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This study examines the relationship between learning theories and the selection of instructional media in classroom practice. It is motivated by the observation that teachers often choose media based on availability rather than alignment with pedagogical goals. The purpose of this study is to analyze how behavioristic, cognitive, constructivist, and humanistic learning theories guide the design and use of effective instructional media. This research employs a qualitative approach using classroom observations, in-depth interviews with teachers and students, and document analysis. The findings indicate that instructional media aligned with learning theory significantly enhance students’ motivation, engagement, and comprehension. Interactive, student-centered media grounded in constructivist principles produced the strongest improvements, while drill-oriented media were most suitable for procedural skills. This study offers a practical model for aligning learning objectives, learning theories, and media selection that teachers can use in lesson planning.

The waste problem is still an environmental issue that requires serious attention, especially regarding the low level of public awareness in sorting organic and inorganic waste at its source. Environmental education needs to be given from an early age to form attitudes and behavior that care for the environment in a sustainable manner. This community service activity aims to increase the understanding and awareness of grade III–IV elementary school children towards sorting organic and inorganic waste through a game-based learning approach. The activity was carried out in the Bojongsari area, Depok, involving 10 children as participants. The methods used include delivering interactive material, waste sorting competitions through the Eco-Race Little game, and making mini posters with environmental themes. The results of the activity showed that around 90% of participants were able to differentiate and sort organic and inorganic waste correctly. Apart from increasing cognitive understanding, this activity also fosters an attitude of cooperation, creativity and concern for the environment. Thus, the Little Eco-Race activity is considered effective as a fun and applicable environmental education model for elementary school age children.

This study examines the effect of consumer involvement on purchase intention toward Reavers ID sportswear products, focusing on cognitive involvement, affective involvement, enduring involvement, and situational involvement. The research addresses the problem of how different dimensions of consumer involvement influence consumers’ intention to purchase in the context of bazar-based marketing, where purchasing decisions are shaped by both rational evaluation and situational factors. The main objective of this study is to analyze the individual and simultaneous effects of the four involvement dimensions on consumers’ purchase intention. A quantitative approach with a causal design was applied, using survey data collected from 160 respondents who had visited the Reavers ID bazar and showed interest in purchasing sportswear products. Data were analyzed using multiple linear regression with the assistance of SPSS, supported by validity, reliability, and classical assumption tests. The results show that cognitive involvement, affective involvement, enduring involvement, and situational involvement all have positive and significant effects on purchase intention, both partially and simultaneously. Cognitive involvement was found to have the most dominant influence, indicating that rational evaluation of product quality and benefits plays a crucial role in shaping consumers’ buying intentions. These findings suggest that purchase intention is strengthened through a combination of rational consideration, emotional attachment, long-term interest, and supportive purchasing situations. In conclusion, enhancing both informational and experiential aspects of marketing strategies is essential for increasing consumers’ purchase intention toward Reavers ID sportswear products.

The strengthening of the Secretariat apparatus of the Regional Representative Council (DPRD) is a strategic issue in the governance of legislative administration at the regional level in Indonesia. However, studies on the DPRD Secretariat remain relatively limited and tend to emphasize structural and regulatory aspects, without comprehensively addressing institutional dynamics. This study aims to strengthen the DPRD Secretariat apparatus through an institutionalist perspective, using the Institutional Three Pillars Theory framework proposed by W. Richard Scott. This study is a conceptual paper developed through a narrative literature review approach, examining both classical and contemporary literature in the fields of institutionalism and public administration. The analysis focuses on how the regulatory, normative, and cognitive pillars interact to shape the institutional practices of the DPRD Secretariat as an institution supporting the legislative, budgeting, and oversight functions at the regional level. The study's findings show that the strengthening of the DPRD Secretariat apparatus cannot be understood solely as a consequence of formal regulation, but rather as an institutional process involving a balance between legal rules, professional values and norms, and collective meaning-making regarding the role and institutional identity. This study is not intended to empirically assess performance but offers a conceptual framework that can be used to understand the dynamics of regional legislative administration more holistically. Theoretically, this research contributes to enriching institutionalism studies in public administration by positioning the DPRD Secretariat as a complex and contextual institution. The conceptual framework offered is expected to serve as a reference for future empirical research and conceptual reflection for strengthening legislative administration institutions in Indonesia.

