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Fermentation of seluang fish (Rasbora spp.) pekasam is a traditional method for extending shelf life and enhancing flavor, typically produced through spontaneous fermentation dominated by lactic acid bacteria (LAB). However, uncontrolled production processes lead to significant variability in product quality. This research aims to optimize the fermentation process of seluang fish pekasam through a series of controlled microbiology-based experimental practicums. The experiments were designed to investigate the impact of two main parameters: (1) the use of a LAB starter culture isolated from high-quality pekasam, and (2) the control of incubation temperature (e.g., at 25°C and 30°C). During the fermentation period, samples were periodically analyzed to measure changes in physicochemical parameters, including pH, moisture content, and salt concentration. Microbiological analysis was performed to count the populations of LAB and other spoilage microbes. The results showed that the use of a LAB starter culture significantly accelerated the pH drop within the first 24 hours, reaching a critical pH below 4.5, which effectively inhibited the growth of pathogenic microbes. Furthermore, the optimal raw material ratio and controlled incubation temperature resulted in pekasam with a firmer texture and a more balanced sour-savory taste, differing significantly from spontaneously fermented products. Organoleptic tests confirmed panelists' preference for the product made with the optimal treatment. The conclusion of this study is that optimization through microbiology-based experimental practicums is key to the standardization and improvement of the quality and food safety of pekasam products.

This study addresses common problems in start-up businesses: lack of financial management and low presentation of financial statements due to limited human resources. With a conceptual qualitative research (CQR) approach, the research integrates accounting theory and business life cycle theory to design a process for presenting relevant financial statements for business actors who run individual operations. The main findings point to two things: first, the need for resources that understand finance is an inevitability that can be met through education, training, and induction observation; Second, the synthesis of accounting theory and business life cycle maps the conceptual area for the report presentation model that is tailored to the conditions of the beginner business. The proposed model covers the scope of management ranging from recording transactions on the cash mutation book, journaling to reveal the double impact of transactions, to grouping account balances on the ledger to produce relevant information. This process differs from the conventional accounting cycle in that it starts from the cashier function combined with the accounting function, thus reducing the need for separate specialists. The combination of cashier and accountant functions in one practical and relevant accounting flow for individual businesses, allows business owners to supervise their financial performance and position through simple but informative reports.

In manufacturing industries, machining processes play a critical role in ensuring product quality, precision, and production efficiency. However, in the production of swing arm parts, the machining process has been identified as a bottleneck due to its non-optimal cycle time. One of the main issues contributing to this inefficiency is the disorganized handling of circlip inner parts. These components are often scattered without a designated placement system, which creates significant difficulties for operators when retrieving and installing circlips onto the swing arm. Such abnormalities disrupt workflow continuity, extend production time, and reduce overall productivity. To address this challenge, a circlip feeder machine was designed as a supporting device to assist operators and streamline the machining process. The design emphasizes efficiency, integration, and systematic operation by utilizing readily available workshop materials. The developed feeder machine is equipped with a robust frame construction and has a storage dimension capable of accommodating up to 200 circlips. In addition, mechanical analysis demonstrates that the feeder structure can withstand a maximum applied force of 31,475 N, ensuring durability and reliability during operation. The introduction of this circlip feeder machine directly impacts the production process by reducing operator workload, minimizing delays caused by disorganized parts, and ensuring faster and more accurate installation of circlips. Consequently, the overall machining cycle time is shortened, thereby improving production flow and enhancing the efficiency of swing arm part manufacturing. Beyond immediate time savings, the use of the feeder machine contributes to better resource utilization, reduced ergonomic strain on operators, and improved consistency in product quality. This study highlights the significance of simple yet effective mechanical innovations in overcoming production bottlenecks and optimizing manufacturing processes in automotive component industries.

