identifying clauses, phrases, and sentence patterns, including syntactic errors found in the online news article. A descriptive qualitative method was used with a syntactic analysis approach. The results show that the news text contains a variety of simple and complex clause structures with syntactic functions that serve to deliver informative and persuasive messages. However, several syntactic errors were also found, such as ineffective sentence construction, phrase misplacement, and ambiguous meanings. These findings highlight the importance of syntactic accuracy in news writing to ensure clarity and precision of information. This research is expected to contribute to the field of syntax studies and help improve language quality in mass media writing.

Early Childhood Education (ECE) is a very important foundation or starting point for building physical, mental, and social development in children so that they have the preparation that can help them later when they grow up. Therefore, an educational institution must have a leader or principal who can provide motivation and good and adequate facilities for the teachers and students. A quality leader is also very important so that students not only gain knowledge and science, but they can also form their own character with moral values as preparation when they grow up. We examine a variety of publications in this essay using a qualitative approach. We obtained knowledge from several sources, including publications connected to our topic and academic magazines. The results of this study illustrate that the presence of quality leadership in an educational institution, particularly in early childhood education (ECE), can optimize and develop the potential of teachers, making them more improved and creative, and can also shape the character of the students.  

This study aims to explore the role of mindfulness in supporting maternal well-being. It adopts a qualitative research approach through a systematic literature review. The data used are secondary sources obtained from a variety of scientific materials, including indexed national and international journal articles, academic books, research reports, dissertations, theses, and official publications from related institutions. Scientific journal articles published between 2020 and 2025 are collected from leading databases such as PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, PsycINFO, and Google Scholar. Recent literature highlights mindfulness as a promising intervention to improve maternal well-being during pregnancy. It offers psychological benefits, supports physiological regulation, and strengthens the bond between mother and baby. mindfulness as a promising intervention to improve maternal well-being during pregnancy. It offers psychological relief, physiological regulation, and a stronger mother-baby connection. However, more rigorous, inclusive, and long-term research is needed to fully understand this potential and optimize its application in prenatal care. Although the benefits of mindfulness during pregnancy are promising, there are limitations in the amount of research currently available. Many studies rely on self-reported measures, which may be susceptible to bias. Sample sizes are often small and may lack diversity in terms of race, socioeconomic status, or previous mental health conditions. In addition, not all mindfulness interventions are standardized, which makes it difficult to compare results across different studies.

This study aims to describe the role and variation of Indonesian language used in various communication contexts. The focus of the study is how Indonesian language functions as an efficient communication medium and how language variation is adjusted to conditions, goals, and conversation partners. This study applies a qualitative descriptive approach with observation, interview, and documentation methods as a means of data collection. Data sources are obtained from language use in educational environments, mass media, and the wider community. The results of the study indicate that Indonesian language has instrumental, regulatory, interactional, personal, heuristic, imaginative, and representational functions. In addition, the language variations found include formal, non-formal, spoken, and written variations, each of which is applied according to the social and situational context. These findings show how important it is to understand the function and variation of language in improving language competence appropriately and effectively.

Slang as an informal language variety has an important role in forming and reflecting the social identity of a group. This study discusses the function of primary slang as a reflection of friendship in an American teen comedy movie entitled Incoming released in 2024. This study aims to identify the form  of primary slangs used in the movie and analyze their functions in reflecting social relations between characters. The method used is descriptive qualitative with documentation techniques. Data are analyzed based on the context of conversations between characters in the movie with an emphasis on the social meaning in the use of primary slang based on the theory of Allan & Burridge (2006). Based on seven functions of slang, there are four functions identified in the analysis, consists of:  to initiate relaxed conversation, to adress, to reveal anger, and to show intimacy. Among the four functions, to initiate relaxed conversation is the most dominant function that appears. This shows that slang is widely used to maintain relaxed, familiar, and humorous interactions between friendly characters. On the other hand, the functions to express impressions, to humuliate, and to form intimate atmosphere were not found in the analyzed data.

In the framework of Islamic economics, which places a strong emphasis on social justice and ethics, fiscal policy is crucial in controlling a nation's economy. The necessity to comprehend how fiscal policy can be executed in line with sharia principles in order to attain public welfare serves as the backdrop for this study.  This study's goal is to investigate the connection between Islamic economics and fiscal policy and evaluate how it affects the general welfare. The approach is library research, which involves gathering and examining a variety of works pertaining to Islamic economics' fiscal policy. The findings demonstrate how fiscal policies rooted in Islamic principles, like zakat and charity, can promote equitable and inclusive economic growth. In the Islamic system, fiscal policy fosters social and spiritual peace in addition to financial welfare. To sum up, fiscal policies that adhere to sharia principles can establish a just, durable, and advantageous economic structure that benefits all societal levels. Therefore, in order to attain economic stability and overall welfare, it is crucial that the government execute fiscal policies that are consistent with Islamic beliefs.