Stunting is a serious health problem that affects the physical and cognitive development of children, especially in toddlers aged 0-24 months, with a prevalence that remains high in Indonesia. Community service at the Kapasa Health Centre aims to provide health education to mothers as a strategic step to prevent stunting, using interactive methods and counselling on balanced nutrition and the importance of monitoring child growth. The program has been successful in improving maternal knowledge, with the average score increasing from 34% before the program to 78% after education, demonstrating its effectiveness in changing knowledge of child nutrition. The interactive approach encourages participant engagement, allowing mothers to actively discuss and ask questions, while visual materials reinforce understanding. To effectively combat stunting, education must be complemented by greater knowledge of nutritious foods and by parental monitoring of child growth. Collaboration with local health authorities and community organizations is critical to sustaining these efforts and ensuring that important information reaches more families. Continuous evaluation and adaptive strategies will be essential to expanding the program's reach and effectiveness, ultimately encouraging healthier future generations and contributing significantly to stunting prevention and increased health awareness in the community.

This study aims to analyze the development of elementary school students (ages 8–9) in terms of physical, cognitive, emotional, social, moral, and spiritual aspects. The research subjects were two third-grade students named Dinul Mumtaz (8 years old) and Alfatir Ramadhan Hendri (9 years old). This study used a qualitative approach, with observation and interviews as the main data collection techniques. The results indicate that both students show physical development appropriate for their age, with well-developed fine and gross motor skills. In the cognitive aspect, both have reached the concrete operational stage, characterized by logical thinking, understanding of cause-and-effect relationships, and the ability to solve tasks using concrete objects. In terms of emotional and social development, Dinul and Alfatir demonstrate the ability to recognize and manage emotions, as well as build positive social relationships with peers and teachers. Moral development shows that both students are in the heteronomous and early conventional stages, where they obey rules due to authority and a desire to gain social approval. Meanwhile, in the spiritual aspect, both students demonstrate good religious habits and an understanding of spiritual values reflected in their daily behavior. Therefore, it can be concluded that the development of both students is in a good category and in accordance with child development theories, supported by positive influences from family and school environments.

Stunting is a chronic nutritional problem that is still prevalent in the community and has long-term impacts on physical growth, cognitive development, and the quality of human resources. One effort to prevent stunting is through a community service-based nutrition education program. This activity aims to analyze the implementation of a nutrition education program as a stunting prevention effort in Pasar Rawa Village, Gebang District, Langkat Regency, North Sumatra. The method used was a descriptive qualitative approach with a community service approach. The target group included PKK mothers and local mothers with toddlers. The activity was carried out through the delivery of balanced nutrition education materials, an introduction to stunting, and a discussion and question-and-answer session. The results of the activity showed active participant participation and increased awareness of the importance of fulfilling children's nutritional needs. However, some mothers still did not fully understand the concept of stunting, and some toddlers still experienced stunting. Therefore, nutrition education needs to be carried out sustainably and integrated with other health programs.

Loss and grief are psychological experiences that significantly affect an individual’s mental state. This process involves various emotional, cognitive, and behavioral changes that can affect a person’s well-being in the long term. This study aims to describe the emotional, cognitive, and behavioral affects that arise in individuals after experiencing loss, as well as the factors that strengthen or weaken their responses to the grieving process. The method used in this study is qualitative, with a literature review approach from various relevant clinical psychology and mental health studies. The results indicate that individuals who experience loss are vulnerable to increased emotional stress, anxiety, depression, and significant declines in social functioning. Furthermore, this article highlights that the quality of social support received, the way individuals make meaning of the loss, and the coping mechanisms they choose play a crucial role in determining the level of grief response. These factors can either accelerate or delay the healing process. An unresolved grieving process or one that is handled in an unhealthy manner can develop into more serious psychological disorders, such as Prolonged Grief Disorder (PGD). PGD is a condition characterized by difficulty in accepting the loss, which can persist for months or even years. This article emphasizes that loss is not merely an emotional disturbance but also a complex psychological process. This process requires a deep understanding, strong social support, and appropriate interventions to maintain an individual’s mental health and help them recover more effectively.