This study aims to describe the early reading skills of first-grade students at Wahidiyah Elementary School in Tugu Village, Sendang District, Tulungagung Regency. This study uses a qualitative approach with a model adapted from John Creswell. The research subjects consisted of five students selected purposively. Data collection techniques were carried out through observation, interviews, and documentation. The focus of the study was directed at five indicators of early reading, namely: letter recognition, syllable recognition, combining letters into words, reading words, and reading simple sentences. The results of the study showed that the use of the reading wheel teaching media had a positive impact on improving students' early reading skills. Students appeared enthusiastic about participating in reading learning activities with the reading wheel media. The activity of spinning the wheel, arranging letters, and reading the results of the rotation became a fun learning tool and motivated them to be more active. This process helped students recognize letters and put words together gradually, although the achievement of each student's early reading skills varied. The reading wheel teaching media was proven to create an interactive and enjoyable learning atmosphere. The conclusion of this study is that the reading wheel media is effective for use in early reading learning in first-grade elementary schools. Researchers recommend that teachers develop and utilize similar innovative teaching media to support students' early literacy skills.

Parole is an important instrument in the social reintegration of inmates, with the Correctional Center (Bapas) playing a role in guidance, assistance, and supervision. This study analyzes the implementation of supervision by the Class I Correctional Center in Bandar Lampung for parole clients, as well as the obstacles encountered. The research employs a normative juridical and empirical approach, using both primary and secondary data, with sources including the Head of the Adult Client Guidance Section and a Criminal Law Lecturer at the University of Lampung. The findings indicate that supervision has been optimal, with no cases of parole revocation. The main obstacles include the absence of clear administrative sanctions, limited authority, weak law enforcement, inadequate facilities and technology, lack of inter-agency coordination, low public participation, and unsupportive client behavior. Improvements in regulations, enhancement of human resources quality, provision of adequate facilities, and strengthening community involvement are required to support the success of social reintegration

Penelitian ini menggunakan penerapan Model Pembelajaran Berbasis Project dalam Kurikulum Merdeka pada mata pelajaran Pendidikan Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan Budi Pekerti menggunakan media pembuatan taman mini di lingkungan Sekolah Dasar (SD). Penelitian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif untuk menganalisis penggunaan media taman mini di SD Negeri Bandungan 01. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk memahami penggunaan media taman mini dalam mata pelajaran Pendidikan Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan Budi Pekerti di lingkungan SD Negeri Bandungan 01. Pendidik dapat memanfaatkan media taman mini dengan baik untuk proses pembelajaran Pendidikan Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan Budi pekerti, secara efektif dalam meningkatkan pembelajaran peserta didik, dengan fokus pada pengembangan konsep dari elemen Keagungan Tuhan, dengan keterlibatan peserta didik untuk meningkatan nilai spiritual. Melalui pendekatan kualitatif, data diperoleh melalui observasi kelas, wawancara dengan guru dan siswa, serta analisis dokumen kurikulum. Pada penelitian ini dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam pengembangan strategi pembelajaran yang berorientasi pada proyek untuk mata pelajaran Pendidikan Kepercayaan Terhadap Tuhan Yang Maha Esa dan Budi Pekerti di tingkat SD. Hasil yang di dapatkan pada penelitian ini adalah penerapan media taman mini dalam pembelajaran project based learning, juga mengajarkan nilai-nilai yang ada pada elemen keagungan tuhan salah satunya nilai memayu hayuning bawana pada peserta didik, yang sejalan dengan implementasi Kurikulum Merdeka.