The purpose of this study was to examine how elementary school teachers perceive the use of digital learning resources in their lesson plans. Digital technology has many potentials to enhance students’ learning ability and engagement. This study combined case study methodology with qualitative approach. Interviews with several elementary school teachers were used to collect data. The results of the study showed that teachers have different opinions about digital learning resources. To deliver materials, increase students’ enthusiasm for learning, and provide a variety of learning materials, some educators viewed digital media as an interesting and successful medium. They also understood how important it is to incorporate technology into the current curriculum. However, other teachers expressed concerns about inadequate infrastructure as well. This study underlines the need for ongoing assistance in the form of instruction, provision of sufficient resources, and creation of a successful plan to integrate digital learning materials in elementary schools.

An Illustrated Storybook of Sir Alex Ferguson’s Coaching Career at Manchester United is designed to narrate the journey of one of the most prominent figures in the world of football from the United Kingdom. This project addresses the lack of engaging and inspiring reading materials for Indonesian adolescents, particularly those that present biographical content in an illustrated format. The book aims to serve as an alternative form of educational and motivational media, with the ultimate goal of fostering reading interest among young readers in Indonesia. The visual elements of the book are rendered in a semi-realistic, full-color illustration style to enhance appeal and accessibility for the target audience—teenagers. The design process utilizes the glass box method, which involves the collection of data and information from external sources. These sources include academic journals, articles, websites, films, YouTube content, autobiographical e-books, and other relevant digital platforms. Data collection is conducted to ensure a comprehensive understanding of the subject matter. Additionally, the problem-solving approach employed is based on the 5W+1H analytical framework (What, Why, Who, When, Where, and How). The final outcome of this undergraduate thesis project is a primary medium in the form of an illustrated storybook. It is further supported by a variety of promotional media such as an e-book, T-shirt, drawstring bag, X-banner, stickers, keychains, and posters.

Independent Curriculum schools are characterized by a wide variety of content that will be used to its fullest to provide opportunities for learners to explore ideas and improve skills. Teachers are free to choose the learning resources used to match learning with learners' interests and needs. This research uses the library research method. This research aims to describe in more detail the Merdeka curriculum in elementary schools. The literature approach was used in this study. In this study, the researchers collected journal articles from Google Scholar using the keywords Merdeka curriculum. Researchers found 10 articles related to the keywords used. After the articles were selected, the researchers conducted an in-depth analysis of the articles and presented them in the Results and Discussion section. The results of this study include an analysis of the characteristics, advantages and disadvantages, and implementation of Merdeka curriculum in elementary schools. The Merdeka curriculum has the potential to improve education standards in Indonesia as a whole with the right strategy and adequate support.

Getting satisfactory student learning outcomes is the most expected goal by all teachers. However, if the reality is not as expected, especially in elementary school units, of course, teachers' steps do not stop to improve and achieve the main goal. That is what happened to students in grade VI of SDN Harjasari 1, South Bogor District, Bogor City, where the Writer is assigned. The lack of student learning activities in the classroom is the main cause of not getting maximum learning results. For this reason, the author conducted research by applying the Group Investigation Learning Model  as a step to maximize student learning outcomes in the classroom. By forming heterogeneous groups to carry out Natural and Social Science practice activities on artificial vegetative plant propagation, students are more active and can provide group results that are inventions. As a result, students were able to show an increase in learning outcomes well, from 81.5% in the first cycle to 92.6% in the second cycle. Conveying the results of group work, discussing, expressing discoveries while practicing, being thorough, appreciating the work of other groups and providing good learning results is proof that by applying the Group Investigation learning model  has succeeded in achieving the research goals expected by the author. However, this achievement does not indicate that this is the end of the learning model in the teaching and learning process in schools. Educators should use a variety of more interesting learning models to achieve their desired educational goals and as a way to improve their quality as professional teachers at the elementary school level in Indonesia.

East Javanese shadow puppetry (wayang kulit) features a variety of distinctive performance styles, including Porong, Mojokerto, Malang, Surabaya, Jombang, and Lamongan. Each style has its own unique characteristics in terms of musical accompaniment, puppet design, scene structure, and language used by the puppeteer. One notable puppeteer, Ki Puguh Prasetyo, is known for combining coastal and Gresik-style elements in his performances. A prominent character in his shows is Mujeni, a punakawan (comic servant) who delivers humorous yet meaningful and advisory speech acts. However, not all of Mujeni's utterances are easily understood by the audience, prompting Ki Puguh Prasetyo to explain their meanings during the performance. This study aims to describe the forms and types of speech acts performed by the character Mujeni in Ki Puguh Prasetyo’s East Javanese wayang kulit performances. Using a descriptive qualitative method, data were collected from video documentation and transcripts of Mujeni’s utterances. The findings reveal that Mujeni’s speech acts serve not only to entertain but also to convey moral guidance to the audience through distinctive and communicative language use.