Social media has become a double-edged sword; acting as a space for religious learning while simultaneously serving as a medium for spreading radicalism. As digital natives, students are vulnerable to extremist narratives if not equipped with adequate cognitive immunity. This study aims to examine the influence of Digital Religious Literacy and Critical Thinking skills on the resilience of Islamic Religious Education (PAI) students in countering radical narratives. Using a quantitative approach with a correlational method, this study involved 30 PAI students selected through random sampling. Data collection instruments used a Likert scale questionnaire that had been tested for validity and reliability. Data analysis was performed using multiple linear regression. The results showed that: (1) The level of digital religious literacy and counter-radicalism attitudes of students were in the "very high" category with mean scores of 22.40 and 23.00 respectively; (2) There is a significant positive relationship (Sig. < 0.05) between digital literacy and critical thinking towards the attitude of countering radicalism; and (3) Simultaneously, these two variables contributed 68.2% in forming students' mental resilience in the digital space. These findings imply the need for a reorientation of the PAI curriculum that integrates the strengthening of critical reasoning and digital literacy as a fortress of religious moderation.

Academic productivity is a vital indicator of student success in higher education, but it is often hampered by the complexity of tasks, transitions in the learning environment, and digital distractions that trigger procrastination. This phenomenon demands a high degree of adaptability so that students do not become trapped in physical and mental exhaustion due to unmanaged workloads. Therefore, this study aims to analyze in depth the causal relationship between time management skills and academic productivity, as well as investigate their role in mitigating academic stress levels in students. The research method applied is a literature review with a qualitative-descriptive approach. The research data was sourced from secondary data in the form of 21 reputable scientific articles (national and international journals) published between 2020 and 2025. The data analysis process was carried out through the stages of data reduction, synthesis of findings, and narrative conclusion drawing to systematically map the relationship between variables. The results and discussion of the study show that time management has a significant positive correlation with improved learning achievement. Specific indicators such as daily schedule planning, priority setting, and self-regulation have been empirically proven to increase task completion efficiency and Grade Point Average (GPA) achievement. Conversely, poor time management was identified as a major predictor of cognitive overload and exhaustion, especially among students with dense curricula such as engineering majors. This study concludes that mastery of time management is not merely a scheduling tool, but a fundamental cognitive strategy that functions as a coping mechanism to maintain mental health and achieve an optimal study-life balance.

Science lessons in primary school significantly contribute to the early development of logical, scientific and systematic reasoning skills.   However, learning science can be challenging, especially when it comes to understanding abstract concepts and cause-and-effect interactions.   This is due to the fact that, as per Piaget's theory, primary school students are still in the concrete operational stage and have limited cognitive growth. Data regarding abstraction ability and causal reasoning in the context of science education were collected from various scientific sources using the literature review research methodology.  According to the research findings, STEAM integration, project-based learning strategies such as Project Based Learning (PBL), and the use of real and visual aids can help lower learning barriers. Successful learning is also influenced by the teacher's role as facilitator, which involves presenting the material in a relevant and contextualized way and fostering a positive learning environment. Real-world examples and exceptional examples, such as the use of worksheets based on cause-and-effect relationships and basic experiments, demonstrate how useful these strategies are for improving abstract thinking and understanding of cause-and-effect relationships. Developing innovative teaching methods based on practical, exploratory and integrative experiments is essential for maximizing the scientific understanding of primary school students.

The creative economy industry serves as a strategic pillar of the national economy, experiencing significant transformation in the digital era. This study aims to comprehensively analyze the pattern of human resource (HR) competency gaps within priority subsectors of Indonesia's creative economy and formulate effective, multi-stakeholder development strategies. Employing a Systematic Literature Review (SLR) methodology, this research rigorously analyzes 30 scientific journal articles, government reports, and publications from global institutions published between 2014 and 2024. The findings delineate three primary clusters of competency gaps: (1) The Digital-Technical Competency Gap, encompassing deficiencies in data analytics, specialized software mastery, and digital content creation tools; (2) The Digital-Business Competency Gap, which includes shortcomings in digital financial literacy, online business model development, and management of digital intellectual property rights; and (3) The Social-Cognitive Competency Gap, highlighting needs in adaptability, complex problem-solving, and effective virtual collaboration. In response, this paper proposes an integrative strategic framework grounded in a collaborative multi-stakeholder approach. Key recommendations include revitalizing educational curricula through industry-embedded learning and micro-credential integration, developing agile and accessible training ecosystems featuring bootcamps and digital platforms, and fostering supportive policies through fiscal incentives and the alignment of national qualification frameworks with digital skill standards. The successful implementation of this synergistic strategy is expected to significantly enhance the adaptability, innovation capacity, and global competitiveness of Indonesia's creative workforce, thereby ensuring the sustainable growth of the creative economy sector in the face of rapid digital disruption.