Pendidikan abad ke-21 menuntut adanya pengembangan kognitif sebagai bagian integral dari proses pembelajaran. Penelitian tindakan kelas ini bertujuan untuk meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif peserta didik penghayat Sapta Darma Kelas 5 di SDN  Samban 2 Kabupaten Semarang, melalui penerapan media puzzle simbol pribadi manusia. Penelitian ini berlangsung selama dua siklus. Variabel bebas dalam penelitian ini yaitu media belajar puzzle Simbol Pribadi Manusia, sedangkan kemampuan kognitif sebagai variabel terikatnya. Penelitian ini dirancang untuk memberikan pemahaman mendalam tentang penggunaan puzzle simbol pribadi manusia dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif peserta didik, khususnya dalam mata pelajaran Pendidikan Kepercayaan terhadap Tuhan YME dan Budi Pekerti. Data dikumpulkan melalui instrumen penilaian observasi kemampuan kognitif, wawancara dan dokumentasi. Teknik analisis data kualitatif meliputi koleksi data, reduksi data, penyajian data yang bersifat naratif dan verifikasi data dengan penarikan kesimpulan yang digunakan untuk menentukan peningkatan kemampuan anak dalam memahami dan menjelaskan makna, warna serta bentuk pada simbol pribadi manusia menggunakan permainan puzzle. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan adanya peningkatan kemampuan kognitif peserta didik. Siklus I memperoleh persentase 33% dengan nilai rata-rata 62 meningkat pada siklus II menjadi 100% dengan nilai rata-rata 82,5. Hal ini membuktikan bahwa dengan menggunakan media pembelajaran puzzle Simbol Pribadi Manusia dapat meningkatkan kemampuan kognitif peserta didik.

In the textile industry, quality control is a crucial aspect to ensure the stability and consistency of production results. One of the important stages in yarn production is the warping process, which has a significant influence on the quality in the subsequent process. This study aims to apply the Statistical Process Control (SPC) method to assess the quality of 40 CD KNB yarn in the warping process in the GKBI PC company, Preparation Department, and determine whether the process is already in a controlled condition. Currently, the average quality and amount of monthly yarn production show fluctuations with a downward trend of 1.64 per 5,000,000 meters in the period February–July 2024. This figure is below the company's daily production target of 1.00 per 5,000,000 meters, so the target has not been achieved. This discrepancy indicates the need for a more systematic evaluation and improvement of the quality control system. Based on the analysis of the X-Bar control chart in January 2025, two data points were found outside the control limits (UCL = 176.8; LCL = -29.5; average = 73.6), ie on January 4 and 20. The main cause of such uncontrollability is the weak yarn that comes from the rewinding process. Check sheet analysis and Pareto diagram shows that the most common factors causing thread breakage are weak threads. Furthermore, through the cause-and-effect diagram (fishbone diagram), it was identified that the factors that cause thread breakage come from four categories: human (HR), material (raw material), environment, and machine. Of the four factors, human resources and material aspects are the biggest contributors to influence. Therefore, it is recommended that quality control at PC GKBI be strengthened through training and counseling programs to employees, in order to improve skills and awareness of the importance of quality. This step is expected to reduce the rate of yarn breakage, maintain the stability of the production process, and ensure consistent achievement of company targets.

Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkaji secara mendalam strategi komunikasi publik yang diterapkan oleh Dinas Komunikasi dan Informatika (Diskominfo) Kota Bengkulu dalam upaya meningkatkan literasi digital masyarakat di tengah proses transformasi digital. Latar belakang penelitian ini berangkat dari urgensi literasi digital sebagai salah satu kompetensi penting di era teknologi informasi, khususnya dalam menghadapi tantangan penyebaran informasi palsu (hoaks), perlindungan data pribadi, serta etika bermedia. Metode penelitian yang digunakan adalah pendekatan kualitatif deskriptif dengan teknik pengumpulan data melalui wawancara mendalam, observasi partisipatif, dan studi dokumentasi. Informan penelitian meliputi pejabat Diskominfo, staf pelaksana program, serta anggota masyarakat yang terlibat dalam kegiatan edukasi digital. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Diskominfo Kota Bengkulu menerapkan strategi komunikasi publik yang terencana dengan memadukan pendekatan informatif, persuasif, dan partisipatif. Media yang digunakan meliputi saluran daring seperti media sosial, website resmi, dan aplikasi pesan instan, serta saluran luring berupa pelatihan tatap muka, sosialisasi di tingkat kelurahan, dan kolaborasi dengan komunitas lokal. Penyusunan pesan literasi digital dilakukan dengan mempertimbangkan isu-isu terkini, di antaranya pencegahan hoaks, keamanan data pribadi, dan etika penggunaan media digital. Strategi ini dinilai cukup efektif dalam meningkatkan kesadaran masyarakat, namun penelitian juga mengidentifikasi sejumlah kendala seperti keterbatasan sumber daya manusia, ketimpangan infrastruktur teknologi, dan kesenjangan tingkat literasi digital antar kelompok sosial. Temuan ini menegaskan bahwa keberhasilan strategi komunikasi publik sangat bergantung pada kemampuan beradaptasi dengan karakteristik dan kebutuhan audiens. Selain itu, studi ini menggarisbawahi relevansi teori Difusi Inovasi dalam memahami pola adopsi literasi digital di masyarakat. Berdasarkan hasil tersebut, penelitian ini memberikan rekomendasi praktis bagi pemerintah daerah untuk mengembangkan strategi komunikasi publik yang lebih inklusif, kolaboratif, dan adaptif dalam mendorong literasi digital di era transformasi digital yang terus berkembang.

The development of digital technology has had a significant impact on the world of education, one of which is the introduction of various new media in learning, such as Smart TV. Smart TV, with its interactive multimedia features, offers a great opportunity to improve the quality and effectiveness of learning, particularly in increasing the enthusiasm and interest in reading for elementary school students. This study aims to determine the effectiveness of utilizing Smart TV as a digital transformation medium in increasing students' interest in reading at MI Darun Najah, Srobyong, Mlonggo, Jepara. The method used is a descriptive qualitative case study approach, involving fourth and fifth grade students and class teachers as research subjects. Data collection was carried out through participatory observation, in-depth interviews, and documentation to obtain a more comprehensive picture of the application of Smart TV in learning activities. The results of the study indicate that the use of Smart TV can increase active student engagement in the learning process. Students are more motivated and interested in reading, thanks to the attractive visual display and interactive multimedia features. Smart TV also creates a more enjoyable learning atmosphere, by integrating various types of media, such as images, videos, and text, which support learning. However, several obstacles were also found, including limited mastery of technology by teachers and limited time for technology integration in daily learning. Therefore, this study recommends ongoing training for teachers in operating Smart TVs and the development of a more flexible digital technology-based curriculum to maximize the benefits of using Smart TVs in elementary school learning. The study also suggests the need for regular evaluation of the effectiveness of Smart TV use in improving students' literacy skills.

This research examines the legal issues surrounding the Environmental Impact Assessment (Analisis Mengenai Dampak Lingkungan—AMDAL) as a prerequisite for obtaining business or activity permits in Indonesia. The study adopts a normative juridical approach, analyzing legal theories, concepts, and principles relevant to environmental law. The enactment of Law Number 11 of 2020 on Job Creation introduced significant amendments, deletions, and new provisions to Law Number 32 of 2009 concerning Environmental Protection and Management (PPLH Law). One of the most substantial changes is the removal of the explicit obligation to obtain an environmental permit, replacing it with a requirement for environmental approval issued by the central government. This environmental approval consists of the Statement of Environmental Management Capability (Pernyataan Kesanggupan Pengelolaan Lingkungan Hidup—PKLHP) and the Environmental Feasibility Decision (Keputusan Kelayakan Lingkungan Hidup—KKLH), both intended to ensure that businesses and activities comply with environmental standards before commencing operations. However, the revision also affects public participation in the AMDAL process. Under the Job Creation Law, opportunities for environmental organizations and local communities to be involved in the preparation, review, and decision-making stages of AMDAL have been significantly reduced. This shift raises concerns about transparency, accountability, and the integration of environmental, social, and economic considerations in decision-making. In the context of sustainable development, environmental permits or approvals should not only serve as administrative formalities but also as instruments to safeguard environmental quality and uphold public interest. Public participation plays a critical role in ensuring that AMDAL processes reflect diverse perspectives, promote environmental justice, and support the long-term goals of environmental protection. The study concludes that while the Job Creation Law aims to streamline licensing and promote investment, its impact on public involvement in environmental governance poses risks to the integrity of environmental protection frameworks in Indonesia.