Music education plays a crucial role in supporting the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor development of elementary school students. This study aims to analyze the contribution of music learning to students' thinking skills and identify other developmental aspects that can be enhanced through musical activities. This study employed a qualitative literature review, drawing on relevant scientific articles. The findings indicate that music education in elementary schools can foster and shape students' character values. Teachers can discover students' interests and talents. Furthermore, repeated training can foster cognitive, affective, and psychomotor aspects, as well as implement positive activities for students. This finding is in line with (Madina Ameliza, Hakim Ardipal, Miaz Ramalis, 2021) They said that music education, as a branch of arts education, plays a vital role in fostering the holistic development of students. Music enhances the cognitive, affective, and psychomotor domains, and serves as a medium for aesthetic expression and emotional refinement.  

This research has a crucial objective to facilitate primary school (SD) teachers so they are able to effectively and efficiently integrate and present Social Studies (IPS) material enriched with the content of local wisdom. Local wisdom is defined as a treasure inherited through generations, encompassing in-depth knowledge, real practices, and fundamental values that have developed and been firmly held within the local community. This foundation makes the learning process not only informative but also highly relevant and meaningful for students’ lives. This article specifically highlights that the integration of values, culture, and knowledge sourced from the local area can produce significant positive impacts. These impacts include improving students' conceptual understanding of Social Studies material, fostering their active participation in the classroom, and honing essential critical thinking skills. Teachers are encouraged to use a contextual approach or a real-life-based approach, so the material taught feels close to the students' experiences and is easier to grasp. The values embedded in local wisdom will function as a strong bridge in understanding every material concept. Thus, the knowledge acquired by students does not only stop at the cognitive level (merely theoretical knowledge), but can also be implemented concretely in the form of real actions and behavior outside the school environment. This local wisdom-based learning approach will ultimately become an important connection that guides students to act appropriately, ethically, and solution-oriented in responding to various problems they face in their daily lives.

This study aims to analyze in depth the quality of Early Childhood Education (ECE) teachers in the learning process at schools and its implications for early childhood development. The quality of educators is viewed as one of the key factors determining the success of learning implementation and the achievement of educational objectives at the early childhood education level. This study employs a literature review method, which involves collecting various relevant scientific articles, books, and other academic sources related to the research topic, followed by systematic analysis to obtain a comprehensive understanding and conclude the findings. The results indicate that the quality of educators has a significant influence on teachers’ success in performing their roles as facilitators, mentors, and educators in supporting children’s cognitive, social, emotional, and motor development. Therefore, the quality of early childhood educators needs to be continuously developed and improved through education, training, and professional development to maintain and enhance the quality of learning activities in schools. In addition, support from various stakeholders, including the government, educational institutions, schools, and parents, plays a crucial role in efforts to improve the quality of early childhood educators in an optimal and sustainable manner.

Senior high school students represent a strategic age group transitioning into adulthood and are expected to become future leaders of the nation. In the context of achieving Indonesia’s Vision 2045, threats to national resilience are no longer dominated by military aggression, but rather by non-military challenges in the form of cognitive warfare. One prominent manifestation of this threat is the massive exposure of students to low-value digital content, commonly referred to as brain rot, on social media platforms. Such content has the potential to reduce attention span, critical thinking ability, and national awareness among adolescents. Consequently, senior high school students have become a vulnerable group in the spread of misinformation, disinformation, and ideologies that contradict Pancasila values. This community service activity aims to provide training and strengthen national defense character (bela negara) among senior high school students in Jakarta through an educational and participatory approach. The methods employed include the delivery of conceptual materials on national defense awareness and digital literacy, as well as national defense debate simulations designed to enhance students’ critical, argumentative, and ethical thinking skills. The results indicate an improvement in participants’ understanding of national defense values and their ability to express logical and responsible arguments. This activity is expected to contribute to the development of a resilient, critical, and nationally-minded young generation capable of facing contemporary challenges in the digital era.