Capital market is an important indicator of economic growth, which responsive to political events, including general elections. The Indonesia 2024 presidential elections are a significant political event that can impact the market, particularly as there is no incumbent presidential candidate, increasing political uncertainty. One of the key informational event during the election process is the announcement of the quick count. Although not the official result, it can provide an initial overview of the election results and serve as a reference for market participants. This study aims to determine the market reaction, indicated by significant abnormal returns surrounding the quick count announcement. It also aims to determine the difference in average abnormal returns and average trading volume activity. The sample for this study is 45 companies listed in the LQ45 index, which will be examined as a whole and by sector. The data analysis used in this study was t-test for normally distributed data and nonparametric test for non-normally distributed data. The results of this study indicate significant abnormal returns around the quick count announcement. The t-test results indicate a significant difference in average abnormal returns and trading volume activity before and after the quick count announcement.

Karawitan is one of the traditional arts native to Indonesia that has high cultural value, but now it is increasingly rare and is starting to be marginalized, especially among the younger generation. In Semarang City, karawitan learning faces various challenges, such as the lack of student interest, the assumption that karawitan is an ancient and boring art, and the limitations of interesting learning methods. Therefore, an innovative approach is needed to regrow students interest in karawitan. This study aims to analyze the improvement of students ability to play gamelan through the application of the Fun teaching method  in karawitan learning at SMP Negeri 12 Semarang. The research method used is qualitative descriptive, focusing on the learning process, student responses, and challenges faced during the implementation of learning. The research location was chosen purposively, with 30 subjects from grades VII to IX actively participating in cultural arts subjects, especially karawitan. Data collection is carried out through direct observation in learning activities, interviews with students and teachers, and documentation of learning activities. The results of the study show that the application of the Fun teaching method  has succeeded in creating a fun, participatory, and non-monotonous learning atmosphere. Students responded positively to learning activities, feeling more interested and enthusiastic in playing gamelan. Creative activities such as rhythmic games, light competitions, and the incorporation of visual and audio elements have been proven to increase students engagement and understanding of gamelan instruments. 

The Cargo oil pump is one of the auxiliary units on board a ship, used to transfer cargo from one location to another during loading and unloading operations. On the MT Pangrango vessel, an issue occurred with the cargo oil pump: its performance declined, resulting in slow suction during the unloading process. This problem hindered efficient cargo operations, as the pump was not functioning properly.This study aims to identify the contributing factors, impacts, and countermeasures for the decreased performance of the cargo oil pump. The research methodology applied in this thesis involved a descriptive approach combined with Miles and Huberman’s analytical method, with data validity tested via triangulation. Data collection techniques used to identify the problem included observation, interviews, documentation, and literature review.The results revealed that the pump’s shaft was worn due to excessive friction, and the ball bearing s exhibited wear and disintegration caused by lack of lubrication (grease). The recommended corrective actions were to add material to the shaft , perform realignment to correct any shaft misalignment, and implement routine maintenance—specifically, monthly grease lubrication. These measures, when properly applied, can significantly reduce the risk of Cargo oil pump damage.

The rapid development of information technology has triggered significant changes in communication patterns, including in da'wah activities. Amidst digital dominance and the rapid flow of information, a da'wah approach relevant to the communication characteristics of Gen Z is crucial. Gen Z is known for its fast, interactive communication style and preference for digital media. Therefore, this community service program is designed to introduce da'wah as an effective two-way communication process in addressing these dynamics. The main objective of this program is to improve digital da'wah literacy and foster motivation and practical skills in creatively conveying Islamic messages through social media platforms. This community service activity is carried out through a series of activities, including outreach, interactive discussions, and practical simulations for creating digital da'wah content. The outreach is intended to provide a basic understanding of da'wah in a digital context. Interactive discussions allow participants to share views and understand how da'wah can be carried out effectively in cyberspace. Meanwhile, the da'wah content creation practice provides participants with the opportunity to directly engage in creating da'wah messages that can be disseminated through social media. Evaluation of the activity is carried out through pre- and post-tests held before and after the program implementation. The analysis results showed an increase in participants' understanding of more than 35% across all tested indicators. The highest increase (56.3%) was recorded in their understanding of the importance of two-way communication in da'wah. Previously, many participants considered da'wah to be an activity limited to religious leaders. However, after participating in this program, they began to understand that da'wah is a task for every individual, and can be carried out through media closely related to their daily lives. Overall, this program succeeded in increasing knowledge, critical awareness, and enthusiasm for contextual da'wah among Gen Z.

Wayfinding adalah proses mencari dan menentukan arah untuk mencapai tujuan dalam suatu lingkungan. Menurut Passini (1984), proses wayfinding meliputi tiga tahap utama: pengambilan keputusan, pelaksanaan keputusan, dan pemrosesan informasi. Proses ini melibatkan berbagai perilaku dan strategi navigasi yang berbeda tergantung perbedaan individual dan keadaan lingkungan. Studi ini mengkaji strategi navigasi berdasarkan klasifikasi perilaku wayfinding Barker (2019), yang mengelompokkan perilaku ke dalam tiga kategori utama: sosial, semantik, dan spasial. Berdasarkan Barker (2019) dan Dalton dkk. (2019) perilaku sosial melibatkan penggunaan informasi dari interaksi atau tindakan orang lain. Perilaku semantik menggunakan simbol dan petunjuk. Sedangkan perilaku spasial bergantung pada elemen fisik dan model kognitif di lingkungan. Melalui pencarian di berbagai database ilmiah, ditemukan 40 artikel yang diterbitkan antara tahun 1980 hingga 2025, dengan persentase penelitian terbaru dalam 10 tahun terakhir sekitar 60% yang dianalisis dalam kajian ini. Hasil dari tinjauan literatur ini menemukan bahwa individu dari berbagai kondisi dan latar belakang memiliki strategi navigasi yang berbeda, ada yang menggunakan perilaku sosial, perilaku semantik, atau perilaku spasial, bahkan ditemukan pula perilaku kombinasi. Pemahaman yang mendalam terhadap variasi perilaku ini memberikan implikasi penting dalam perancangan elemen arsitektur interior maupun sistem navigasi yang inklusif dan responsif terhadap kebutuhan seluruh pengguna.  

Era baru dan alih fungsi bangunan membawa dampak perubahan pada fasad bangunan dari langgam arsitektur aslinya, hal tersebut juga terjadi di Jalan Malioboro yang merupakan kawasan Cagar Budaya dan tujuan wisata. Kajian Langgan Arsitektur Fasad Bangunan Sisi barat Jalan Malioboro adalah bagian dari upaya pemerintah untuk mempertankan nilai historis kawasan dan mengembalikan visual arsitektur yang berada di poros imajiner Sumbu Filosofis. Penelitian ini berdasar pada sebuah kajian yang bertujuan untuk mengidentifikasi dan menganalisis langgam Arsitektur fasad bangunan komersial khususnya di sisi Barat Jalan Malioboro. Dari penelitian ini diharapkan bisa memberikan kontribusi dalam menghasilkan suatu dokumen perencanaan teknis fasad sumbu filosofi yang sesuai dengan langgam arsitektur aslinya. Metode penelitian menggunakan metode deskriptif analitik, yaitu sebuah metode yang memberikan gambaran atau mendeskripsikan detail dari objek penelitian, dimana dalam prosesnya dimulai dengan mengumpulkan data-data melalui observasi lapangan, dokumentasi visual, dan studi literatur. Sedangkan analisis, dilakukan terhadap elemen-elemen fasad bangunan yang meliputi elemen bentuk, ornamen, komposisi simetri, irama, geometri, unsur warna, pintu, jendela dan bentuk atap bangunan.