Sleep is a fundamental biological need for adolescents and plays a crucial role in supporting cognitive function, emotional regulation, and overall mental health. Despite its importance, sleep quality among adolescents has increasingly declined due to the interaction of individual characteristics, social environments, and daily sleep behaviors. This article aims to analyze the factors influencing adolescent sleep quality using the Social Cognitive Theory framework through a literature review of national and international journals published between 2021 and 2025. The findings show that adolescent sleep quality is shaped by personal factors, including attitudes toward sleep, self-efficacy, and psychological conditions. Environmental factors, such as parental support, peer influence, and academic demands, also significantly affect sleep patterns. In addition, behavioral factors, particularly sleep hygiene practices, play a key role in determining sleep quality. Consistently, unhealthy sleep behaviors are associated with poor sleep quality. Therefore, comprehensive interventions are needed, involving the improvement of sleep habits, strengthening adolescents’ self-regulation abilities, and enhancing family and school support to promote better sleep quality.

This study aims to determine the effectiveness of the Problem Based Learning (PBL) model integrated with Canva in improving students’ reflective thinking skills in the Aqidah Akhlaq subject at MTsN 3 Tuban. Reflective thinking is an essential competency that enables students to analyze moral behavior, evaluate decision-making processes, and connect Islamic ethical concepts with real-life experiences. However, preliminary observations indicated that students’ reflective thinking skills were still low and tended to remain at the level of theoretical understanding without deeper analysis. This research employed a pre-experimental design using a one-group pretest–posttest model. The subjects consisted of 30 eighth-grade students. The research instrument was a reflective thinking test developed based on indicators of moral evaluation, situation analysis, and experiential reflection, which had been validated through expert judgment. The learning process was conducted by applying the stages of Problem Based Learning integrated with Canva as a visual media to organize problem-solving steps and present students’ reflective outputs. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics and a paired samples t-test. The findings showed a significant improvement in students’ reflective thinking skills after participating in PBL learning supported by Canva. Pretest scores ranged from 48 to 71 with an average of 59.67, while posttest scores increased to a range of 60 to 89 with an average of 71.20. The mean gain of 11.53 points was statistically significant as indicated by the t-test results (t = 10.39; sig. = 0.000), further supported by Cohen’s d value of 1.90, which falls into the category of a very large effect size. Qualitatively, students demonstrated enhanced abilities in identifying core problems, analyzing alternative actions, evaluating their cognitive processes, and visualizing moral reflections systematically through Canva. In conclusion, the PBL model integrated with Canva is effective in improving students’ reflective thinking skills in the Aqidah Akhlaq subject. This model not only enhances academic outcomes but also strengthens character development, creativity, and higher-order thinking skills, which are essential for 21st-century learning.

This article examines the integration of constructivist theory in Christian Religious Education (PAK) by emphasizing the role of personal experience as the basis for faith formation. Through a reflective-theological qualitative approach, this research combines the constructivist thought of Piaget, Vygotsky, and Fosnot with a theological perspective on the incarnation of Christ and the work of the Holy Spirit. The analysis suggests that constructivism can be theologically reinterpreted into a new paradigm called the Theo-Constructive Epistemology of Incarnational Faith, in which faith is not simply taught cognitively, but is constructed through life experiences infused by the presence of God. This approach emphasizes that the learning of faith is relational, participatory, and contextual, in line with the nature of God who works in human history. The findings of this study offer a new direction for PAK praxis to be more relevant to digital contexts and cultural plurality, without losing its theocentric orientation. Thus, the integration of constructivism and incarnational theology opens up space for more dynamic, contextual, and transformative learning of faith, while strengthening the relevance of PAK in facing the challenges of modern times.

The increasing volume and complexity of data have made traditional 2D visualization methods insufficient for effectively exploring and understanding high-dimensional datasets. Immersive Virtual Reality (VR) presents a promising solution by providing an interactive 3D environment that enhances spatial understanding, task efficiency, and user satisfaction. This research aims to evaluate the user experience (UX) and interaction design quality of immersive VR interfaces for 3D data visualization in complex environments. The study employs a mixed-methods approach, combining usability testing, UX questionnaires, and task-based performance analysis. Participants interacted with VR prototypes designed to visualize complex data and were assessed on their ability to manipulate and explore the data efficiently. The findings show that immersive VR interfaces significantly improve spatial comprehension, reduce cognitive load, and increase task performance efficiency compared to traditional 2D systems. Additionally, user satisfaction was notably high, with participants appreciating the intuitive and engaging interaction methods. The study concludes that immersive VR can provide substantial benefits in real-world data visualization applications, particularly in domains requiring the exploration of complex and high-dimensional data. However, further research is needed to optimize VR interfaces and address challenges such as motion sickness and interaction complexity.