This study aims to understand how learning about rainbows can improve elementary school students' understanding of basic science concepts, particularly regarding the refraction of light and the color spectrum. The concept of rainbows is an important part of Natural Science (IPA) lessons because it involves optical phenomena that can be directly observed and related to students' daily experiences. In this study, the method used is a literature study, namely by collecting, reviewing, and analyzing various relevant library sources, such as scientific articles, textbooks, and educational journals that discuss the topic of science learning and the rainbow phenomenon. The results of this study indicate that learning about rainbows can be done through various interactive and fun approaches, such as through practical experiments using prisms, water droplets, or other simple media that can demonstrate the process of refraction of white light into a color spectrum. In addition, the use of visual media such as images, animated videos, and digital simulations has also proven effective in helping students understand the process of rainbow formation more concretely. Creative activities such as drawing rainbows, making color models, or role-playing as light and water droplets can also increase active student participation and make learning more enjoyable. This study also emphasizes the importance of integrating rainbow learning into the elementary school science curriculum systematically and contextually. Rainbow materials not only introduce scientific concepts in a fun way, but also develop critical thinking, observation, and experimental skills in children. With the right approach, this learning can foster students' interest in science from an early age. Therefore, the results of this study are expected to contribute positively to the development of more effective, creative, and developmentally appropriate science learning methods for elementary school students.

Bullying is a recurring issue and has become a widespread concern, particularly among children and adolescents in school environments. Schools, which should ideally be safe spaces for learning, building friendships, and experiencing personal growth, often turn into places of fear and psychological distress for some students. This is largely due to the frequent violation of human rights (HR) that often goes unaddressed or is underestimated. Bullying can take many forms, including verbal, psychological, physical abuse, and increasingly, cyberbullying. Each of these forms can cause serious harm not only to the victims—who may suffer from emotional and mental trauma—but also to the perpetrators, who may experience long-term psychological consequences and develop deviant or aggressive behavior patterns. In Indonesia, bullying remains a significant issue and a major concern in the education sector. Nearly every school has faced incidents of bullying in one form or another. Cyberbullying, in particular, is harder to monitor and control since it often occurs outside the school’s jurisdiction and is carried out through social media platforms. Efforts to tackle bullying must go beyond merely protecting and supporting the victims. A comprehensive approach is necessary, one that also focuses on preventive education. Students, teachers, and parents must be consistently educated on the negative impacts of bullying, the importance of empathy, and a deeper understanding of human rights. Moreover, strict and clear sanctions must be imposed on perpetrators as a form of legal enforcement and deterrence. With a holistic strategy that involves all elements of the school and the wider community, it is hoped that educational institutions can truly become safe, inclusive, and supportive environments. Such conditions are essential for fostering not only academic growth but also the psychological well-being and character development of the nation's children.

Kota Bandar Lampung merupakan sebuah kota yang terletak di Provinsi Lampung, Lampung merupakan Provinsi yang terletak di ujung selatan Pulau Sumatera sekaligus menjadi pintu gerbang antar Pulau Jawad an Pulau Sumatera dan dijuluki sebagai kota “Tapis Berseri” menggambarkan kota yang aman, patuh, sejahtera, bersih, sehat dan indah. Pada tahun 2023 jumlah wisatawan mencapai 13,7 juta jiwa meningkat 25% dibandingkan tahun 2022. Berdasarkan dari data Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) kunjungan wisatawan tahun 2024 tercatat sejumlah 17,8 juta jiwa dengan peningkatan 25% dari target yang di tetapkan oleh pemerintah Provinsi Lampung. Dengan ini menunjukan bahwa perkembangan sektor pariwisata di Lampung terus menunjukan tren positif dalam beberapa tahun terakhir, dengan ini hotel-hotel berbintang dan penginapan terus bertambah sering kali membuat wisatawan sulit dalam menentukan pilihan hotel. Dengan adanya penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mempermudah wisatawan dalam memilih hotel dengan menerapkan metode Analythic Hierarchy Process (AHP) dan Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality (ELECTRE) dalam proses pemilihan hotel yang relavan di Bandar Lampung. Pemilihan hotel yang tepat membutuhkan pertimbangan berbagai kriteria seperti harga, fasilitas, lokasi, dan pelayanan. Dengan menggunakan metode AHP dan ELECTRE hasil yang diperoleh nanti yaitu memberikan rekomendasi hotel yang optimal berdasarkan perbandingan alternatif yang ada. Penelitian ini diharapakan dapat memberikan kontribusi dalam Sistem Pengambilan Keputusan (SPK) yang lebih efisien dan objektif dalam pemilihan hotel di Bandar Lampung.